 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم في نهاية أمران نحن نحن نحن نتعلم about the process of social change هذا change يحدث في كل ديمنشن of society ونحن نتعلم about some dimensions and some aspects of this change في مجموعة مجموعة مجموعة مجموعة ونحن نتعلم about the source of power and wealth and status ونحن نحن نتعلم about the aristocrats ونحن نحن نتعلم about the industrial revolution ونحن نتعلم about the increasing importance of commerce trade production ونحن نتعلم about the wealth generated by this commerce ونحن نتعلم about the wealth of the landed aristocracy ونحن نتعلم about major changes in society شاهد من المعاريات فا攀دت أرس بينهم فالط Vloginator's قول لمينكم و пап كالي وليس لديہ العالم و걸سي'll وعش امران وفاكر وطاه ويمانة ويمانت This also became a powerful force in driving the society. You might analyze the interaction between these societies and argue that. The capitalist exploited labor in order to create surplus which was the source of their wealth. And this exploitation was bound to continue under the dynamics of capitalism until. فعندهم كانوا يتكلمون بأنهم يكونوا مجردين لتكلمون وهي سلوشنة كانت لكي تقوم بعمل كبتل لكي لا يكون هناك كبتلس كلاس وهذا سيكون لكي تقوم بعمل كبتل كما تغيير مجموعة لكي تقوم بعمل هذه المجموعة المفتوحين عن ما يقوم بعمل مجموعة و one of the key contributions of Karl Polanyi is to analyze the birth of economic theory itself and what he has to say is that economic theory was born in this period of social change and all of the great 19th century economists are analyzing a society which is in transition from a traditional society to a capitalist society and so they are caught with the analysis which is obsolete because it analyzes a structure which is a temporary transient set structure which is the struggle between the ancient ways of thinking and the new ways of thinking the dimensions of this change also played out in the religious dimension which is analyzed by Max Weber how did capitalists come to believe in the pursuit of wealth he says that the protestants believed in predestination and therefore work could not contribute any good deeds could not contribute to salvation because it was already written and they thought of worldly success as a sign that one has been saved so they worked to achieve prosperity acquire accumulate wealth without actually meaning to use that wealth for luxury in this world and so this is what he calls the spirit of capitalism the accumulation of wealth without any intention to use it for the pursuit of pleasures that comes from wealth so this actually this strange and irrational spirit where one accumulates wealth without having any purpose for this accumulation because wealth is seen as a symbol of salvation something explicitly denied in the Quran by the way this is what led to capitalism because it led to the accumulation of wealth and that led to the dynamic increase in the capitalist economic structures around the world one of the concepts of Weber is also called the iron cage he said that the way of thinking that this represented to accumulate capital without having any purpose for this this way of thinking continued people were locked into this way of thinking even though they lost faith in religion tony also pursues the same line of thought as Weber and analyzes the changes in religion through this period 16th to 18th century and he shows that religion was central to all human pursuits in 16th century but in the 18th century it was مجن لائس to a personal belief system the social norms of the market society replaced christian religious norms so how did this happen the process is spelled out in tony but the key indicator of the change is that the biblical saying love of wealth is the root of all evil was replaced by uh bernard shaw's statement that lack of wealth is the root of all evil so this was a great change in the ways of thinking that occurred due to transition from a religious traditional society to a modern market society so we can conclude by noting that social transitions are complex and multi-dimensional as we have seen the famous parable of the elephant and blind man tells us that each blind man captured one aspect of the elephant but they couldn't put it together into a coherent picture and similarly if we look at all of the dimensions together then we can get a coherent picture of social change and this is an illustration of the multi-plexity theory of regeb shantouk who has argued that this idea of multi-plexity مراتب العلوم is characteristic of islamic epistemology and one of the key problem is western theory of knowledge is that they reduce the multiplex worldview to a uniplex worldview and he has argued that decolonization of social hinders requires us to go back to the multiplex uh view of islamic epistemology in particular one of the problem is that when we think of economics as a scientific theory then it's either true or false and so there is only one theory so all of the diverse perspectives that we have been discussing in this lecture they just get lost is it true is marxism true this is just a wrong way of looking at things when when we look at social theories they represent different perspectives of looking at a complex phenomena and they complement each other and they allow us to understand different dimensions of the social change process