 Good evening dear aspirants. How are you all? Hope you are safe and fine. Welcome to Hindu news analysis brought to you by Shankarae's Academy. Today is 6th of January 2022. The list of articles we are going to discuss today is displayed on the screen. Kindly go through it. Let's start our discussion. Today we will start off with this mains question discussion. Look at this question. It was asked in 2020 mains examination. Let me read out the question. The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key point of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. You have to answer in 150 words. Now what is convergence and divergence? You can simply understand this as similarities and dissimilarities. Again look at this question. It states recent times. What is recent here? Friends it is very highly subjective. It may be a one year or one month. And when you compare with 1940s even 2010 is recent. Let's not go into that detail. For this question we will take last decade or so. See the question is for 10 marks. It should not cross the word limit of 150 words. Totally we can write 10 points that should be more than sufficient. See the directives here to just highlight the key points. First we have to brainstorm some of the points and then we can start answering. So what can we write in the introduction? See the provisions regarding Indian judiciary traces back its origin to Government of India Act 1935 which in itself a British Illegacy. So it's quite obvious that both have similarities. But at the same time there are many divergence especially in recent years. Now we will see the dissimilarities first. See we all know the fact that Indian constitution is a written constitution and UK don't have a written constitution. Second thing is that constitution is supreme in India whereas parliament in supreme in UK. That means judiciary cannot review the fairness of the acts made by the parliament in UK. In India judiciary can't review any act made by the parliament. Now the third point of divergence is regarding India have a single unified and integrated judiciary. In UK it is not the case. The judiciary of UK are separate judiciary of the three legal systems in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. See UK consist of these four countries right. Now the fourth point is about recent development in India. See we follow Collegium system for appointment of judges. Where the executive have very limited say judiciary themselves recommend the members to be appointed as judges to high courts. But in UK there is a judicial appointment commission that is JAC to appoint judges and it is an independent body. And the final point is regarding special leave petition. See Article 136 of the Indian constitution allows the supreme court to grant special leave to appeal against any judgement or any order made by any court in the country. But there is no such procedure in the UK. We have seen the divergence. Now let's see where they are converging. See both Indian judiciary and UK judiciary follow the principle of rule of law. The rule of law states that everybody are equal in the eyes of law and everybody are treated alike. Second is that both follow separation of powers. In India we have a separation of power between judiciary, executive and legislature. See in UK Lord Chancellor who was the member of the legislature acted as the head of the judiciary. But now the post has been removed. So it ensures separation of powers between judiciary and legislature. The third point is that the judiciary is considered as the highest interpreter of the constitution. Recently there has been a splurge in the judicial activities of any Britain and judiciary is becoming more and more active. A similar evolution of judiciary has been noticeable in Indian case too. And the fourth point here is alternate dispute resolution mechanisms. See ideas are evolving in both India and UK. They are nothing but an out of court settlement using third party as a mediator. It just helps to reduce the burden of cases on the courts. Example in India we have local outlets and legal service authorities. UK too adopted ideas for consumer disputes. And finally both countries are now pushing for digitization of judicial proceedings. Last year Supreme Court has released a draft vision document of eCourts project to speed up digitization in India. Also note that India enacted NJAC Act similar to judicial appointment commission of UK. NJAC is nothing but National Judicial Appointment Commission. But NJAC was scrapped by judiciary citing its as unconstitutional. Which constitutional amendment that provided NJAC if you know post it in the comment section. See finally you can conclude by saying that both India and UK can learn from the best practices of each other. So that it will help in betterment of the country and its citizens. And friends you can write your own version of the answer and post it in the comment section. It will benefit other aspirants. That's all regarding this question. Now we will take up today's first news article. Look at this article. This is with reference to PM Modi's proposed event at the Punjab which was cancelled yesterday. This is because his convoy was stuck on a flyover for 20 minutes as the road was blocked by protesting farmers. The Ministry of Home Affairs termed it as a major security breach. In this context we will learn about SPG and its functions. See the SPG is nothing but Special Protection Group created in 1985. See the former Prime Minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her personal security guards in October 1984. This made the government to appoint the committee under Birbal Nath. The committee submitted its recommendation to create a special protection unit to provide security to Prime Minister. So the SPG was created with an intention to provide proximate security cover to the Prime Minister, former PM's and their immediate family members. The immediate family members includes their wife or husband, parent and their children. See proximate security is nothing but the protection provided during journey by road, rail, aircraft, watercraft or any mode of transport. It includes the places of functions, engagements or even residence. The director of SPG is appointed by the central government. See the director is usually an IPS officer above the rank of inspector general. That is IG. SPG comprises of the personnel from the CAPF like CRPF, BSF and it also includes central and state forces. Every member of the group shall hold office during the pleasure of president. That means they can be removed by the president at any time. And the SPG endures various methods of security and they collaborate with IB and state police forces. See the SPG amendment bill which was introduced in 2019 reduced the SPG coverage stating that the protection now will be offered only to the PM, former PM's and the immediate family members who reside with him at his official residence. That means if they are outside the official residence no protection will be given. That's all regarding this article. Now we will move on to next article. Friends look at this article. This article here is about the visit to Kavandhampadi village which is a major supplier of country sugar in Tamil Nadu. See sugarcane fields are tread out across this village. But we are not going to see about the visit here. We will see some basic details about sugarcane and its distribution in India. See sugarcane and sugar beet are the major sources of sugar in the world. Out of the total sugar produced in the world 60% is obtained only from sugarcane. And India stands first in area and production among the sugarcane growing countries of the world. See the production area is about 3.93 million hectares and the total production in India is about 167 metric ton. And it is the main source of sugar, jaggery and molasses. See friends sugarcane is a crop of tropical areas and it is grown in the world from altitude 36.7 degree north and 31.0 degree south. It is grown from sea level up to 2000 meters of altitude. See sugarcane grows well in hot and humid climate with the temperature of 21 degree Celsius to 27 degree Celsius. Know that sugarcane is a sun loving plant which means greater incident radiation favors higher sugar yields. About 7 to 9 hours of bright sunsand is highly useful for both active growth and ripening of sugarcane. Severe cold weather inhibits bud development and it can arrest the sugarcane growth. See an annual rainfall between 75 centimeter and 100 centimeter is favorable for sugarcane production and under rain-fed condition it is cultivated in humid and sub-humid climates. Irrigation is required in the areas of low rainfall and it is largely an irrigated crop in India. See depending upon the agro-climatic conditions and type of soils, methods of planting and use of manures and fertilizers the water requirement for sugarcane varies from place to place. The hot weather associated with dry winds and drought increases the water requirement for the crop. On an average 1 ton of sugarcane needs at least 60 to 70 tons of water and the crop should be irrigated when available water reaches 250 percent level. The important point to be noted here is that under water logging conditions the root respiration becomes poor. The nutrients are leached down, the activities of useful microorganisms are reduced and the crop largest down with an excessive branching. Thus the quality becomes poor along with very low crop yield. These all make it necessary to drain the excess water from the field. See sugarcane can be grown in variety of soil such as red volcanic soil and alluvial soils of rivers. That means that it does not require any specific type of soil. Now let's see the distribution in India. In Indo-Kangetic Plains, its cultivation is largely concentrated in Uttar Pradesh. And Uttar Pradesh has the largest tea area, almost 50 percent of the cane area in the country. Sugarcane growing area in western India is spread over Maharashtra and Gujarat. In southern India it is cultivated in irrigated tracts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other states include Bihar, Punjab and Nahriana. See this image. It shows the distribution of sugarcane production in the country. See the sugarcane production is highest in Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra. Productivity wise, Tamil Nadu stands first with over 100 tons per hectare followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra. And Bihar has the lowest productivity among the major sugarcane growing states. Kindly note that the sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry next only to the textiles in the country. That's all for this discussion. See in this article we have discussed about sugarcane which is a tropical crop. It is grown from the altitude 36.7 degree north to 31.0 degree south. It requires hot and humid climate and the temperature varies from 21 degree Celsius to 27 degree Celsius. Sugarcane requires rainfall between 75 centimeter to 100 centimeter. And it can be grown in variety of soil. We have also seen that Uttar Pradesh is the highest producer whereas Tamil Nadu has highest productivity in sugarcane production. So that's all regarding this article. Let's move on to the next article. Take a look at this article. This article discusses how misinformation particularly through internet platforms prevent women from speaking out and obstruct their progress. According to this article, despite the fact that men are targeted online, the attacks experienced by both sexes are radically different. But women are the ones who are most affected. So in this context, let us discuss some of the important points mentioned in the article. The syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference. Please go through it. First of all, what is misinformation? See, misinformation refers to the information that is incorrect or inaccurate. Especially when it is designed to mislead. According to the article, women are the most affected due to misinformation spread online. As a result, their voices are silenced and obstructing their growth in the society as a whole. See, this fact holds true regardless of one's social status. For instance, even the women politicians were affected due to misinformation. See, according to an Amnesty International analysis from last year between March and May, 95 female lawmakers out of 724 received 1 million hateful mentions on Twitter. And in that, one in every five of them being sexist or prejudiced remarks. Not only this, misinformation like other forms of abuse has intersectional challenges. Intersectional challenges arises when a person belongs to multiple social categories such as race, gender or class, all of which are determined to create disadvantage or discrimination. For example, Safura Zargar is an Indian student activist leader from Jamun Kashmir and she is best known for her role in Citizenship Amendment Act protest. See, after her arrest for participating in the protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act pornographic videos were shared in Ms Zargar's name on social media. This incidence is a pure example of combination homophobia, casteism and religious intolerance. It intersects with organized disinformation and sexism to entangled local women from minority communities. Now, who spreads this misinformation? See, according to this article men are at the center of the disinformation ecosystem in India. Again, note that while women also disseminate fake news the number of men disseminating disinformation is higher for the simple reason that there is more in number on the internet. Just because gender parity among internet users is high men both fabricate misinformation and also believe that incorrect information. For example, we can see that there are more men in the politics and they relay on disinformation to keep propaganda alive. Even a recent report by UNESCO on online harassment faced by women journalists says that political actors instigate against women journalists. Specifically talking, women journalists and activists in India have been targeted not only by troll armies but also by political party office bearers. And the second most important thing mentioned in the article is the relationship between misinformation and sexism. See, misinformation and sexism have a symbiotic relationship. Symbiotic is nothing but a mutual relationship between any two entities which benefits both of them. For example, misinformation uses sexism to discredit outspoken women and sexism uses misinformation to reinforce patriarchal norms. While organized misinformation and trolling affect women on a personal level, the issue that is often ignored is the effect they have on democracy. A healthy democracy is participatory and promotes gender inclusion. And the sexism and misinformation discourage women from speaking out which is counterproductive to a progressing society like India. So what can be done to address this? See, street compliance of information technology rules 2021 might help us to reduce the spread of online misinformation. So let us discuss some of the provisions of the rules which must be followed strictly to reduce online misinformation. The first provision is that due diligence must be followed by intermediaries especially social media intermediaries. Due diligence is nothing but a reasonable steps taken by a person to avoid committing an offence. The second provision is regarding grievance redressal mechanism. It is to receive complaints from the users or the victims. See intermediaries must appoint a grievance officer to deal with such complaints and they should share the name and contact details of such officers. And the grievance officer should acknowledge the complaint within 24 hours and resolve it within 15 days from the receipt. And the third provision is that to ensure online safety and dignity of users especially women users, complaint can be filed either by the individual or by any other person on her behalf. So it is not necessary that the victim should complain. Any person can make that complaint. See the last provision is regarding additional due diligence which should be strictly followed by the social media intermediaries. See our Facebook, Twitter and whatsapp are called social media intermediaries. See the social media gives a platform for women to raise issues. For example Me Too movement on social media. But at the same time repeated abuse in the social media takes away that freedom. This is what the article mainly tries to convey us. So in this article we have seen what is misinformation how it is affecting women and we have also discussed some of the provisions of IT rules 2021 to tackle the issue. With this learnt points we will move on to the next article. Look at this article this article mentions about the water bird status survey 2022 conducted in the Chilika lake. This census was undertaken jointly by the Odisha State Wildlife Organization the Chilika Development Authority and the Bombay Natural History Society. The main aim of the survey is to calculate the number of incoming migratory birds. Apart from this the news also mentions about there is in numbers of greater flamingo in the region. So in this context let us learn about Chilika lake and flamingos in Trillium's perspective. See friends Chilika lake is a brackish water lake. Brackish water means it has a salinity of 0.5 parts per thousand to 35 parts per thousand Over 35 ppt it is a seawater and below 0.5 ppt it is a fresh water. It is a shallow lagoon with estuary character spreads across three districts in the state of Odisha. See it is fed by 52 rivers and riverlets and the water spread area of Chilika varies between 902 1165 km2 during different season. That is in summer the watershed area will be 900 km2 and in monsoon it will be 1165 km2. This pier shaped lagoon is about 64.5 km long and its width varies from 5 to 18 km It is connected to the Bay of Bengal by a 32 km long and 1.5 km wide channel that mostly runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal. This lagoon can be broadly divided into four ecological sectors based on salinity and depth. They are southern zone, central zone, northern zone and the outer channel. A number of islands that are present in the lagoon includes Krishna Prasad Nalaban, Somalo and Bursa Islands. Now let's discuss Flamingos. See, flamingos are large birds that are identifiable by their long neck, stick like legs and pink or reddish feathers. This flamingo embodies the saying, you are what you eat. This is because the pink and reddish color of flamingos feathers come from eating pigments that are found in algae and invertebrates. That is, when they eat the algae which is in pink color, they get pink feathers. Now note that there are six species of flamingo according to integrated taxonomic information system. They are greater flamingo, lesser flamingo, Chilean flamingo, Andean flamingo, James flamingo and American flamingo. Out of these, two flamingo species are found in India. That is the greater flamingo and lesser flamingo. See, regarding the habitat flamingos are water birds, right? So they live in and around lagoon or lakes and these bodies of water tend to be saline or alkaline. In this article, we have discussed about Chilica Lake which is in Odisha and the flamingo species which live in and around the lagoon. That's all regarding this article. Now we will move on to the next article. Let us take this data point for discussion. It provides data on the status of non-performing assets that is NPAs in Indian banks. This data is based on the recently released report on trend and progress of banking in India 2020 to 2021. So let us see what is this report? What is an NPA? And their status as per the report. The syllabus relevant for this article is highlighted here for your reference. Kindly go through it. See the report on trend and progress of banking in India is a publication of RBI. It is a statutory publication of RBI that is released in compliance with the section 36.2 of Banking Regulation Act of 1949. This report presents the performance of the banking sector during a particular period. It also provides performance of cooperative banks and non-banking financial institutions. Now the 2020 to 2021 report is for the performance from fiscal year 2020 to 2021 and 2021 to 2022. Among many parameters NPAs are considered as an important one to judge the performance and financial health of banks. So what is NPA? Generally it is the asset which is non-performing that is which is not giving any return of interest or even the principal amount. So similarly in case of banks an asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank. Now the RBI laid down grounds based on which an asset is declared an NPA. And majorly here RBI follows the 90 days overdue rule. Here the term overdue refers to any amount that is due to the bank under any credit facility and this due amount has not been paid all or before the due date fixed by the bank. For example if A gives a loan to B on interest but B has not written the interest or principal amount then normally after 90 days A's loan is not at all performing. So now it will become an NPA for A. So NPA is the loan that has turned bad. As you can see here this 90 day rule is followed by RBI for term loans, bills purchased and discounted for transactions and derivative transactions. But in case of agricultural advances number of crop season is taken into account to declare as NPA. Then in case of overdraft or cash credit the out of order criteria is used. See an account is treated as out of order if the outstanding balance remains continuously in excess of the sanctioned limit in that account or remains continuously in excess of drying power. But you may be thinking why these bad loans or finances are not recognized before 90 days. Actually they are recognized. They are mandated to be recognized by lenders. Here the lenders could be scheduled commercial banks, all India term financial institutions, small finance banks, non banking financial companies etc. See the lenders have to recognize the developing stress in loan amount immediately when there is a default. Default simply means the non-payment of debt that is when whole or any part or installment of debt become due and is payable. But it is not paid by the debtor. So an account is in default before it is declared as NPA. Therefore when there is a default the lenders are required to classify such assets or loan amounts as special mention accounts that is SMA. So basically SMAs are red flags and if not addressed they will become NPA. Now this SMA has three subcategories depending on the overdue period. If it is overdue for 1 to 30 days it is classified as SMA 0. Then it will be SMA 1 when the overdue period is 31 to 60 days and when the overdue period is 61 to 90 days then it will be SMA 2 and after 90 days the asset is declared as NPA. See here you should also know that after declaring an asset as NPA banks sometimes do a thing called write-off. What is write-off? Here the write-off refers to reducing the value of the asset while debiting a liability account. It is done because the asset is considered uncollectable and is considered as such little value that is continuous as a bankable asset is not warranted. Banks write-off loans are asserted when all the collection methods are exhausted and importantly this write-off reduces the size of a bad loan that is NPA. So these are the basics you need to know about NPA. Now let us see what the report has to say about it. See first it mentions that gross NPA ratio is actually declining. The gross NPA ratio is the percentage of gross NPA to the gross advances. The more the ratio more NPA. So ideally the ratio should be lower. If you remember from 2015 to 16, gross NPAs were on a rise in serial commercial banks especially in public sector banks. It crossed 11 percentage in 2017 to 18. But now according to the report it is declining. This moderation began in 2019 to 20 and has continued in 2021 also. And by end of March 2021 it reached 7.3 percentage. Provincial data also suggests that there is further moderation by September 2021 and the ratio reaches 6.9 percentage. But what is the reason behind this moderation that is decline? See the first reason is reduction in fresh accretion of NPA especially in fiscal year 2021. This reduction happened partly due to the asset classification standstill. That is for some time mainly due to pandemic banks did not classify accounts as NPAs even if there were defaults. So if not classified as NPA then it will not be considered while calculating the NPA ratio. And there is another reason for decline and it is the write-off. Since 2018 write-offs were the predominant recourse for lowering GNPAs. It was the same in 2020 to 21. As you can see here in financial year 2021 there was 20 percent writes-off in PSB and overall in SCB it was 23 percentage. But compared to 2020 the share of write-offs in reducing NPAs has come down in 2021. See the data point also talks about the stress hazards. That is the accounts classified as SMA. According to the report this SMA has risen across bank groups since the outbreak of the pandemic. That's all regarding this article. Let's move on to the next article. Look at this article here. It is regarding the Gujarat High Court bench asking a journalist to speak in English. The journalist was facing a contempt of court proceeding during which he addressed the court in Gujarati language. For this the chief justice remarked that English is the language in the court and he offered the journalist the help of an interpreter. So this is the crux of this article. Here in this article discussion we are going to discuss about some of the articles regarding official language. First of all know that there is a separate part in the constitution which deals with the official languages. It is part 17. We are going to discuss two articles today under this part 17. The first one is article 343. See it deals with the official language of the union. According to article 343 the official language of the union is Hindi in Devanagri script and the form of numerals to be used is the international form of Indian numerals. See class 2 of the same article states that English shall be used for official purposes for the period of 15 years from the commencement of the constitution. It is also mentioned that during this period the president may authorize the use of Hindi in addition to English. Now coming to class 3 after 15 years parliament by law may provide for the use of English language and Devanagri form of numerals for the purpose specified in the law. So it means that after the end of 15 years English will be used only for the purpose specified by a law of the parliament. See you should know that the idea behind using English for the official purpose is that it was used in all means before independence and the sudden shift to Hindi should not overwhelm the administration. So the constitution makers preferred gradual change. That is why 15 years time was given. Now let's see about article 348. It says that all the proceedings in the supreme court and in every high court and all authoritative text shall be in English language. The authoritative text includes bills, amendments, laws, acts made by the parliament or legislatures and the ordinance promulgated by president or governor rules, regulation and by laws etc. It also says that governor with the prior consent of the president may authorize Hindi or other language for the official purpose of state and in the proceedings of the high courts. But this shall not in any case apply to the judgments orders or degree passed or made by such high courts. So with this we have come to the end of this article discussion. Let's move on to the next article. Friends this is our final article for discussion today. Look at this article it says that according to US military North Korea fired a ballistic missile into the sea. So in this context we are going to learn about ballistic missile and cruise missiles its differences and we will also see some examples. First of all what is a ballistic missile see the ballistic missile is targeted as a projectile from a single launch force with not much added guidance. It is launched directly into the high layers of earth atmosphere and it travels well outside the atmosphere and then the warhead detaches and falls back to earth. It follows the path of a ball thrown upwards which falls down. Since it depends on gravity to reach its target it is called as ballistic missile. See ballistic missiles fly above the atmosphere have a much longer range than cruise missiles of the same size because ballistic missiles can travel quickly along their flight path. See an intercontinental ballistic missile can strike a target within a 10,000 kilometer range in about 30 to 35 minutes. See ballistic missiles are some of the most feared weapon available in the world and it can be launched from ships and land based facilities. There are four general classification of ballistic missiles that is short range ballistic missile that travels less than 1000 kilometers and the second thing is medium range ballistic missiles that travels between 1000 to 3000 kilometers and the third one is intermediate range ballistic missiles that can travel between 3000 to 5500 kilometers and the final is intercontinental ballistic missile. It travels more than 5500 kilometers friends. Some of the ballistic missiles in India are Agni 1 & 2, Rithvi series 1 & 2 and Dhanush. Now let's see cruise missiles. See a cruise missile locates its target and has a preset target and navigates there. These cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system payload and aircraft propulsion system. It is housed in an airframe with small wings and flight control. See cruise missiles also can be launched from various platforms such as land, sea and air. Cruise missiles are characterized by having different forms of guidance such as satellite GPS guidance and they are known specifically for the low level flight which is staying relatively close to the surface of the earth. This is to avoid detection from anti-missile systems and are designed to carry large payloads with high precision. The key is that this cruise missile is guided entirely to the target under its own power. Brahmos and nearby are famous cruise missiles used in India. See we have finished seeing about both the missiles. Now we shall see some differences for your understanding. See the major difference between the ballistic and cruise missiles is its path. The ballistic missile is targeted with not much added guidance but the cruise missile consist of a guidance system please note that. Another difference is that ballistic missile travels to a high altitude so that it is easily detected by the radar but the cruise missile travels in low altitude hence they are very hard to detect. See the precision of the ballistic missile is very low and it is used for larger targets. But in cruise missile the precision is very high hence it is used for small and mobile targets. With this learning we have come to the end of our article discussion. Now let's solve some of the previous practice questions. Look at the first question with reference to ballistic missiles consider the following statements. Ballistic missiles are guided entirely to the target. And the second statement is intercontinental ballistic missiles can travel more than 5500 km. Which of the following statements are correct? One only two only both one and two neither one nor two. See the statement one it is regarding cruise missile. Cruise missiles are guided entirely to the target. It is not ballistic missile so option one is incorrect. We have seen that intercontinental ballistic missile can travel more than 5500 km. This is fact friends so option two is correct. So our answer will be option B two only. Look at the second question consider the following statements. Brackish water refers to a water source that is somewhat salty more than freshwater but not as salty as seawater. Second statement is a lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow land form such as reefs barrier island or barrier peninsula. The third statement is an eschewery is a partially enclosed coastal water body where fresh waters from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean. Which of the following statements are correct? One only two only one and two only one two and three. See the first question it is correct because we have seen that brackish water has salt content between 0.5 ppt to 35 ppt. Oh 35 ppt it is seawater and below 0.5 ppt it is freshwater. So statement one is correct. See statement two and three these are definitions of lagoon and eschewery. You can remember that so here our answer is D one two and three. Now look at the third question consider the following statement with reference to NPA. The first statement is an asset would be classified as doubtful if it has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months and the statement two is special mentioned account that is SMA is an account exhibiting signs of incipient stress resulting in the borrower defaulting after the account has been classified as NPA. Which of the following statements are correct? One only two only both one and two neither one nor two. See the correct answer option D we will see how. See after declaring an asset as NPA the banks are required to further classify the NPAs into three categories. The first category is substandard asset. This is the asset which has remained NPA for a period less than or equal to 12 months but the asset is classified as doubtful if the asset has remained in substandard category for a period of 12 months and the last category is the last asset. It is when the loss has been identified in an asset by the bank or by internal or external auditors or by RBA inspection it becomes lost asset when such amount has not been written off. So statement one is incorrect as it talks about substandard asset and for an asset to be doubtful it need to be substandard asset for a period of 12 months and not NPA. Statement two is also incorrect because SMA is identified before an account is classified as NPA and not after that. Now look at the fourth question with reference to official language of the union consider the following statement. First statement is the official language of the union is English. The second statement is the form of numerals to be used is the Devanagari form of numerals. Which of the following statements are correct? A. one only B. one and two. C. neither one or two. D. two only. See both the statements are incorrect because we have seen in our discussion that the official language of the union is Hindi in Devanagari script and the form of numerals to be used for official purpose is international form of Indian numerals and not the Devanagari form. So our answer is option C. Neither one nor two. See the next question consider the following statement is about SPG. SPG is a special force for providing approximate security to the Prime Minister of India. Second statement is it was formed in 1988 by an act of the Parliament of India. Which of the following statements are correct? One only. Two only. Both one and two. Neither one nor two. See this is a factual question and we have discussed that SPG provides approximate security to PM, former PMs and their family members and it was formed in 1988 by the act of the Parliament. So both the statements are correct and our answer is option C both one and two. This is our final question with reference to the crop sugarcane consider the following statements. Sugarcane is a water efficient plant that is it requires less amount of water to give more yield. And the statement two is sugarcane is a tropical crop and it grows well in hot climate. Yes friends we have seen that sugarcane is a tropical crop and it grows well in hot and humid climate with the temperature of 21 degree Celsius to 27 degree Celsius and it is a sun loving plant so statement two is correct. Statement one is absolutely incorrect because it is a water inefficient crop. It requires 75 centimeter to 100 centimeter of rainfall for the growth. And we have seen that one ton of sugarcane needs about 60 to 70 tons of water. So statement one is false. Our answer is option B two only. The main question is displayed on the screen write your answer, post it in the comment section. If you like the video hit the like button, post your comments and don't forget to subscribe Shankara Ace Academy. Thank you.