 Hello, I'm Philip Kahn. Today we're gonna talk about where we are overall with the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Let's get into it. For our overview, I'm gonna talk about the little bit of history and sort of the terms that we're using, the global situation, briefly where the United States fits into that, our particular kind of failure in this pandemic, and then the crisis that this has generated, a few different crises that are obviously all overlapping. And then some comments on the future. A pandemic, a pandemic comes from Greek, pan and demos, it's all people. We use it in modern times to mean the worldwide spread of a new disease. This particular pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization, the authority for things like this, on March 11th of this year, 2020. The way to think about the relationship between a pandemic and an epidemic, an epidemic is the spread of disease. Our epidemic here in the United States is part of the global pandemic. So we're living in a pandemic and you can describe the epidemic here and there in our situation. There have been a number of pandemics in the past. Here are a few, the big ones in the last 100 years, starting with the great so-called Spanish flu, the 1918 influenza pandemic, probably did not come from Spain. About one third of all people in the world were infected during that pandemic and about 50 million people died, including more than half a million Americans. Remember the world population was a lot smaller back then. That was a very, obviously a very bad pandemic it spread all the way around the world sort of twice. Other flu in epidemics that became pandemics in 1957 and 1968 killed about 1 million people each, those influenza pandemics. One of those viruses is still sort of running around now, but not as bad as it used to be. We had the precursor to today's coronavirus pandemic was in 2003, the SARS pandemic, which only killed about 800 people, but spread very virulently and was extremely scary before it was controlled. The much larger swine flu, so-called swine flu or H1N1 pandemic in 2009, which killed about 200,000 people, not as many as we are seeing die this time. We are already up to almost a million people died and you'll see millions and millions of cases around the world. That's a little bit of context for this pandemic in light of previous ones. We call it coronavirus. There are a number of coronavirus diseases that affect humans and other species. This one is the novel coronavirus 2019 because it was discovered in 2019. We are pretty sure it came from a bat to a person, possibly through some other species. So somebody ate a bat or a bat bit somebody and then transferred from that animal to people in or near Wuhan, China late last year. The virus SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease, COVID-19. So we can call it coronavirus, we can call it COVID-19, which is the disease of the viruses SARS-CoV-2, okay. Why is COVID-19 so bad? Why is this epidemic so bad? Well, because it's a novel disease that means we are not immune to it. So as far as we know, nobody was immune to it when this started and it's very highly contagious. So it spreads very easily between people and all they have to do is interact or be close to each other. If there's not taking any precautions and the virus transmits and nobody is immune. To make matters worse, it transmits asymptomatically. That is, there are people who show no signs that they are sick who can transmit it. So it's hard to avoid people who are transmitting the disease. It transmits through aerosols, which are tiny airborne particles that you can get just from breathing. So you don't have to spit or cough or sneeze on somebody to transmit the virus. And on top of all that, it has relatively high mortality. Our seasonal flu infection fatality rate that is all the people who have the infection out of every 1,000 of them less than one dies somewhere between 0.3 and 0.7 normally die from the seasonal flu. And the COVID-19 infection fatality rate is probably about 10 times that. We're not exactly sure, but something like six to 10 people out of every 1,000 who get the infection seem to die. So that's a much higher fatality rate than flu. And of course, in addition to all the people who die, many other people are seriously ill or suffer other health consequences from getting the virus. To show where we are in the world pandemic right now, here are the cases and the deaths. Notice the scale on these two figures is different. So we're up, the world overall is over 20 million cases approaching 25 million now in late August. These are cases that are diagnosed or so-called confirmed cases. We think a lot more people have been infected with the disease, but we don't have a count of them. I show the United States on here for comparison, the United States is over 5 million cases out of the world's 20 something million and rising. So we're taking up a big share of the world pandemic here. In terms of deaths, the world has something over 80,000 confirmed deaths from the virus, the United States approaching 200,000 of those. So approaching a quarter of the global deaths have occurred in this country. So let's put that in context. Here's the world distribution of cases. You can see it has spread around the world, started in China, spread to Europe, spread to the United States. The US now has the most confirmed cases of any country, 5.5 or so million. You see the other biggest countries in terms of raw numbers are India, approaching 3 million, Brazil with more than 3 million. Of course, those are countries with big populations, especially India. You can see a million or so spread around Europe and Russia approaching a million, half a million cases in South Africa, most of the rest of Africa, not that many cases yet, still spreading there and hopefully not as bad because of precautions taken. It's global around the world and the big countries you can see, US, India, Brazil, Russia and some places in Europe. Just looking at high income countries to sort of see how the United States compares with its peers, sort of other, these are countries with at least $30,000 a year annual income and 5 million population. So what we call high income countries and not that small. The United States in this group has more cases for every 1,000 people in our country than any other country by quite a bit. Israel is next in Singapore. We're up around 17 cases out of every 1,000, 17 cases for every 1,000 people in our country. You can see if you get down to Poland, Denmark, Germany and so on, it's several times less than that. In terms of deaths per million in our population, there are five large rich countries with higher death rates than we've had, Sweden, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and Belgium. That's on a population basis and then all the other rich countries had fewer deaths per person than we did. But this is a little bit misleading because it doesn't show the trajectory of what's happening now. That's what we really have to understand. So here I show the United States in the red line and all the other rich countries in the black line and then some of the specific, the larger ones shown in little faint gray lines so you can see what's happening. Look at the figure on the left side first. This is the daily deaths. You can see that in late April, when we had our peak, there were those five countries with higher peaks than us, including much higher like Italy and Spain, many more deaths at that time per person in their populations. We all started to decline after that but the key thing is that those countries had a faster decline and a more continuous decline. So by June, our daily deaths had stopped declining by the end of June and actually started rising again in July and August, which is virtually unique in the rich countries. And now we're at about 10 times or more deaths per day, relative to our population than the other rich countries of the world. The figure on the right shows you the deaths per million population if you add them all up. So we're up over 500 deaths out of every million Americans, the other rich countries of the world down around 200 per million. So the US has high rates, but more importantly for now, the US has not had that steep drop in rates down to a manageable level of the pandemic. So we still have something of a raging epidemic compared to these other countries. As you probably know, the impact of this epidemic has not been equally shared across the country. There's very big geographic concentration for example, New York and Detroit and New Orleans and Houston and places that had lots and lots of cases. But overall, as it is spread around the country, we have seen a very big disparity by race and ethnicity. Black Americans have had the highest death rates, 85 per 100,000 people. Whites, Asians of Pacific Island just had the lowest with Hispanics and American Indians in between. We can talk all about the long run and short run causes for this, the discrimination that leads to the other things, the inequitable access to healthcare and good healthcare, working in occupations that involve frontline or central services where people are interacting with members of the public at work, inequalities in income and education and wealth, sort of the resource that people have to deal with or prevent a disease like this and then housing, quality and quantity, so how crowded and where people live and so on. So all of that together, coming together to produce very big disparities by race and ethnicity. Now let's look at more specifically what went wrong in the United States. I'll talk about a few things that Trump did, President Trump. Before all this happened, he was already cutting funding for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. You can see it was up around over seven and a half billion dollars per year two years ago and already cut down by about a billion for the 2020 budget. So we're already cutting down our investment in public health infrastructure, which was not a good idea as we now know. More specifically, President Trump canceled, closed down a pandemic office operated by the National Security Council, which was supposed to stay on top of and coordinate responses to global disease outbreaks. When that happened, there was a very clear message from the Center for Strategic and International Studies here, but many others also, it's unclear who would be in charge at the White House with the NSC not doing this in the case of a pandemic and that turned out to be true. Trump specifically ignored warnings very close to him, despite claiming falsely in March that nobody knew there would be a pandemic of this proportion, nobody's ever seen anything like this before, which as I just showed you, totally not true. In fact, in his own administration, they were running a functional exercise scenario. They were gaming out what would happen in the case of a global pandemic that came from China and it had all kinds of good information and recommendations that were all ignored. There were warnings broadcast out through the popular media also. Here's an article by journalist Ed Young in 2018. The next plague is coming as America ready. The US is disturbingly vulnerable in some respects becoming quickly more so. Public health programs are low on money, hospitals are stretched perilously thin, crucial funding is being slashed, that's 2018. Even Joe Biden running for president last fall said we are not prepared for a pandemic. Trump has rolled back progress, Obama and I made to strengthen global health security. This was not that much of a surprise. The details are always a surprise, but the fact that this was inevitable at some point and that we were not prepared was no. In addition to those programmatic failures and bad budget decisions, when the pandemic began and as it spread, the president was more concerned with how it made him look than he was with actually dealing with the epidemic. So he said over and over again that things were going fine. They were not going fine. We have a totally under control. It's one person coming in from China and we have it under control. It's gonna be just fine. And we think we have it very well under control. We have very little problem in this country at this moment, five. And those people are all recuperating successfully, but we're working very closely with China and other countries and we think it's going to have a very good ending for us. So that I can assure you. Now the virus that we're talking about having to do, a lot of people think that goes away in April with the heat, as a heat coming in. Typically that will go away in April. We're a bridge, we have 12 cases, 11 cases, and many of them are in the chain now. We have it very much under control in this country. And again, when you have 15 people and the 15 within a couple of days is gonna be down to close to zero. That's a pretty good job with that. It's going to disappear one day. It's like a miracle it will disappear. And we're prepared and we're doing a great job with it and it will go away. It was obvious at the time that that was all wrong and self-serving on his part. So let's look at these failures. Let's look at how the failures compounded as the epidemic rolled out across the country. From the very beginning, we did not have enough testing. So we did not know who had the virus and who didn't. That meant we couldn't do contact tracing, which is when you find out someone has the disease and you immediately find out who they've been with and you make all those people stay home so they don't spread it. You can only do that if you know who has it. We didn't have enough testing from the very beginning. Partly for that reason, we essentially did not contain it. It spread. We didn't do anything to stop travel within the country. So there was nothing to stop people from leaving New York and going to New Orleans for Mardi Gras and bringing the virus with them, for example. And the numbers got too big. The testing and tracing only works if you have low numbers. Once we realized, we, meaning the federal government caught up with everybody else and admitted it was a very serious problem, the policy efforts at that point were slow and weak. In other words, we never had a very strong lockdown. We never closed everything. We never stopped travel within the country and so on. When the cases were exploding and hospitalizations and deaths were out of control, especially in the New York area, there was gross mismanagement of the vital equipment and supplies and professionals needed just to handle it. And so more people died than should have died even once they already had the virus. We had a whole category of outbreaks in institutional settings, in nursing homes, in prisons and factories that were largely unchecked, especially at the beginning. And then those became epicenters from which the disease spread out into their local communities. And the communities where nursing homes and prisons and the meat plants especially are largely low income and minority communities. And repeatedly like you saw from the Trump clips, but much more than just that, I'm a mix of happy talk, mixed messages on the advice we were getting, a general attitude, a cynical or negative attitude about science and expertise coming from the top. A lot of conspiracy theories I'll talk a little bit about. And then this sort of useless kind of hero talk where warriors were tough, were strong. That's not how you fight a virus, basically. You fight a virus by acting weak and staying home. And we didn't do that. So I'm gonna give just one little case study to show how another country dealt with their worst epidemic and ended up with a better outcome, in a better place now than the United States is. And this is Italy. And you can see Italy had a huge spike in deaths. And this is per million population. So it's, or holding the population size constant between these two countries. A huge spike in deaths in March, about a month before ours, a steeper and greater rise in Italy. Italy, one of the first countries to have a serious outbreak. It spread all around before, we knew what was happening sort of. And they were just figuring out what to do as they went. But then you can see the very steep decline they had ended up much steeper than ours. And now we have more than 10 times the deaths ongoing than they do. They're getting ready to go back to school. Here I put some lines that show what happened in Italy and how they did. Just to give us a sense of the things that we didn't do that helped explain why we have so many more cases and deaths at still at this point than Italy does. So you see the very first red line there, the first two deaths discovered at the beginning of February. And the first thing they did was lock down a few towns in the North with checkpoints and barricades. And they've gone to just contain it. It didn't work. It was too late. The virus that already spread out from those few towns. And so by early March, they closed down the whole Northern region of the country and tried to contain it there. And again, they restricted movements. They had police and checkpoints and tried to contain it in that part of the country. Within a week or so of that, they closed all schools and all sporting events around the country. And shortly after that, they realized it wasn't enough. They already had cases around the country and they went into a national lockdown around the second week of March. Their lockdown was much stronger than anything we had in this country in that you could not leave the house unless you were going to the doctor to get necessary supplies or to go do an essential job. And the police would stop you and you had to explain what you were doing. We had nothing like that in this country. You could not travel between regions of the country by and large. You couldn't go from one city to another or one state in the country to another. We never had that restriction in this country. And by the time they did this complete economic shutdown in early March, they shut down all workplaces that were not essential workplaces. Factories were closed. Anything that was not an essential workplace was shut down. You can see they did that for about five or six weeks. And then they were able to start reopening. The debts were falling, but the debts that we count reflect cases a few weeks earlier. So as they were seeing the great decline in debts, the cases were already falling faster than that. They were able to do some partial reopening. They allowed people to travel within their home states. They opened up some factories to get the economy going. A few weeks after that, they had further reopening. They allowed most businesses to open with social distancing. By now they're wearing masks. They allowed travel only within regions but still not letting people move all the way around the country. Then by the third week in May, they're opening pools and gyms and other sort of businesses that involve more close physical interaction and all the way out to June 15th. They're opening theaters and they're pretty close to back to normal with distancing, with masks. And now they have a low enough number of cases that they can do testing and tracing, isolate people who get infected and manage contain the epidemic. We never reached that level of containment in this country. We never had that level of closure and now we never had a small enough number of cases that we could jump on them, isolate them and stop outbreaks as they occur. So our epidemic is relatively uncontrolled. Still at this point, it's only controlled to the extent that people are wearing masks and staying home as much as possible. So that just shows a successful case and an unsuccessful case and sort of what it would have taken for us to do what Italy did. So why did we fail so badly? A number of reasons. I mentioned the bad decisions that Trump made, but we have some things that followed from that or related to that, including this very partisan attitude toward the science of the pandemic. These are four questions that have correct answers and Republicans get the answers wrong much more than Democrats do because they believe what their political leaders tell them instead of science and the facts. And that's a defect in our culture that that happens. For example, social distancing measures are helping a lot to slow the spread of the virus. The first question, that is 100% true. Liberal Democrats 76% agree with it, only 47% of conservative Republicans. The coronavirus spreads more easily than other infection diseases. Absolutely. There are some that spread more easily like measles, but most do not. Democrats know that much more, 78% than Republicans, 58%. There's not enough testing. This is uncontrovertibly true. It's just a true fact. 82% of Liberal Democrats know that 31% of Republicans. So science can answer these questions, but because of the way our politics corrupts our science or our science fails to penetrate into our political bubbles, we are impaired from being able to do smart things. Worse than failure to be educated are the efforts to miseducate or diseducate, spread misinformation and disinformation. We have raging conspiracy theories in this country, which are partly related to politics and partly not. The so-called pandemic is the idea that the whole thing is on purpose for profiteering and so on. Totally not true. There's the idea that the virus is spread or enabled somehow by the 5G cell phone network, also completely not true. There's the idea that masks are bad for your health. There's some kind of plot to weaken us, also completely not true. And then there are the fake cures and treatments, many of them spread by important people, including the president. He retweeted this about high druxichloroquine. I'm saying it should be over the counter. It would solve everything. It just is not true. So there's so much disinformation in our public square that is very hard for people who are not full-time debunkers to figure out what the true story is. On top of this, we have racism and xenophobia affecting how we react to the pandemic. A lot of white people think it is a disease of non-white people. Just like a lot of people in Texas or Arizona thought it was a problem in New York. The president himself has spread a lot of anti-Asian racism, referring to the ugly face of the virus and blaming China, calling it the China virus. There have been vandalism against Asian businesses, random attacks on Asian people. You see the Asian face on the pinata in a restaurant in St. Louis and these sentiments from the president. It's got all different names. Wuhan. Wuhan was catching on. Coronavirus, right? Kung Flu. You can see the crowd, hear the crowd cheering on, egging him on to say the racist smear. Then when it comes to our southern border, the president has also maintained that border control is key to stopping on the virus from spreading. And at this point, probably it's better for Mexicans than for Americans to have the border closed, but he has continued to press this message as well. Using our emergency public health authorities, we prevented a coronavirus catastrophe on the southern border, shutting down human smuggling and swiftly returning the crosses. We call them crosses. They cross, now we bring them right back in the old days. It would take years to get them back. They wouldn't get them back. Without these public health measures, the southern border would be a global epicenter of the viral transmission. Yes, well, the southern border is a global epicenter of virus transmission on our side of the border. And the Rio Grande Valley in particular has been extremely hard hit in Texas. Okay, so let's talk about the crises that have followed from the disease epidemic. Probably most prominently, the economic crisis. This is the number of people employed, not counting farmers, the number of people employed from 2000 to the presence over those 20 years. You can see it was about 130 million, those are thousands. So it's about 130 million people employed in the early 2000s, rising, rising, rising to what we used to call the Great Recession, 2008, a big drop, Obama took office and had to dig out of that hole. You can see the rising, rising, rising number of employed people. Of course, the population growing too. Up to over 150 million employed people by the time Trump is in his third year. And then April of this year comes and it just collapses. 20 million fewer people employed suddenly in one month. It may in some ways worse than that because some people had to change jobs and so on so they count as employed but they're not in the job they were in before. We've chipped back a little bit of that but the economic crisis has been extremely severe and tens of millions of people have been extremely hard hit by that. You can juxtapose the food lines in Queens, New York, now versus lines in New York City during the Great Depression, 1931. People are lining up for free food. They have no money, they have no jobs. We have a crisis in education that comes from having shut down schools which was the right thing to do from a public health point of view but still caused massive educational disruption which will widen inequality. You look at the first figure here, this is from a company that tracks online math participation by students. You can see in the higher income zip codes math participation online dropped about 20% right away in March but it was dropped over 60% in low income zip codes and then the richer zip codes bounced back, got everybody online and back to work by May but the poorer zip codes never did. The second figure shows some estimates of how many months of learning we're going to lose if we don't have in class instruction this fall which we're not going to for a lot of the country and judging by the estimates of how many people get online, how many people participate, and they made some educated guesses and estimate that overall we'll lose about seven months of learning on average but it's more for blacks and Hispanics than for whites and much more for low income students. That's based on the participation rates that we're seeing now. So an extreme education crisis and one that is widening inequalities. On the other hand reopening schools carries great risks which are also unequally distributed. As schools have reopened we've seen viral outbreaks in colleges also but I'm thinking here about K through 12 schools and so we have to face the decision of keeping schools closed and harming the education of children versus keeping schools open and having the virus spread uncontrolled. The little bar chart up there shows the much higher five to eight times higher hospitalization rates for black and Hispanic versus white children, just much more likely to get coronavirus and get very sick from it than white children. The figure below shows the percentage of seniors who live with a child. So if we open schools, this is who we're putting at risk and you can see only 4% of white seniors live in a household with a school-aged child compared with 11% of black seniors and 13 to 19% of people in other groups. So if we open schools, we're putting these older people at greater risk and that's not equally distributed. So there's no good choices. The epidemic has produced a family crisis in a number of dimensions. One is violence and abuse without adequate intervention. We don't have great data on this because the way we collect data on this is from people leaving their houses and doing things like going to work and going to school and going to the doctor and a lot of that has not been happening. So for example, one study found that there were fewer visits to the emergency room with sort of injuries related to domestic violence, but the injuries there were showing up were more serious. So it looks like a lot of people are getting injured or having abuse happen in their homes but are not making it to the emergency room unless their injuries are very serious. So this is a bad problem. We don't know exactly how bad yet. In terms of families also, we have an unequal gender impact of the shutdowns that we experienced. So that as the figure shows, the group with the most likely to drop out of the labor force from February to April in that key period were women with children and school ages. So we have women dropping out of their jobs more than men doing more of the childcare and housework at home. Although there's also evidence of men sharing in those burdens when they are home. So it's gonna be interesting how that sorts out. And the care work burdens themselves, taking care of children, taking care of elders without a lot of the supports that we have in normal times have made things really hard for a lot of people and a lot of families. So that's something we really have to watch. On top of this, an extreme mental health crisis and this is very extreme. The stress of fear from the pandemic itself but also the isolation from being alone or living alone, being separated from friends and loved ones, the despair simply at all the bad news and the likelihood that bad news will continue and also being separated from services, whether medical or counseling or other services that people need to keep their lives in order. This has produced a lot of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation that is thinking about suicide. Just wanna pause to say here, if you are anxious and depressed, if you are thinking about suicide, you are obviously not alone. A lot of people are, a lot of people are not talking about it. There are the numbers there for you to call and seek help at any time. And you should not feel like you're the only one or you are burdening anybody by asking for that help, so please do. I was astounded by this figure put together on the percentage of young adults who were seriously considering suicide in the past 12 months. Before this year, we would have been pretty troubled. We were pretty troubled by the rise from about 7% in 2010, up to 11% of young adults seriously considering suicide in a given year, up to 2018. And now in a survey taken in June 2020, 26% of adults under age 25 reported seriously considering suicide in the last 30 days. So obviously in a very extreme time and we know a lot of people are really hurting right now. So something we really have to try to address. So where are we gonna go here? What's gonna happen next? Well, here's a kind of a worst case scenario, one way to think about it. We've had about 177,000 deaths as of today out of 5.7 million cases. So our case fatality rate that is the number of people who died for every case we had is about 3%. So about 31 out of every 1,000 people that we know got it have died. However, we think that maybe as many as, 10 times as many people have had it than we think. Maybe 50 million cases already. And maybe our infection fatality rate as opposed to the case fatality rate is only three out of 1,000. So that is a lower death rate in a lot more cases. Maybe we've already had 50 million people infected and a lot of them with no symptoms or minor symptoms. So if you play that through, if we do kind of a worst case scenario with those numbers, if we do nothing to stop it, the virus spreads all around. Eventually, and this is pure speculation based on other diseases, it might be that when it gets to about 70% of people, so we've got 330 million. So when a few hundred million people have had this disease, maybe we would approach what they call herd immunity where the virus is people are breathing and it's sneezing it out and it's just running into people who are already immune. And so the spread rate drops. If that's true, 230 million people end up getting it, that might mean 700,000 deaths. Right now we're at less than 200,000 deaths. So as bad as that has been, if we don't get this under control, it will essentially probably more than triple. Or we figure out how to treat it better, which they're obviously working on, or we have a vaccine or multiple vaccines that can either slow or maybe even stop this transmission. So we're somewhere between now approaching 200,000 deaths and maybe something like 700,000 deaths. And the question is, can we slow that down as much as possible so that we can get some kind of medical intervention to prevent getting through all those deaths? When will it be over? Well, it seems likely there will be waves of outbreaks for months, hopefully not years, but it's not contained medically. If we're not really shutting down the country, it will be spreading around and we will be reacting locally, staying home as much as we can or when we find out that there's an outbreak and so on, unless we really change what we're doing in terms of the government. We can only do an effective tracing and isolation policy when the numbers are down lower. If there's 100,000 people a day or 50,000 people a day getting it, you can't make all those phone calls and find out who they've been interacting with instead of all home, you can't do that. You need to have the numbers down before that's really effective. Regardless of what happens here, we're not gonna be traveling around the world much for the next months, years, we don't know. So the world is narrowing for a lot of people in terms of the travel that they're not doing. We don't know when vaccines or treatments will be ready. They're testing vaccines. If they work, we don't know how well they'll work. We don't know how safe they'll be. Unlikely to be affecting us personally very much in less than the next 18 months, but that's speculation. The whole question of herd immunity is actually unknown. That was theory what I said before. We could have, we might not have herd immunity even when we get to 70% people could maybe start getting infected again. We don't know yet. So that's still up in the air. And then how will the world change? That's a big question. That's something that we wanna think about. And try to prepare for as much as possible. So where are you in all of this? Well, this is my advice. Follow the public health advice, the real public health advice. Don't jump on the bandwagon of every fad or something you hear, but follow the solid public health advice from especially your state and local governments. Your sociology professor is probably a good source also. If you can stay home, stay home. It's boring. People are very frustrated. People are lonely. It may be impossible to really pull it off, but if you have the choice, if you can, it's just better to stay home. Even if you're not infected, you're not dealing with somebody else who's infected. You're just adding people to the mix and the fewer people moving around, the better. Take care of yourselves. This is extremely stressful. You've not experienced anything like this before and neither is anybody else alive on earth today. So keep an eye on yourself. Keep an eye on your friends and neighbors and your relatives and try to figure out what you need and what they need and provide it. If you are distressed, sad, upset, anxious, depressed, one kind of behavior that may be helpful is to find ways to help people. That can be done online. That can be done with money. That can be done with different kinds of volunteering, political activism, interacting with people interacting with people who are themselves struggling in different ways. Lots of ways you can help others which gives you a sense of purpose in your life. So that's very abstract, but it's advice. And then to think about the future. Where are we going after this? The world is gonna be very different. Politics will be different. Society will be different. Science will be different. Your career plans and hopes and dreams may have to be radically altered. We don't know how it's gonna be. But it's a time to think big. We are probably gonna get through this and when we do, we're gonna have the opportunity to make some changes around here. So think about what you might like to see done and start thinking about how you can get there.