 Hey everybody, Dr. O here, in this video we're going to talk about the bacterial ribosome and I'm just going to add a few little nuggets I think you'll find interesting as well. So here we see the prokaryotic or bacterial ribosome. As you can see here it is made of a large subunit and a small subunit just like your human ribosomes are. It happens to be the 50S large subunit and the 30S small subunit. Remember the S stands for spedberg unit so this has to do with how quickly they're centrifuged so don't worry about it and as you can see they're not additive so 50 plus 30 somehow equals 70 right? But you should definitely know that the bacterial ribosome is a 70S ribosome and contrast that to our eukaryotic ADS ribosome. So just a few other things I want to add here though. You will see that so here we see the mitochondria or mitochondria and for one of the mitochondria would be plural and the chloroplast so the plant cells have both mitochondria and chloroplasts and our human cells have mitochondria. Both of these organelles have their own ribosomes and the ribosomes are 70S ribosomes. So the reason this is important is this is where the endosymbiotic theory or at least parts of it came from. The idea that eukaryotic more complex cells evolved from smaller cells actually starting to work together. So the thinking is that what is the mitochondria or chloroplast today would have been single cell organisms in the past. So the fact that they have this prokaryotic ribosomal structure inside of them is one of the tenets of that theory. The reason I want to bring this up though is because that means that humans do have some 70S ribosomes. Reason this matters is because a lot of the antibiotics we take are they actually are attacking the 70S ribosome to kill bacteria. But shouldn't that mean that there'd be some impact on humans? Now here's what I would say about that. Some people say no because the mitochondria membrane would keep the antibiotics out. I don't actually agree with that. And again, this is just interesting. I'm not saying it's proven. But I think the reason we don't see a lot of mitochondrial dysfunction when we take antibiotics is because we're not using our mitochondria to full capacity. I work with lots of athletes, right? I used to work with professional athletes, Olympic athletes, college athletes. And I found that when when athletes take antibiotics, they're just trashed, right, for quite a bit. And I think so I think that part of it could be changes to the microbiome. And part of it could be that their mitochondria are being impacted. So you just kind of sitting and doing your job and even spending some time on the treadmill, you're never really redlining your mitochondria. You're never really forcing them to work at peak capacity. So I think that's probably why we don't see it. But we do see it more in elite athletes. So just kind of interesting. So when you take antibiotics, there is the potential at least for your mitochondria being impacted. And I think that some antibiotics has actually been shown that is the case. So but that's why. So your mitochondria and the chloroplasts in the plant actually have the same 70S ribosomes that bacteria have. So one more really interesting thing here is that these are called polyribosomes. So that one of the advantages of being a bacteria is that you don't have a nucleus. And that sounds crazy because the nucleus's job is to protect DNA. So our DNA is definitely more protected than bacterial DNA. But from a speed standpoint, think about in our cells, transcription of DNA into RNA has to be complete. And then the RNA has to be cleaned up and processed. Then the RNA has to leave the nucleus to go find a ribosome. So protein synthesis is relatively speaking slow in humans. In bacteria, since there isn't a nucleus, translation can begin, as you're seeing in these images, translation can begin before transcription is even done. RNA polymerase is actually transcribing DNA into RNA. And then these ribosomes are hopping onto it and translating into protein before it's even finished. So just one of the advantages when it comes to bacteria is speed. That's why they can produce proteins quickly. They can generate new DNA quickly, which is why some bacteria have generation times of 20 minutes. They've only been alive for 20 minutes and they're already dividing into the next generation. So speed is one of the advantages of bacteria have. So all right, those are all the things that I think are most interesting about the 70S ribosomes. We'll certainly be talking about antibiotics and how they interfere with these ribosomes in later videos. Okay, have a wonderful day. Be blessed.