 Good evening dear learners. I'm Dr. Satish Vishambhalakade and I'm working as an assistant professor of communication skills in the Department of Humanities and Sciences, Walchin Institute of Technology, Sholapur and I welcome you all for this session on pronouns part two. So here's the learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to use appropriate reflexive, emphatic and demonstrative pronouns in their communication. So as I discussed in the previous session, for convenience sake, I have divided the session on pronouns into three parts. So in session one, that is part one, we have discussed about personal pronouns and now in part two we'll be discussing about reflexive, emphatic and demonstrative pronouns. So now here is a question for you to think over and the question is what are the various types of pronouns? We have already discussed this particular question in the first session on pronouns. So I would request you to recall your previous knowledge and try and answer this particular question in a course journal. So you can pause this video for some time, write down the answer for this question and then resume the video. Welcome back and here's the answer. So these are the various types of pronouns. We have categorized the various types of pronouns into five categories. First, personal pronouns. Second, reflexive and emphatic pronouns. Third, demonstrative, indefinite and distributive pronouns. Fourth, relative pronouns. And fifth, interrogative pronouns. And as I said in this session, that is part two, we would be discussing about reflexive, emphatic and demonstrative pronouns. So let us move to the next slide. So now let us understand the concept of reflexive pronouns. So what are reflexive pronouns? And here we go. When self, which is a singular form, is added to mine, your, him, her, it and when cells, which is a plural form, I repeat when cells which is a plural form is added to our, your, them, we get compound personal pronouns. They are called as reflexive pronouns when the action done by the subject turns back. That is, reflects upon the subject itself as is illustrated in the following examples. Send us number one. I hurt myself. Now here, myself is working as a reflexive pronoun because the action done by the subject I turns back or reflects upon the subject itself. That is, I hurt myself and so myself is a reflexive pronoun. Likewise, in sentence number two, he hurt himself. Now here, himself is working as a reflexive pronoun because the action done by the subject he turns back or reflects upon the subject itself. He, that is why himself here is working as a reflexive pronoun. Likewise, sentence number three, we hurt ourselves. So, ourselves is working here as a reflexive pronoun. Then, sentence number four, you hurt yourself. Again, the same rule and the same explanation. That is, yourself is working as a reflexive pronoun because the action done by the subject you turns back or reflects upon the subject itself and hence, yourself is working as a reflexive pronoun here. In sentence number five, they hurt themselves. Now, themselves is working as a reflexive pronoun because the action done by the subject they turns back or reflects upon the subject itself and hence, themselves is a reflexive pronoun here. So, this was about reflexive pronouns. Very simple concept to understand. Now, we'll proceed to the next category that is emphatic pronouns. So, let us understand what are emphatic pronouns. The following sentences show that the compound personal pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis and are therefore called emphatic pronouns. So, in simple words, emphatic pronouns are the pronouns which are used for the sake of emphasis. Sentence number one, I will do it myself. Here, myself is an emphatic pronoun because it is used for emphasis. In sentence number two, you yourself can best explain. Now here, yourself is used for emphasis. So, the emphasis is on yourself and so, yourself is working as an emphatic pronoun. Sentence number three, the town itself is not very small. Here, the emphasis is on itself. So, itself is working as an emphatic pronoun. Number four, they themselves admitted their fault. Now, here the focus or the emphasis is on themselves and hence themselves which is a pronoun, it is working as an emphatic pronoun. In simple words, emphatic pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis and which is very much explained in the following four sentences. So, with this, now we move to the next category that is a demonstrative pronouns. So, read the following sentences. This is a present from my brother. These are merely excuses. Both pens are good but this is better than that. Ratnagiri mangoes are better than those of Pune. There is no period in ancient Indian history so glorious as that of the guptas. The stranger is welcomed as such that is the fort of Panahala. You'll find that in the above sentences, the highlighted pronouns are used to point out or to show the objects to which they refer. Therefore, they are called as demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrative means to show to point out. So, in all these sentences, the highlighted pronouns, they point out or they show the objects to which they refer and hence they are called as demonstrative pronouns. This was about demonstrative pronouns. Now, let us move to the next slide. Now, there is also a concept of demonstrative adjectives. Now, let us understand how demonstrative adjectives are different from demonstrative pronouns. This, that, these, those function as demonstrative adjectives when they are used with nouns because basically adjectives are used with nouns or before nouns. So, here whenever we have this, that, these, those used with nouns, they function as demonstrative adjectives. Now, this is very much explained in the following examples. Sentence number one, this notebook is mine. Here, this is working as a demonstrative adjective because it is used with the noun notebook. Likewise, that pencil is yours. Here, that is working as a demonstrative adjective because it is used with the noun pencil. Likewise, these and those are functioning as demonstrative adjectives because they are used with the noun pens. So, this was about demonstrative adjectives. Now, let us move to the next slide. This refers to what is close at hand and nearest to the thought or person of the speaker. In simple words, this refers to things or persons which are close and that refers to things or persons which are far away or remote. Example, this is better than that. So, this is used for things or persons which are near and that is used for things or persons which are far away. So, this is one more rule related to this and that. Now, let us move to the next slide. That, with its plural those, is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun. Example, sentence number one, the climate of Kolhapur is like that of Pune. Here, that is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun, that is climate. Likewise, in sentence number two, our soldiers are better trained than those of enemies. Now, those is used instead of soldiers which is a preceding noun. So, those is used to avoid the repetition of a preceding noun that is soldiers. So, this is one more simple rule. When two things which have been already mentioned are referred to, this refers to the thing last mentioned and that refers to the thing first mentioned. This particular rule is very much exemplified in the following two sentences. Example number one, virtue and vice offer themselves for your choice. This, that is, it refers to voice which is last mentioned. So, this leads to misery and that to happiness. Now, that here refers to the thing first mentioned and the thing first mentioned is virtue. Sentence number two, alcohol and tobacco are both injurious. This perhaps less than that. Now, this refers to tobacco because this refers to the thing last mentioned and tobacco is the thing which is last mentioned and that refers to the thing first mentioned and alcohol is the thing which is first mentioned. So, I wish you a very happy learning and this is a reference for this particular work. Thank you so much.