 Hello all, in this presentation we are going to discuss about the definitions in community medicine. One of the reasons many of us find community medicine difficult because of these definitions. Probably community medicine is the subject in medicine having more definitions. I have given the link of the PDF of these definitions in the description section. You can use it for future references. In this presentation we are not going to discuss the definitions derived from formula like range where it is defined as the difference between the maximum value and minimum value. Various ratios like sex ratio, maternal mortality ratio have been defined as the ratio of the numerator to the denominator. Here the numerator will be defined as per the operational definitions or criteria. In rate numerator will be a part of the denominator and rate is expressed in a specified time. In this presentation definitions of rate ratio and differences derived from formula are not discussed since these definitions are made easy only when we discuss with the formulas. Personally I am against the concept of memorizing the definitions and it is unfair to assess the students in exams and Vaiva based on this recalling ability of these definitions. But in day to day practice if you don't remember recollect in exams and Vaiva you are not going to score well in exams and Vaiva. Now I have three ideas to make this difficult task simple. Number one is to understand the definition. You have to understand the definition properly. As Einstein have told when you understand things clearly then you can explain it clearly. Then number two is divide the topics into parts. In almost all the definitions there would be a particular number of concepts which are condemned. You have to divide these concepts and try to remember in sequence. Number three is to make a mnemonic for this definition. Wherever standard definitions are not existing you can make your mnemonic of your own and try to remember these definitions. So I am going to the definitions. The most important repeatedly asked definition is the definition of the health. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being. We used to say community medicine as PSM preventive and social medicine. So PSM you can remember PSM that is physical, social and mental well-being and here the complete word will be missed many of the time by the students. So health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely in the absence of disease or infirmity and not merely in the absence of disease or the infirmity. So here I have divided the definition into two, one is health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely in the absence of disease or the infirmity. And the third point which is recently added into this definition is which is optionally you can add which will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life. So these two are the important content of the definition of health and this is optionally needed for the students. So now the next important definition is about the epidemiology. It is the study of epidemiology means AP means upon, DEMI means people, LONGI means study so upon people study it is a study among people. So the study of distribution and determinants of health related states and events in specified population and the application of the study to control the health problems it is as simple as that. So how we are going to remember is the study of distribution and determinants these are all the core terms which we tend to forget the study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in a specified population and application of the study to control the health problems. So that is epidemiology. Now the next we are moving to epidemic it is AP means upon, DEMI means people. So next is epidemic so the occurrence of an illness or the health related events in a community or a region clearly in excess of the normal expectancy. So this word is most important in this definition that is excess of normal expectancy even when the case is not present even a single case is not present in that community you find a single case that will be considered as a epidemic. So the occurrence of an illness or health related events in a community or a region clearly in excess of normal expectancy is called as an epidemic. Now the next definition is for screening the search for under-garnized disease or defect you have to remember here it is a search for under-garnized disease or the defect by the means of rapidly applied simple tests examinations and other procedures in apparently healthy individuals. So we are we are looking for an under-garnized disease or defect by means of rapidly applied test examinations or procedures in apparently healthy individuals that is called a screening. So what is screening? It is the search for under-garnized disease through the rapidly applied tests examinations and other procedures in apparently healthy individuals. So that is called a screening. In screening we have two other important definitions that is sensitivity and specificity. For remembering sensitivity you have to remember this phrase that is positivity in disease and specificity it is negativity in health. So when we remember positivity in health it is sensitivity is the ability of the test to detect the true positives among the disease. Specificity is the ability of the test to detect the true negatives among the healthy. So now you look at the definition the ability of the test to identify correctly all those who have the disease that is too positive. You can modify this way the ability of the test to correctly identify the true positives among the disease and here the ability of the test to correctly identify the true negatives among the healthy that is those who do not have the disease. Now we are moving to the primary health care. Primary health care probably this primary health care and essential health care are the two important definitions which will be lengthy and little difficult to remember. I have attempted to divide it into parts so four parts each. So primary health care the first two points of this primary health care is based on the principles of the primary health care. We all know principles of the primary health care is appropriate technology, community participation, equitable distribution and intersectoral coordination. So it is derived from these two. So primary health care is the essential health care based on practical, scientifically, sound and socially acceptable methods and technology. This is the appropriate technology made universally accessible to the individuals and families in the community through their full participation. So this is community participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford. The cost factor is coming in here to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of the self-determination. So this is the primary health care definition. Many of this primary health care definition will exclude this line. If you want you can end here but the actual definition given by WHO consists of these four parts that is it is the essential health care which is decided based on the practical, scientifically, sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to the that is universally accessible it will include equitable distribution also and the families in the community through their full participation and at the cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of the self-determination. This last one is optional as I told earlier. So these three are the important in case of primary health care. Now we are moving into health education. It is a process aimed at encouraging the, so to understand the health education you should know about the behavior change communication that is the motivation model. Health education is a process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can do individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed. So here the four parts it is a process aimed at encouraging the people to want to be healthy. First of all they want to be healthy to know how to stay healthy to do what individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed. So it is to want to be healthy to know how to stay healthy to do individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed. So that is about health education. Now we are moving to the next definition that is confounding factor. Confounding factor is a factor which is associated with both exposure and disease and it is distributed unequally among the study group and the control group. So confounding factor is a factor. Usually we will do matching in case control study for this confounding factor. This confounding factor will be will mislead and it will lead to the confounding bias. So it is associated with both the exposure and the outcome that is exposure and the disease but it will be distributed unequally among the study group and the control group. And finally you tend to give a conclusion that because of this factor the outcome has appeared but actually it is a confounder which is present in the study group and the control group unequally. So that is called as confounding factor and confounding factor to eliminate confounding factor we do matching in case control studies. So association what is defined as association is the concurrence of two variables more often than would be expected by the chance. There will be always concurrence of two variables expected by chance. If it is excess of this expected chance then we call it as association. The concurrence of two variables more often than would be expected by chance is called as association. Now the next topic is the risk factor it is defined as an attribute or an exposure that is significantly associated with the development of the disease. The attribute or the exposure that is significantly associated with the development of the disease. So any factor which is associated significantly with the development of the disease is called as the risk factor. So any attribute or the exposure that is significantly associated with the development of a disease. Now we are moving to the source of infection. Source of infection can be a person, animal or an object or a substance from which the infectious agent passes or disseminated into the host. So the here is the definition the important word here is the infectious agent passes or it is disseminated to the host. If the infectious agent is passed or disseminated to the host can be through it can be a person, it can be a person, animal, object or a substance. A reservoir any person, animal, earth report, plant, soil or substance or combination of this in which the infectious agent lives and multiplies, lives and multiplies then we call it as a reservoir. And when it depends primarily for survival and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host. So it will wait for a time to reach this susceptible host to cause the disease to complete the life cycle. So that animal or a person or an earth report or a plant or a soil or a substance will be called as a reservoir. A reservoir is a any person, animal, earth report, plant, soil or the substance where in the infectious agent lives and multiplies on which it depends primarily for survival and where it reproduces itself in such manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host. Now we are moving into the case a definition of occurs it is a person in the population or a study group identified as having the particular disease or a health disorder or a condition under investigation. Who we call as the case is a person having a particular disease or a disorder or a condition under investigation. A person in the population or a study group identified as having a particular disease health disorder or a condition under investigation. we are moving to the carrier. Carrier is an infected person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of any discriminable clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection for others. Here source of infection may be a source of infection may be as we all know in chain of infection source of infection may be a case or a carrier, but here in carrier it is a source of infection without any clinical disease and harbors the specific infectious agent. So, carrier is an infected person or animal that harbors a sign specific infectious agent in the absence of discriminable clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection for others. We are moving to the vector. Vector is an arthropod or any living carrier that transmits an infectious agent to a susceptible individual. It just transports the infectious agent to the susceptible individual. It can be further divided into biological vector or mechanical vector. Mechanical vector is just a mechanical transmission just by touch it transmits mechanically. Biological vector the the infectious agent undergo a change in the stage of its life cycle. Then it will be called as a biological vector, but as a vector as a general is an arthropod or living carrier that transports an infectious agent to the susceptible individual. Now, we are moving to the incubation period. Incubation period is a time interval between the invasion of an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptom of the disease, symptom or sign of a disease. So, it is the time interval between the invasion of the infectious agent and appearance of the first sign or the symptom of the disease in question. So, that is called as incubation period and there are other definitions which we have to understand by sequentially by this flow diagram. If A is the entry of an agent into a host, B is this the after the entry of the agent into the host, the shredding of the agent from the host starts. Then after this clinical manifestation starts, then the host reaches the maximum infectivity that the host shreds the agent to the maximum level. Then the clinical disease ends, then the shredding of the agent also ends. So, these are all the various stages in entry of an agent to a clinical disease and to the shredding escape of the organism or the here A to B is called as the Latin period. That is the entry of the organism to the shredding of the agent start is called as the point where the shredding of the agent start is called as the Latin period and A to C that is entry of the organism to the appearance of first clinical symptom is called as the incubation period. And A to D that is the entry of the organism to the maximum infectivity is called as the generation time. C to E that is the maximum that is the clinical manifestation starting to the clinical manifestation ending that is called as clinical phase and B to F that is shredding of the agent starts to the shredding of the agent ends that is called as the period of communicability. And B to C, that is shredding of the agent starting point to the clinical manifestation starting point this is called as a incubatory carrier phase incubatory carrier phase and E2F that is the clinical this is ENS and the shredding of the agents also ENS so this is called as a convalescent carrier phase this is called as incubatory carrier phase this is the clinical phase subclinical phase that is C2F or the healthy carrier phase that is C2F that is clinical manifestation starts and the shredding of the agent ENS so these are all the various stages in different now we are moving into the disease control the disease control it in these are all the various stages in eradication or removal of the disease so eradication is the last stage disease control is the first stage so in disease control the agent is permitted to persist in the community at a level where it ceases to be a public health problem or it is no more a public health problem in the community according to the tolerance of the population according to the tolerance of the population what is the disease control it is the agent exist or it is permitted to survive in the community at a level where it is no more a public health problem according to the tolerance of the population so that is called as the disease control. In this is elimination phase it is interruption of the transmission of the disease. So, here in control we just allowed to persist in the community, but in elimination the interruption of the transmission has happened. So, transmission has been interrupted by the program the control measures by the program. In this is eradication it is the complete termination of all transmission of infection by the extermination of the infectious agent. That is the agent is not the agent will not exist in the world. So, that is by the extermination of the infectious agent. So, termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of the infectious agent is called as the disease eradication. Now, we are moving to monitoring and surveillance in important two marker where we can get either monitoring or surveillance and difference between monitoring and surveillance. Monitoring is the routine measurements performance and analysis of the routine measurements. It is the performance and analysis of the routine measurements aimed at detecting the changes in the environment or the health status of the population. For example, the indicators of the air quality will be considered as the air quality monitoring or growth monitoring we say that is the growth is the normally occurring in any child. So, we if we do a performance and analysis of routine measurements of the growth aimed at detecting the changes in the environment or the health status of the population then it will be called as the monitoring. Surveillance means it is continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of the disease. It is a factor which will be measured to see the abnormal presence of the disease or a condition. So, it is a continuous scrutiny of the factor. So, for example, HIV surveillance or TB surveillance is a continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of the disease and other conditions of ill health. So, that is the surveillance it is not the routine measurement. So, that is the most different point. So, the continuous scrutiny of the factors that determine the occurrence and distribution of disease and other diseases of ill health. Now, community diagnosis the pattern of disease in a community described in terms of important factors which influence this pattern. The pattern of disease in the community described in terms of important factors which influence the pattern. So, that is called as community diagnosis. Then primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention. The primary prevention is what the classical prevention which is described in English literature that is the action taken prior to the onset of the disease, possibility that the disease will ever occur. Primary this prevention is the action taken prior to the onset of the disease which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur. Secondary prevention is after the disease occurs you halt the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevent complications. So, it is the action which holds the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevent its complication that is called as tertiary prevention. Tertiary prevention is the all measures available to reduce or limit impairments. We say in levels of intervention of this three is this thing primary prevention it is health promotion and specific protection, early diagnosis and adequate treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. So, here we have to limit the impairments and disability minimize suffering caused by the existing departures from the good health and to promote the patients adjustment to the irremediable conditions that is the rehabilitation you make the patient to pre-disease condition. Now, impairment any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. So, impairment is a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. Handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from an impairment or the disability. So, what impairment is a restriction or the lack of ability and the disadvantage gained out of those impairment or a disability is called as the handicap that limits or prevents the fulfillment of the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual depending upon the age, sex, social and cultural factors. So, that is the disadvantage for a given individual is called as a handicap rehabilitation the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures. So, we have four measures that is medical, social, educational and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest possibility of functional ability. So, our ultimate goal is to make the person placing the position before the disease have occurred. So, that is the ultimate goal of the rehabilitation. So, combined and coordinated use of so it is not only the combined but coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for the training and retraining the individual to the highest possibility of functional ability. Now, we are moving to the life expectancy the number of that is the average number of years that would be lived by a person who is born alive into the population if current age specific mortality rates persist. So, what is life expectancy is nothing but the average number of years a person can live in the particular population with the currently existing age specific mortality rates. So, it is the average number of years that will be lived by those born alive into a population if the current age specific mortality rates persist. Now, diarrhea it is a passage of loose, liquid or watery stones it is what is cohort is defined as the group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period. So, for example, batch of 2016 is a cohort 2016 cohort we can say. So, is defined as the group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined time period. As we all know cohort is a word derived from the Roman army where group of people with similar similar characteristics have been described as a cohort. Now, coronary heart disease otherwise called as ischemic heart disease it is the impairment of the heart function due to the inadequate blood flow to the heart compared to its needs caused by obstructive changes in the coronary circulation to the heart. So, what it ultimately mean is the mismatch between the need and the supply there is a existing mismatch between the need and the supply. So, impairment of the heart function due to the inadequate blood flow to the heart compared to its needs caused by obstructive changes not it is that by the obstructive changes in the coronary circulation to the heart is defined as the coronary heart disease. So, any impairment in heart function due to the inadequate blood flow which is again obstructive due to obstructive changes in the coronary circulation on to the heart is defined as a coronary heart disease or ischemic heart disease. Stroke is defined as a rapidly developed clinical sense of focal logical disturbance or focal disturbance of cerebral function lasting for more than 24 hours. If it is less than 424 hours we call it as TIA that is transient ischemic attacks when it is less than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than vascular origin. When we when we cannot identify any other cause other than vascular origin we call it as a stroke. So, that is it is the rapidly developed clinical science of focal disturbance of cerebral function lasting more than 24 hours or leading to death with no apparent cause other than the vascular origin is considered as a stroke. This is the WHO definition for stroke. Now, the definition for obesity an abnormal growth of the adipose tissue due to the enlargement of the fat cell size that is hypertrophic obesity or an increase in fat cell number that is called as hyperplastic obesity or a combination of both. So, obesity is defined as abnormal growth of the adipose tissue which may be due to the increase in size or increase in number. If it is increase in size it is called as hypertrophic obesity. If it is increase in number it is called as hyperplastic obesity. But the core word is the abnormal growth of adipose tissue due to increase in number or increase in size or a combination of both. Blindness as defined by WHO it is a visual acuity of less than 3 bar 60 according to Snellen or its equivalent anything which is according to Snellen if it is 3 bar 60 or less than 3 bar 60 then we call it as visual impairment as blindness. So, visual acuity of less than 3 bar 60 in Snellen or its equivalent will be considered as blindness accident any unexpected unplanned occurrence which may involve in injury is called as accident. Compliance the extent to which the patient behavior coincides with the clinical prescription. The behavior is defined further defined in terms of taking medicines following diets or executing other lifestyle changes. So, the extent to which the patient behavior coincides with the clinical prescription the clinical the patient behavior is may be taking medicine or following diets or executing lifestyle changes maternal death. So, here maternal death is any death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective of the duration unsight of the pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. So, that is defined as a maternal death within 42 days is considered as maternal deaths. So, problem will age problem will age it is a village it is mainly based on the water. So, source of water when there is no source of water is available within a distance of 1.6 kilometer this is nothing but 1 mile. In 1 mile if you do not get any safe water source then you can call it as a problem will age also or where the water is available at the depth of more than 15 meters or the water source has excess salinity iron, fluorides and other toxic elements or where the water is exposed to the risk of cholera you call it as a problem will age you call it as a problem will age based on the 4 water supply requirement then the family planning. Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily it is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge attitude and responsible decisions by the individuals and the couple. So, it is by the individuals and the couples and it is not the prescriptions given by the healthcare providers. So, they have to gain knowledge and their attitudes have to be changed and the responsible decisions by the individuals and the couples which should be adopted voluntarily in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and this contribute effectively to the social development of the country or our ultimate goal is to socially develop the country. So, that that principles have to be imparted and adapted voluntarily. So, a way of the family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adapted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge attitudes and responsible decisions by the individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and this contribute effectively to the social development of a country. Now, we are moving to culture. Culture is a learned behavior which has been socially acquired it is a learned behavior that has been socially acquired psychology. Psychology is a study of human behavior of how people behave and why they behave in the way they do. So, psychology is a study of human behavior of how and why they behave in such a way. So, there are many other descriptions for the terms which is given in sociology. These are all not given as definitions, but it is better to define those words for example, habit or learning or emotion in the terms which is given in the will describe the terms better. So, operational research the application of the scientific methods of investigation to the study of complex human organizations and services, application of scientific methods of investigation to the study of complex human organizations and services. The drug any substance that when taken into a living organisms may modify one or more of its functions. So, drug is defined as any substance that taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions called as a drug. And what is defined as a drug abuse? It is a self-administration of a drug for non-medical reasons in quantities and frequencies which may impair an individual's ability to function effectively and which may result in social, physical and emotional harm. So, it is what is a drug abuse? It is a self-administration of the drug for non-medical reason in quantities and frequencies which may impair the individual's ability to function effectively which may result in social, physical or emotional harm. Social, physical or emotional harm this is called as a drug abuse. What is a drug addiction? It is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication which is detrimental to the individual and society produced by repeated intake of habit-forming drugs. So, it is a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and the society produced by the repeated intake of habit-forming drugs. Health information a mechanism for collecting, processing, analysis and transmission of information required for organizing and operating health services and also for research and training. So, what is health information? It is a mechanism of collection, processing, analysis and transmission of information required for organizing and operating health services and also for research and training that is called as health information. What is census? It is a process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at the specified time or times to all persons in the country or a delimited territory. So, it is to the all persons. So, that is very important. So, the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining at this specified time or times to all persons in the community or delimited territory. Social security, security that society furnishes through appropriate organization against a certain risk to which its members are exposed, may be an accident, may be a death. So, social security that society furnishes through appropriate organization against certain risks to which its members are exposed. Population genetics, the study of the precise genetic composition of the population and various factors determining the incidence of inherited traits in them. So, what is population genetics? It is the study of precise genetic composition of the population and the factors determining the incidence of inherited traits in them. Objective, what is an objective? Objective, it is either achieved or not. It is a planned endpoint of all activities. You have to define in this way, it is an planned endpoint of, it is a planned endpoint of all activities, planned endpoint of all activities. What is a target? It often refers to a discrete activity such a number of films collected or vasectomist and it is the number of, it is a discrete activity, it is a discrete activity. For example, you becoming a good doctor will be a goal. You have to pass in third year will be an objective. You have to study eight to ten hours per day will be a target. So, you have to become a good doctor will be a goal. Pass this year will be an objective which ultimate desired state towards your objectives and resources are directed. It is the ultimately desired state. This is planned endpoint of all activities that is objective. It is the target refers to the discrete activity and goal is an ultimate desired state towards all your objectives and resources are directed. Food fortification, the process whereby nutrients are added to the foods to maintain or improve the quality of the diet of a group, the community or a population. The process whereby nutrients are added nutrients are added to the food in relatively small quantities to maintain or improve the quality of the diet of a group, a community or a population. So, now we are nearing the end of the presentation. So, modern preventive medicine, it is nothing but you have to combine the all the levels of interventions into the more definition for modern preventive medicine. That is the art and science of health promotion and health promotion is health promotion, disease prevention, disability limitation and rehabilitation is the modern preventive medicine. What is family medicine? It is the focus here is the family called as the first contact physicians. It is a field of specialization in medicine which is neither disease nor organ oriented, but it is a family oriented medicine or health care centered on the family as an unit from first contact to the ongoing care of chronic problems from prevention to rehabilitation. Now, what is community medicine? Mechanization for community medicine in part textbook. So, which I have given the specialty which deals with the populations, the specialty which deals with the populations and comprises those doctors who try to measures the needs of the population both sick and well that is ill and the well, illness and the wellness component will be measured. They plan and administer the services to meet the needs of the population and those who are engaged in research and the teaching in the field. So, here there are three components. One is they deal with population, they identify the needs plan and administer services for this needs and second one is research, third one is teaching. So, what does the community medicine people do? It is a specialty which deals with the population and comprises those doctors who try to measure the needs of the population both sick and well and they plan and administer services based on the needs which was measured and those who are engaged in research and teaching in the field. So, they are the field of community medicine. Now, the healthcare it is defined as a multitude of services that is the many services which is rendered to the individuals, families and the communities by the agents of health services or professionals for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health. So, that is called as healthcare. Healthcare is different, auxiliary worker it is defined as the one who less than a full professional qualification in a particular field and is supervised by a professional worker. So, their work will be supervised and their qualification will be the less than the full professional qualification. Auxiliary nurse midwives are created. So, that is they are the nurses, but their qualification will be less than the nurses, but their work will be supervised by the nurses. So, that is called as an auxiliary worker. So, here are some of the definitions which is given in the index page of the park textbook and the red ones are the ones which we have discussed. As I told earlier rate ratio and proportions have not been discussed in this presentation because they are just the formulas you have to include ratio of the numerator to the denominator in a specific time for a rate and any numerator and numerator can be included in ratio and then for other differences like ranges and range and all we have not discussed. But here the red ones have been discussed all these red ones have been discussed black ones which we have not discussed and so here are the sum of the continuation. So, what we missed is given in the end. So, you can refer the textbook for defining these definitions. So, thank you for watching this video. Hopefully this presentation was useful to you. If you haven't subscribed to the think lateral channel, please subscribe and click on the bell icon for further videos. The further videos coming up next week are mnemonics in community medicine and important health days and facts about those health days. So, the mnemonics and community medicine will be helpful in exam point of view both in theory viva and also in PG preparation. Thank you.