 Hi, welcome to the course on Integrated Pest Management. So, now we have understood about the integrated management strategies to be employed in the various field crop pests and as well as the commercial crops. Now we will understand the various pests which occurring on the vegetables and the fruit crops and the integrated pest management of these pests. So, in this class let us look at the integrated pest management in tomato. Tomato as you know is one of the important vegetable crops grown across the country and it is grown in an area of about 846,000 hectares and with the production of about 138 metric tons within productivity of about 21 tons per hectare. Now the pest which occurs on the tomato can be broadly categorized as the pest which occurs of a national importance and those pests which are of a regional significance. The list in this table will indicate the number of pests which are of the national significance. So, important one are the fruit borers that is Helicopa Armijera, Whitefly, Serpentine Leaf Miner, Tobacco Caterpillar, Thrips and Mite Pest like Red Spider Mite and of late we have one Invasu Pest that is Pinworm. Similarly, we also have a list of some of the insects which are occurring in a particular region of the state or of the country such as some species of leaf hoppers, the Cutworm and two or three species of aphids as well as the mealybuck. Now, let us understand the significance of these pests, their life cycle, the nature of damage, the symptoms that they produce and some of the conditions which favours these pests and after that the integrated approach that we need to employ in order to combat these pests. So, first of all let us take the fruit borer Helicopa Armijera and we all know that it is one of the very serious and the regular pest and it is distribution if you look at it. So, it is distributed in almost all the countries of the African continent, Australia and as well as the Asian continent and this is a medium sized stout moth which usually lays 1500 to 2000 eggs singly on the leaf or on the flower part and the larvae upon hatching for the first two instars usually scrapes the leaves and later from third instar onwards it shifts to the fruits and then feeds the internal content of the fruit. And a very characteristic feature that we can notice is that the head and the thoracic part of this larvae will be inside the fruit and whereas the remaining part will be outside and because of the feeding the internal content the fruit generally will have a characteristic hole externally which can be seen and this also leads to the secondary infection such as rotting and the dropping of the fruit and all these fruits generally will lose the market value and general life cycle will be completed in about a month. Similarly the warm weather followed by the light rain or the dry spell will favour this pest. The next important pest is the white fly which is a bemicea tabaki. This is also a cosmopolitan which is widely distributed and also a polyphagous pest which attacks a wide variety of fruits and as well as the vegetable. So, here both the nymphs and as well as the adults are the damaging stage and in fact these tiny white flies will lay the eggs singly by inserting the eggs into the plant tissue and the first instar nymphs which are referred as crawlers which are active. So, they move around the plant and find a suitable place and once they find a suitable place especially on the under surface of the leaf. So, they will stick to there and with the help of their needle like mouth part they will start sucking the plant sap. And they become sedentary until they complete the nymphal stage and they also enter into a pupa like stage we call it as a puparium and adults will emerges out. And the nymphs when they start feeding on the leaves by sucking the sap such leaves will starts developing the alloying symptoms which is nothing but a chloratic patches that we get and also the curling symptom and the plant will loses the vigor and thus there will be a stunted growth of the plant. And the adults they also cause the damage by sucking the sap and more importantly they are majorly the vectors of the viral disease. So, this is a indirect damage that they are going to cause and a single viruliferous adult is capable of transmitting this viral disease for the several plants. So, the stunted growth and loss of vigor will ultimately leads to the poor yield in the tomato. The serpentine leaf miner which is a dipteran pest lyriomyzatrypholi is in fact an introduced pest. So, it is mainly introduced to the Indian subcontinent during 1990-91 from USA through the imported chrysanthemum cuttings. And this is also a polyfagus and it is known to attack the many ornamental and the vegetable of about 25 families. The adult is a small fly which normally insert the egg in the leaf tissues and the maggots or the young ones upon hatching will start mining on the leaves and these mines are also very characteristics as you can see here. So, the width of these mines will goes on increasing as the maggot will grow and by remaining inside the mine so it feeds on the internal content. At the end of the maggot period you get a wider mining and which is a characteristic feature of the serpent that is why it is referred as a serpentine leaf miner. And several of these mines will sometimes by the different individuals will leads to a white patchy appearance on the leaves and such leaves will lose the chlorophyll content and the growth of the plant is also going to be reduced and the affected leaves will dries up and there will be a premature fall of the leaf. Then the tobacco caterpillar so this is spodoptera litura which is also a widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical parts of the world and as well as across India and this is also a polyfagus and besides tomato it also feeds on the castor, cotton, ground nut, cabbage and other cruciferous crop. And the moth is a medium sized stout and generally the female lays the eggs in groups a batch of about 50 to 80 and this batch of eggs are covered with the white scales or the hairs and upon hatching the larvae will be gregarious in nature and they congregate there itself and for first two instars they will scrape the leaves and by scraping the leaves the leaves will turn into white papery appearance and in the later instar onwards then the larvae become nocturnal and during daytime these larvae will be hiding in the soil or in the debris and in the night time so they come out and then defoliate the leaves and they also attack the fruits which is quite significant and make a large irregular holes on the fruits and which will actually leads to the secondary infection and as well as the dropping of the fruit is quite common. Then there are two species of thrips which occurs one is a thrips tobacco and the frankly Niel or Shulji and both these are also cosmopolitan that is widespread and they are polyfagus in nature attacking many crops and in fact both the nymph and as well as the adults are the damaging stage and these adults they insert the eggs into the plant tissue and the nymphs so upon hatching so they remain on the under surface of the leaf and then they starts scraping the leaf and rupturing the plant cell and sucking the plant sap which oozes out from that. As a result of this scraping initially the leaves will starts getting the white specks and these white specks or these things they will coalesce and forms into a white silvery patches and later they turn into bronze or the brownish and then so they dries up and drops down and more important and this will also attack the fruits either anger stage or at the ripening stage by rupturing or rasping the skin of the fruit and as a result the affected skin or the part of the fruit will develop a rough or the corky appearance and which during the growth sometimes will crack up and leading to the secondary infection and dropping up of the fruits. Then the red spider mite that is tetranicus species is also quite important so both the nymphs and as well as the adults are the damaging stage and it is referred as a spider mites because they have a very characteristic feature of making a spider like webbing at the under surface of the leaves. So the adults will remain in the under surface of the leaf and then webbing and then lay the eggs and both the nymphs and the adults with the help of the cheliserate mouth parts usually rupture the plant cell and they will suck the plant cell which is oozing from this. Initially those ruptured plant cells will develop into a white specks and these specks will starts congregating and then so they form into a white patches and from the upper surface of the leaf you get the discoloration and this is the kind of discoloration we normally notice on the leaves and they have a very high multiplication rate and they multiply in thousands and after multiplying usually they go to the tip of the leaf and then form a kind of a balloon through the webbing and that is how the adults and the nymphs are going to so transfer or they will shift or disperse from one plant to the other plant. The pinworm which is of latest the pest we can say or an invasive pest tutta absolvata. So in fact this was first discovered or observed in the Maharashtra during 2014 and since then it has now spread to the Karnataka also and this is a pest of great economic importance we can say because so globally this is also considered as one of the serious pest and now it has entered India so one has to be quite careful and closely monitor the spreading of this pest and a suitable management to be taken immediately. And this not only attacks the tomato but also attacks the other solenicious crops like brinjal and as well as potato. It is a micro leopard operon the smoth is quite small which has a fringed wings and generally lay the eggs singly all along the midrib of the leaf and the larva which is greenish in color usually have a black head and it mines into the leaf immediately after hatching and the mines are quite broad we call it as a patches like so unlike the serpentine leaf miner which is quite narrow and as a result of this mining what happens we get a white patches on the leaves and which will later become necrotic or the tissues will die become brownish and the leaves will dry and then drop down. And this also is known to attack the stems so as an internal stem borer and then affects the growing shoot but most important is the larvae attacks the developing fruits by making a very fine pin holes at the base of the fruit or near the PTO so that you can actually see it on these fruits and they enter and then feed the internal content so which ultimately leads to the secondary infection and the dropping up of the fruits. Now the economic threshold levels of these pests especially the fruit borer is even as one larva per meter row length or 2% of the fruit damage and for leaf miner 2 to 5 mines per plant so monitoring of these pests and the management is quite essential and some of the important the management strategies as an IPM strategies we can look at it so going for any kind of crop the first we should look at tolerant or the resistant varieties against some of the past so is quite essential so in tomato we do have some of the resistant or the tolerant varieties against the leaf curl virus that is mainly against the white fly and wherever the regions where this disease or this pest is quite severe so one should look at so growing these tolerant or the resistant variety then the pre-sowing operation is quite important some of the operation such as a deep summer plowing so which is essential especially in exposing the pupae of these pests and killing them and soil solarization is another important the pre-sowing operation especially for the nursery bed by covering the nursery bed with a polythene sheet of 45 gauge thickness at least 3 weeks before sowing will again get rid of these pests including some of the diseases and nematodes and application of neem cake at the rate of 250 kg per hectare at the time of land preparation will take care of the thrips and the nematodes then during the nursery development we have to grow or rise the merigold especially the tall African variety so which bears the yellow and the orange flowers at least 15 to 20 days before raising of the tomato nursery as these merigold plants will act as a trap crop for the helicopa pest and the nursery bed should be covered with the nylon net of a 40 gauge mesh in order to protect the seedlings against the white fly infestation thereby so we are going to prevent the leaf curled disease also then in the management in the main field some of the cultural methods such as the time of transplanting so we have to transplant the 20 to 25 days old tomato and the 45 to 50 days old merigold simultaneously in the ratio of 16 is to 1 the sense 16 rows of tomato plant followed by one row of merigold plant has to be planted and so the flowering of these crop will occur simultaneously and the helicopa usually prefers the merigold plant for egg laying so in such cases so lot of egg load we can see it on the merigold plant and such flowers can be actually harvested and marketed or can be sprayed separately and we can actually effectively control the helicopa at the egg stage itself. The mechanical methods includes greatly the collection and the destruction of the egg masses especially in case podoptera where we can easily locate these egg masses and as well as the congregated larvae and such larvae are these leaves can be collected and destroyed and similarly for helicopa the grown up older larvae so all in the early stages of the plant can be so located and collected and destroyed some of the physical methods includes the installation of the sticky or the color traps the light traps and as well as the pheromone traps so yellow or blue water pan traps or the sticky trap will take care of some of the insects such as leaf miners, thrips and aphids and light trap at the rate of 1 per acre which can be operated between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. will take care of the helicoopa and pinworm and the pheromone trap especially for monitoring purpose for helicoopa can be installed at the rate of 4 to 5 per acre or for the pinworm so we can use 10 to 12 traps per acre for mass trapping and which is found to be quite effective. And we do have some of the very good biocontrol agent especially the egg parasitoids if you look at the trichogramma kilonies, Braziliansis and Pritiosum which are employed at the rate of 2.5 lakhs per hectare which are made to release at in the batches of 5 at the rate of 50,000 per hectare per release starting from the flowering initiation will take care of all these the defoliators and as well as the pinworms and we also have the microbial pesticide like in the form of NPV for helicoopa and as well as for the SL NPV at the rate of 250 in per hectare so one should add 1 percent jaggery as a sunscreen and this should be applied at 28, 35 and 42 days after planting especially during evening hours. Then botanicals also we can recommend spraying the NSKE 5 percent or the azaderectin 5 percent which is commercially available neem can be applied in order to get rid of helicoopa and the other mites and based on the economic threshold level so one can go for the chemicals so such as the imidacloprid or thiamethoxam against the sucking pest and the phenazokvin or spiromacifin or daikofal against the mites and some of the IgR such as noeluron or the pyrethroids and other chemicals especially for helicoopa, sprodoptera and pinworm. Thank you.