 Metal nanoparticles have been shown to be effective against bacteria due to their ability to produce reactive oxygen species, release cations, damage biomolecules, deplete ATP, and interact with cell membranes. Additionally, metal NPs can alter gene expression and protein levels, as seen through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. This article was authored by UL and Slovin, Jason Asnes, Azo Haferli and others.