 Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more so today we have a very small topic from oral pathology that is supernumerary teeth supernumerary teeth we know it is a tooth which comes as an addition to the normal dental formula so why it is happening it is mainly due to the disturbances disturbances in the initiation and proliferation stages of tooth development so hope you remember the stages of tooth development the birth stage the birth stage or cap stage and belt stage so the supernumerary teeth results from disturbances during the initiation and proliferation stages of dental development so supernumerary teeth if it is resembling to the adjacent teeth they are classified as supplemental okay if it is having abnormal size and shape and just not having any resemblance to the adjacent teeth that is known as rudimentary okay so supernumerary teeth are classified based on the morphology okay so morphology they are are four types one is conical then the tubiculate supplemental and odentoms next we have theories of supernumerary teeth formation so we have basically four theories the first one is atavism or the evolutionary throwback then the tool germ dichotomy then the hyper activity tool germ dichotomy hyper activity of the dental lamina and last one is a genetic and practice so let's see one by one first we'll start with atavism or phylogenetic theory okay this is also known as phylogenetic theory so it's suggested that the occurrence of supernumerary teeth is a regression to the extinct ancestral tissues okay so it is is that it is regression sorry regression to extinct ancestral tissues so based on this phenomena the ancestor mammals have more teeth with three incisors one canine four primolars and three molars in each quadrant of the germ so since regression is happening these teeth might become a supernumerary teeth so that is a concept of atavism okay so atavism says that regression happens our previous mammals were having more teeth they were having three incisors four primolars and three molars so similarly there are chances of having the same number of teeth or the number of teeth but in a rigorous format so that is atavism or phylogenetic theory next we have tool germ dichotomy so this theory says that the dichotomy or the splitting of tool germ happens during the early tooth movement though dental lamina was divided into two parts dental lamina divides into two parts okay sometimes it will be equal or unequal so if it is equal the supplemental tooth will be of same size otherwise it will become a rudimentary tooth so that was a tool germ or dichotomy theory so twinning and germination all are related to this concept twinning we have learned all this in tooth anomaly germination are part of this tool germ dichotomy theory the third theory says that the hyperactivity of dental lamina so once a crown of the permanent tooth has formed the dental lamina undergoes programmed cell death and degenerates okay so that is an usual thing it degenerates once a tooth has formed so the formation of tooth is the main role of dental lamina once the tooth has formed it naturally degenerates and the residues of this undegenerated dental lamina epithelial cells may cause eruption cyst so if there is any undegenerated dental lamina it will result in eruption cyst so this overproliferation or prolonged survival of dental lamina epithelial cells may cause supernuminary tooth formation okay so supposed to be dental lamina is supposed to be undergoing a programmed cell death and degeneration but sometimes it won't happen so sometimes it will not undergo degeneration not completely but at some points some areas will be overproliferation or there is long survival of dental lamina epithelial cells which may cause supernuminary tooth formation so that is the hyperactivity of dental lamina and the last theory is about genetic and environmental factors so more commonly we can see the supernuminary teeth in the relatives of the affected patients they can be transmitted as an autosomal recessive autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant or maybe x-linked autosomal dominant or even x-linked it is form of inheritance okay so that was about the theories of supernuminary teeth that is atavism torchum bichotomy hyperactivity of dental lamina and genetic and environmental factors so what are the common syndromes associated with supernuminary teeth they are clito-cranial dysplasia and other standalone syndromes so these are the common syndromes associated with supernuminary teeth now let's see what are the commonly seen supernuminary teeth so mostly the maxillary midline supernuminary teeth that is the conical one then maxillary fourth molar maxillary fourth molar then the maxillary param after that we have mantibular premolars then maxillary lateral incisors mantibular fourth molars and maxillary premolars okay so that was a sequence of supernuminary teeth axillary midline supernuminary teeth maxillary fourth molar axillary paramolar then mantibular premolar maxillary lateral incisors mantibular fourth molar maxillary premolars so that was all about supernuminary teeth we learned about a little bit of its introduction its classification its theories the syndromes associated with commonly seen supernuminary teeth so it's very commonly asked short not the content under these subbeddings the commonly seen teeth syndromes the theories the classification and a little bit about its introduction okay I'll come up with a new topic in dentistry and more thank you