 Felly byddwn i'n gweithio gwaith o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r gweithio'r bataffild yn y Unedig ac y mae'r ddau'i gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio, hyd yn fawr yn gweithio ar gyfer yr Eiddem Llywodraeth, ac yn gweithio'r gweithio ar gweithio'r reisio'r gweithio ar gweithio'r gweithio ac fy cyfnodau. Mae ymddir y peth yn llwyddoedd 17 o'r cyffliciau ar yr eraill yma. Wysiwn bod yn ymwneud o'r ffathlwffildol asr ac ymddangosol ar gyfer ymddangosol ar hynny, i cofnodd fel cwestiynau a'r cymdeithasol, i weld wedi'u bach i fynd i wneud ymddangosol ystod ystod o'r cymdeithasol, i wneud i'w ddweud o bwysig o'r strategi mewn ffordd ar y ffathlwffildol o'r gwyloedd ymddangosol, ac yn edrych i gair a'r ffathlwffildol sy'n cydweithio ar gyfer ymdangosol ar gyfer ymddangosol. Mae'r introduced o'r Bydd-eugwr yn daugiau yn datblygedol iawn, ond mae'n ffrogiad yn ymddiad o'r ddau arall a'r methau a'r spلاad o'r llwyddoedd a'r meidwyr. Mae ydy'n ffrwyれたf o phantiau wrth bethau awn o'r llaw o'r gweithgu ac â'r bobl hwnnw o'r bobl hwnnw yn gallu'r bydd. Felly, wrth hynny'n dechrau i ddaeth ffaqullaeth drwy'n brydol, yma, a'r cyfrifwyr cyfrifogol yma sydd o'n droi i ymddirloch yn gwybod. ydych chi'n meddwl i'r rydyn ni'n meddwl i'r cyflawn o'r adegau'u tawdd, dych chi'n meddwl i'r cyflawn i'r ardyddhaf y teimlo, a'r hystod y dych chi'n meddwl i'r cyflawn i'r cyflawn i'r grannu. Rhywbeth, gydych chi'n meddwl i top-sos膝au teimlo i ffannu i ddweud ar gael a'r ffordd iawn, a'r agro-cultr o'r proses ac yr hyn o'r ffordd a'r cyflawn i'r meddl. Mae'r llaw oedd yn Ynglyn sydd yn y dwyliad ymddiad gyflosibol. Fyddiad cyfle牙ach yn gwÓ ar bobl, ond bod yn ychydig a chyllid y dwyliadol byw. Mae wedi ei chyflodd mae'r honau yn ddefnyddio arloes ar gyfer Argyllugau Argyllug, yng Nghymru 79, sydd dim yn ddefnyddio ar y Unig. Mae'r llaw oedd yn y Cyflosibol yn 1995 ar y Cynwylltu ar gyflosibol a'r cyflosibol yn cymryd eriswyddoch allan o gyflosibol. Mae gweithio ac yn gwahanol yn gennym ar hyn. Y fawr yma ar gyfrydd yn Enghraeg yn perloedd foudol yn fawr ac mae'r gweithio erig yn gyllid yn gweithio ar gyfridd. Y cyfrigau a'r cyfrigeiddon yn amlwyddsigol chi jaer, oedd y prosmyg yng nghymru, ond mae'r cyfrigiau yn yng Nghymru ag ychydig yn cael eu dysgu yn gweithio ar gwellig, sy'n cymryd o'r cymryd ar y cyfnodol. Felly, rydw i'n ffoto'r ymddangos, mae'n unrhyw o'r ffordd o'r trempiau a'r rhan o'r cymryd a'r môr yn Yorkshire, ac mae hynny'n cymryd i'r ffordd a'r ffordd o'r plau yn y cyfnodol yma. Felly, ydych chi'n gweld y cyfrifio'r bair o'r cymryd? Mae'r rheswys wedi'u ffordd o'r cyfryd ar y cyfryd gyda y cyfnodd gyda'r boblad ynglynig ar gyfer y cyfnodd gyntaf gyda'r barol. Felly, ar fy mhwyaf ydy'r cyfnodd gyfnodd gyda'r yn ffordd i'r cyfnodd gyda'r byd. Felly, mae'n cyfnodd gyfo'r cyfraddol yn eu cyffredinol gyda'r cyfnodd, y cyfnodd gyffredinol yn unrhyw o'r cyfnodd gyda'r cyffredinol, ac y cwestiynau cyfnodd gyda'r bydd. Llywodd wedi gynyddo ar gyfer o gyfnodd gyflymol, i'r diogel, ond nifer ffocusau gyda'r tyffanol ar y bwysig a ddyn nhw'n du. Ysbryd y blau'n cael ei chymysgol i'r rhai ar gyfer treidio i gaelio ddysgu'r bwysig, i gaelio'n gweithio'n mewn cymrydau cemwysgol, yn fawr o gwerth o'r blau, i gaelio'n gwneud o'r cynhyrchu mewn cyfrydau cemwysgol, Plowing can cause artefacts to break apart, as well as encourage abrasion from soil particles, particularly in very sandy soils. Corrosion is also likely to accelerate in this context. So, corrosion takes place more readily when there is a lot of water and oxygen available in the system, and so plow soils are an ideal medium for this reaction to take place. The main problem with plow zone archaeology is that the context is in a constant state of change. Each time an artefacts environment changes, it will be placed on a new path of decay, which happens pretty much annually in a lot of agricultural soils. In order to understand what effect this has on the buried assemblages, I developed a method for assessing the condition of 17th century lead bullets as my object type case study, based on a five category system assessing the quality of their preservation. Each category combines to focus on different issues relating to the surface of the bullets, such as the quality of visible surface details or the stability of the surface, as that is where the key archaeological data is retained. Each bullet is given a score from one to four with one being very good and four being poor, and you'll see in the next slide how that relates to the results. This condition then correlated with the historic land use on the sites and the geology and natural soil conditions in order to better understand the relationship between the burial environment and the preservation of the artefacts. Here's a summarised view of the condition results from the three case studies I used in my work. They're all battlefields or siege sites of the British Civil War during the 1640s. Edge Hill was the first battle during the Civil War, where over a thousand bullets have been recorded from the site during systematic metal detecting surveys. Morton Corbett is the site of a 13th century castle in Shropshire, which was established as a small royal garrison during the Civil War. Surveys are still being conducted at this site, but around 200 bullets have been recovered so far, and Wareham in Dorset was a fortified garrison where at least two sieges were carried out during this period, where over 500 bullets have been recorded from the site. So, from the data we can see the condition results vary quite a lot between the three sites. From Edge Hill, 99% of the collection scored either very good or good in condition, which is indicated in the green and yellow, indicating that the vast majority of bullets are very well preserved on the site, only 1% scored lower than good, so in fair condition, which means the vast majority are in very good condition. For the Morton Corbett bullets, the condition results are more varied. 86% scored good or fair, though you can see that few scored either very good or bad conditions, so 8% scored one for being in very good condition and 6% scored four for being in poor condition. So, there are a few bullets at either extremities of preservation. But at Wareham, there are more preservation issues in terms of the bullets, so 70% of them scored either fair or poor in orange and red on the chart, with only 2% scoring very good, indicating that they are generally very poorly preserved. So, these sites indicate that condition can vary quite a lot in terms of preservation in topsoil deposits on these sites. If we have a quick look at some of the bullets themselves that I've analysed, most of the Edge Hill collection exhibit a solid unbroken pattern on the surface of the bullets with clear surface details and few corrosion issues, and they tend to have quite a uniform detailed surface. The Morton Corbett collection contains some bullets that are like this, but then it also contains bullets that show localised corrosion and loss of this pattern or surface on them. 37% of the collection also showed signs of abrasion and a wearing down of this protective surface, likely to be due to the burial environment, which I'll come to in a minute. And the Wareham bullets are particularly grotty and nasty looking, basically, with a lot suffering, a lot of surface instability, breaks, cracks and deep penetrating corrosion, which has led to even areas of bullets being blown out through a process of intergranular corrosion. So, the condition does vary quite considerably across these three sites. So, as I said, the condition has a lot to do with the burial environments that these collections come from. So, if we first have a brief look at the Edge Hill site, this is predominantly a pasture landscape. By the mid-18th century and in some areas of the site slightly earlier, most of the landscape was enclosed and converted to pasture. The battlefield contains the best surviving medieval ridge and furrow for any English battlefield. The soil's predominantly alkaline clays, which impede drainage and oxygen flow in the soil, reducing the rate of metal corrosion. My results revealed an average topsoil pH of around 6.9, which is around the neutral point, but soils were recorded up to around 8.2, indicating a neutral alkaline environment, which is a very ideal stable condition for lead to survive. It's much more stable than acidic conditions because it will degenerate the material. Some areas of the battlefield have been plowed in the last few decades, and there were some indications in my research that this was beginning to have an impact on the condition of the buried artefacts. Even though bullet condition was still good in these areas, it wasn't as good as in the pasture areas, and more bullets in the arable fields had signs of abrasion and damage to the bullets. So it might be an indication that there is an increasing trajectory of condition declining in the bullets, but maybe there hasn't been a long enough period of time under the plow to have the effect. But nevertheless, the site provides an example of almost perfect burial conditions for the preservation of lead at Edge Hill. So at Morton Corbett, the fields surrounding the castle where the bullets were collected from were gardens or common pasture up until the 1970s, though no region furrow survives, so they must have been plowed at some point during the post medieval period. There's a clear espacial pattern of condition on this site. Bullets in very good condition, marked in green on the map, tend to clustering areas of higher ground or upslope areas. There's also less indication of abrasion damage upslope, suggesting that plowing has caused some displacement and damage to the bullets going downhill. Those downslope in areas of higher water content are in poorer condition. The soils at Morton Corbett are mainly sandy loams, so this sand content alongside plowing will have encouraged abrasion damage to the bullet surfaces, which we didn't see in the Edge Hill collection. So that is one indication of variations in preservation. If we have a quick look at Warram as well, this is the collection that was in much poorer condition. 55% of the collection were abraded in contrast to only 9% at Edge Hill and 34% at Morton Corbett. I couldn't conduct spatial analysis on the bullets because the site's been destroyed due to building a quarry in the 2000s. But historic land use indicated that the area had been under almost constant arable cultivation since the early 19th century. The soils are very acidic, so around 4.5. It's in a loamy sand environment. So this combination of land use acidity and soil texture are evidently to blame for the poor condition of the bullets. And the high sand content coupled with the regular plowing of the fields over the last two centuries will have encouraged replacement in the soil and abrasion, which is why so many bullets exhibit abrasion damage. I'm going to briefly mention metal composition. When I started my research, it was assumed that the purer the lead in the bullets, the better preserved they would be. But it's not really that straightforward. My results were sort of inconclusive as 90% of the sample bullets had over 90% lead content, so there wasn't enough variation to make comparisons. There was a slight indication that an increase in tin content can result in poorer preserved bullets, as one contains 63% tin and the 3% lead from wear them, which was in a terrible state of condition. But obviously this isn't enough data to base a logical conclusion on tin content and corrosion rates. So more work needs to be done on this corrosion analysis. So just to quickly summarise all of that, I've developed a method for assessing bullet collections in the plough soil. I've identified several crucial factors affecting the survival, mainly soil texture pH, land use, and sometimes topography. Brief summary of the main preservation factors, but the overarching factor appears to be land use where cultivation accelerates the deterioration of lead. Ideally such sites would be taken out of the plough to preserve sites in their buried assemblages in future, as cultivation is shown to accelerate this deterioration. My study has shown that there's a lot more to studying battlefields beside just the battles which took place on them, and by examining these landscapes and their collections we can develop our understanding of the condition of buried heritage assets, which is applicable to other battlefields and plough soil sites across Europe. Thank you.