 Then what is the duty aspect of this is that they have used very very high technology in this and the hit on the nail was that again DR Metha's brainchild of making it completely non-profit. It is a very very complex phenomenon. You can't just take a cast and you know put a pipe, you need to have special laser measurement. So the laser measurement measuring devices were brought in from Germany. So as soon as the patient comes, they make him stand on a wall and the laser measure his you know whole body and his gate position and then they would take the dimensions from the laser guided points and then make the process because even a small 5 millimeter difference in the way you know you work on the process can be very detrimental to the comfort and to the walking style. So thanks to all the visitors and the promotion which happened with the Jaipur food and then because of accidents in Afghanistan and other places landmines and all they have set up huge Jaipur food organizations across the world now and this is the innovation part of our whole course till the benefit doesn't reach millions of users and delighted users we can't say innovation has happened. You can see how many countries the Jaipur food has you know gone to the limbs itself has gone to more than 5,13,000 people and 23,000 people across the world have set up offices in 2016 figures and then you know lot of professors like Prof. C.K. Pralad showcase this whole innovation as one of the best innovations for the bottom of the pyramid. He calls his book the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. So here we very clearly see that every year you know 16,000 prosthetic fittings are put in. So it's a huge number to you know work on and take it forward. So the video I'm going to show you now is done by C.K. Pralad his student lot of his students and staff came down to India studied the whole phenomenon very effectively and what I like about it is it captures in a very short video it captures the complete complete you know whatever I've been talking till now all the aspects of the Jaipur food are not from the three disabilities they were physically handicapped and they were financially extremely poor and trying to go to the emergency treatment 99.5% of the people who come to us today are below the path in India. In 1996 I was brought here to Sabai Mansik Hospital. We said we developed a food so we developed a design where we fill this with microcellular rubber this is microcellular rubber and the upper part was wood so it can hold the shank. The biggest advantage is this movement which the state food doesn't have and there is a movement here. We are giving them a food piece which has got all the normal movements where they should be and they last for 4-5 years because it is made of rubber. The person can walk on uneven grounds, he can climb mountains, he can climb trees and the best thing is that there is no restrain of working in agricultural areas because the 3% of Indian population is still a virtual field so they can feel what will be on the field and we don't have to change their profession. The society's efforts to facilitate a quick and complete return to a more normal life begins with the fabrication of the foot. Jaipur food pieces are prefabricated. The process is fast and simple though largely manual. Foot and ankle assembly is made of vulcanized rubber compounds. Individual components are painted with rubber cement. Various toe and foot pieces are assembled together into one unit. Aluminium dye is used to cast a normal foot shape. Soul shaped patterns are placed on nylon cords used for reinforcement. This unit is then covered with skin colored cosmetic rubber. Dye is tightened and placed in vulcanizer. After 20 minutes, foot is removed and is ready for use. With the foot already prefabricated, a patient stay begins at 9am. Once registered and admitted by a doctor, the limb is prepared, marked and wrapped. A trained technician forms the cast. The cast is removed and a mold of the limb is poured and dried. Then carved to the marked specifications. An ordinary polyurethane pipe is placed in a vacuum forming machine and heated. Then stretched over the mold and formed. Once cooled, the mold is knocked loose and removed. A jaipur foot is then attached and the prosthesis is fitted on the patient. Finally, the patient tests the prosthesis under the supervision of a doctor. There is news of the jaipur foot. We are very happy that we are starting to walk. We will take 4-5 kms from here. Sir, the work of the day is epic. Have you been talking for 3 hours? Yes, so there we are. We saw this film made by Sikri Pralad and his project team. When I visited there, I found one person who came with the screws which have come off from the shank. The screws had come off and then he had nailed it. So, what happened when you nail a plastic? It will crack. This is the most important part. So, then we did a project in IIT for 6 months to design the screw. Can you now guess the screw is going through how many materials? This is skin-colored cosmetic rubber which is the vulcanized rubber compound and the wood. And the fore and the plastic shank. So, what used to happen is through the screw, what used to enter the wooden part? Through the screw, through capital reaction and the wood will start getting soft. So, the screw get loose and it would come off. So, then we found out this best screw we did research. We found out the correct rake angle, talking to our mechanical engineering professors. We came up with a stainless steel screw. We gave the right drill hole so that the stainless steel screw will fit tight into all the three parts. And then we also gave a sealant. That is, once you drill a hole, you put a sealant drop so that the wood gets sealed over there before I drive the screw in. And we supplied that to Jaipur and they tried testing 200 of these screws which we sent. And if that works, then we would put those screws everywhere. So, every small maintenance issue can be taken in a very good way. So, we would be sending that and that is our small contribution into this large project. There are three sections here. The finger section, mid-foot and the heel. So, these three sections are separate where construction also is like the foot. So, the beauty of this design is it can bend. It's beautiful. The type of load it can bend. It can take all the shocks of jumps and, you know, see how it's bending. So, we saw that the affordance is happening because it's reaching and it is the way it's manufactured. The whole structure of strategic management happened because of the, you know, officer. And it is maintenance-free because it's single. There are two pieces, the single-feet foot and the shank. So, the maintenance is very, very low. You saw that stocking which is there on the stump. The stocking is specially double-woven, you know, cotton stocking which actually gives all the cushioning to the stump. It plays a very, very vital role and that also I believe comes from Germany because of donations from the German counterpart who wants to, you know, give those stockings to Jaipur. This is irrigation pipes, most probably HDP. So, these pipes are extremely strong because they're used for piping water for agriculture applications. So, that's a very important component of the design. Is this high-tech? What is the high-tech aspect of this? Very good material. Which material is high-tech here? Of course, the micro-cellar rubber is high-tech. Why? Because it went through all that research to be produced and, you know, available in large sheets which are used for large applications outside in car industry, in other industries as, you know, suspension, bushers and other places. And here you're using the best research from automotive to use it in Jaipur food but you're using it in a customized way. Excellent. What is the other high-tech things in this? High-tech materials. Very good. The socket, again, is extremely critical. It comes from the best polymer, largest companies, very good strength, very good moldability. It's a thermoplastic material so you heat it and you very nicely shape it. Right? So, that is one, you know, excellent input. But the third interesting aspect is the rubber cord and the vulcanizing paste and the rubber which is used comes from the tire industry. And can you imagine how much research tire industry would do to generate these raw materials? Very, very high quality raw materials. So, I'm using the high-tech aspect in this is all in the raw materials, including the wooden block. The grains of the wooden block has to be in the right orientation so that the screw will not come off. Food can give you tremendous amount of shock absorption at that level. And what else? The joint. It can give you very good compression for putting the screws in and locking it. So, that is the beauty of putting, you know, all the aspects of the, you know, high-tech into this simple product. So, every aspect in the Jaipur foot has multiple advantages, not one advantage. Microcell rubber, what all it's doing? It's giving me cushioning. Flexibility. It is giving me flexibility. It's giving me moldability. Moldability now I mean, building the model. And it's giving me longevity. This microcell rubber is non-perishable. Here, see it's all skill. Skill of the people who are getting the job done. So, the final fitting and the final design, they actually do it very customized to the people who are there. You saw they were actually heating on the, you know, heating on a heater to, you know, get the, get the shank into the rubber. So, there's a joint there and it actually, they fully fit it in. As per design, they have a area that goes fully in and they drill the hole after they fit the shank through the, through and through. So, they completely fit it, drill the hole and then put it together. So, the sizes already measured, they know the sizes and they do it. And that's the whole reason that they don't have too much of standardization. There's another problem of accurate design. So, they're working on that, how to modular design so that they can really close in on the, you know, inaccuracies if they crop up in the design. This is all again, hand skill which is coming into play. You will have to come up with some design. So, we came up with a design which was like a collar. So, you push the pipe and it goes on rest on a collar on the foot. So, we made a collar here. It's still not implemented. We gave the design where we made a collar. So, when you put the shank, it exactly goes on sits like a socket, like a different box. So, we made that, you know, so that there is no sort of dimensional problem because sometimes with heated more, it can go in. So, we worked for four months on that and we sent the design. And what is interesting in all this is it's like, again, Abdul Kalam, I sit in the Bombay and send a design. Will it get implemented? It's a large organization, right? It's a large training. So, it has to be in activist mode. You have to be there. You have to train the people. You have to take things forward. Then only things get implemented. So, we are trying to take it up, you know, in the next sessions and get the whole thing implemented. These small finger blocks, microcell or rubber, they were cutting with their hand. The very tedious process. So, we wanted to help them out and we said we give them punching machines to cut exactly the size of the fingers. So, that, you know, input was given by us. So, we are working on that also to support the production aspects of the design. Nylon rubber cuts, again from tire industry, provide strength and resilience. You are telling how will it come back? Look at the way the tire is designed. It's the same way the foot is designed. Look at the strings which are, and all these are placed, you know, in the right orientation, so that you can get the type of resilience you want. They're coming, all of them are coming on top of those, you know, finger blocks. So, then it gets molded with the cosmetic rubber. It all gets sealed. And this actually generally is 20% larger size, 10% larger size than the actual tool. So, when the tool presses it, the whole thing gets compression and then, you know, the rubber flows in all the directions and you get a very, very solid piece in hand. And basically, you know, skin color, now they are also trying to get little darker and lighter shades. What happens with all these organizations is when you have inventory, it becomes very difficult to control. And the type of population which comes over there, you know, they are happy to get a foot. They're really not bothered with the color of their foot's match. It's that type of, you know, sort of requirement. So, we have to be really understand the demographics. But if we can give color, it's one of the best, quite good. And now coming to the last section of our lecture. So, we saw the whole innovation journey, how the whole manufacturing, how the whole materials and how each material has multiple roles, multiple advantages. And do you think there are different designs all over the world using blade running processes which is developed in, you know, one of the best universities in the US and in its program, it's got the best materials. So, there are innovations at every level. Will you call this innovation? It's of course innovation. It uses all the ingredients for that context. It could be for one user or two users. But it is happening at that level. Can we apply that to our context? It's very difficult because the whole ecosystem doesn't work. The cost will come too much. We don't have that type of resources. If we had the resources, why not? But if the resource is not there, then it's very difficult. So, we need to understand financial implications. But if you look at the other angle of administration and costs and running, that's why your innovation can never reach scale. Similarly, there are micro-processes, controlled processes. A lot of work is happening on the sea leg. Fabulous designs, fabulous technologies. Very good case studies on the YouTube of how these are developed. And again, saved up a passion, the designers and the teams are working on for a different context, which is working very well. These are, again, integrated prosthetic legs. Surgically, they have implanted. So, you have one part of the prosthesis, which is implanted into the bone. Then what will happen? All my outside problems, remember I was talking about customization, all that is gone. It's already into your bone and your gait will be perfect. Your orientation will be perfect. And that operation also has to happen very effectively. And then you can attach the best computer-controlled, numerical-controlled processes to control your gait. It'll learn how you walk and it'll program itself to give you the best gait. And you can't even make out that you're having an artificial limb. So, the technology and research has gone to that level. And we have a lot of examples of this racing driver who had an accident and he has both his legs of that caliber. And with that, I'd like to close and we now very clearly know what happens in the journey of design, the technology. Technology can be materials and manufacturing and the innovation. And innovation comes from the complete domain of understanding the user, understanding the strategic implication and the whole vision of the person who is running the show which is DR Mehta of what would I like to do? How will I like to make it completely philanthropic? How will I like to make it a social design and take it forward in the largest sector of innovations? This is one of the best examples of innovation in the country. So, I thought we'll start with this for our whole design and technology course.