 All of you are aware of the term conflict of interest. Today we are going to talk about how to handle the conflict of interest. The changing dynamic of research environment and the collaborations can often give rise to conflicts and this is very much common and commitments and obligations. Therefore, it is important to maintain the transparency in research and publications by both authors and by the publishers. So we see that there comes the situation when we find that there are conflict of interest although in general statements we used to say that there are no conflict of interest and we openly disclose it. This is a general policy in which when you submit research papers you have to tell that either there is any conflict of interest and there is not any conflict of interest. But there comes the situation where conflict of interest arises. Now looking at two situations where this situation comes in. Conflict of interest can arise when an author, researcher, editor or a peer review has a relationship personal or financial that can directly or indirectly affect his or her objectivity in making decisions or influence their actions. For example, you can have a financial link or a personal link like a general editor, guest editors, reviewers, members of the team have a personal or personal commitment or liability. Conflict of interest can arise because of the following. First one is financial relationship. These can include direct employment, consultancies to be related organizations and companies, talk opinions, grants, patents and paid expert testimonies. Now these are all things of scientific nature but they have to understand that financial commitments if there are two parties like an individual who has sent a paper to publish a research journal but the supervisor of that research journal is a member or a reviewer and he has an idea that he does a free of cost paper review so maybe his student can get some privilege that his paper can be easily published. So if the supervisor is also the co-author of that paper and he is also the reviewer of that journal there comes the conflict of interest. In such a situation, it is very important to mention the submission of the published paper that there comes a conflict of interest. Otherwise, if there is none, then we give a statement of no conflict. Then comes the personal relationships. These can include the different kind of rivalries and biases. For instance, the intellectual beliefs is one. This can include moral convictions or personal beliefs that can influence the scientific opinions. Like for instance, there is a journal that publishes a specific theme that exclusively supports transgenders or does research about queers. If a research paper is sent to a specific pathology or a theme, instead of addressing the scope of the journal and negating the concept, belief and mission then there is a conflict of interest that will be produced on a scholarly or intellectual level and it is important to mention it. Because in research, we can challenge it. In research, we can present our new point of view on different things. But if there is such a situation, then it is important to mention the conflict of intellectual beliefs. Then comes the academic competition. It can include bias judgment because of the direct and indirect competition between peers and colleagues. This is something very sensitive but very, very important to understand that there are some senior psychologists or senior researchers who are the chief editor of the journal. And they reject the papers of their students or colleagues without any reason. They say that they do not include them. So in such a situation, conflict of interest can arise because of the relationship. In contrary to that, at times it happens that the editor in the journal has a relationship with him. He is a relative, he is a family member, he is in a friends group. So that is also a conflict of interest. Because in such a situation, they promote that we should have this research published. That this is my student's research and its quality is a little less. We will give it a margin. We will review it twice or three times and include it. It is very important to take care of such things because these are the situations which itself are very unethical. So all the stakeholders including authors, editors and reviewers must take care of the following steps to avoid conflict of interest. So it is very important to understand that conflict of interest to have can be of any kind. It can be of any kind of reviewers. It is not necessary that there is only one individual who is submitting the paper and the person who has the dealing person. So this could be between many of the people as I mentioned. Then this is close all in trust so that the stakeholders are aware and can take the required step. There is nothing wrong with this that when you gather your paper, they mention that they are my colleagues or they are my supervisor they were my supervisors or they were my teachers. You can say this. Although it is a blind review but you can tell any teacher or colleague the title of your paper. So to avoid this kind of conflict of interest, it is better to mention it in advance. Monitor research and research results for transparency and integrity. Because our research's prime purpose or objective research's integrity and transparency is to be maintained. Remove the person that could be in question or bias from important process such as data interpretation or review process. Once it has been identified by the certain party that yes we are having a conflict of interest with certain person then it is very important to identify that person and to publish the research in a transparent way. This is not something very big not very unusual. This is something which is in practice of many good research journals. It is important to be aware of it and to do it in a good way so that no objection can come and that research can be published in an ethical way the way it has been conducted in an ethical manner.