 Storm deposits vary depending on how close they are to the shoreline. The shoreline is where most of the sediment gets eroded and as you go farther away from the shoreline less sediment gets delivered to that environment. The water is also deeper which means that the waves and currents influence the bottom of the bed less. So let's draw an example stratigraphic column for deeper water. The mud-sized grains still accumulate between storms with some burrowing. When the storm comes the flow might not be fast enough to be erosive and it's mostly the fine to very fine sand that makes it out this far. So that can accumulate and it often has that hammocky cross stratification and sometimes it has those wave ripples on top. So then mud accumulates again and another storm comes and maybe there's even less sediment accumulates with a little bit of hammocky cross stratification. Again mud accumulates and maybe this time the waves are large but there are fewer currents and they end up with the wave rippled cross lamination. Mud accumulates again, maybe there's a little bit of finding upward in this particular bed with some hammocky cross stratification. Okay, so I drew this particular stratigraphic column with the same number of sandstone beds as the other one. And so usually you can't correlate individual storm beds but one of the things that happens with the storm deposits is that as you go closer to shore to offshore the characteristics change. So a bed that actually has mud clasps at the bottom, a good finding upward sequence is really quite thick, can have a significantly different set of characteristics further offshore. It usually has a smaller deposit, finer grain deposit through time and often less erosion at the bottom. And in the case of these three storms that are stacked on top of each other in the shallow water deposit, if you look in deeper water you can see that I've drawn it with the shale in between them. So offshore you end up still with the mudstone or shale accumulating whereas in a near shore environment that's eroded away. So what this means is that the near shore record because there is erosion there are gaps in the rock record, there are intervals of time where rock is missing and not representing that time. If you go to the other direction closer to shorelines there's typically a lot more erosion and a lot coarser grained deposits. So let's say we're just below normal wave base so we can accumulate some mud deposits. But when a storm comes there's pretty extensive erosion and a lot of the sediment that's on shore actually can get transported offshore into these sorts of environments. So maybe there's actually some conglomerate in this lower part of the storm bed, some large clasts, but the humickey cross stratification doesn't form until the grain size is fine to very fine. And so maybe you accumulate some humickey cross stratification. And then there would be wave ripples and maybe a little bit of mud between storms but we're in a shallow enough environment that the storms are often very erosive at the bottom and maybe this one has a pretty significant amount of conglomerate and so we'll put in our conglomerate here. You have the humickey cross stratification when they're both currents and waves but maybe there's a lot of strong waves and we end up with a lot of wave reworking of the sediments at the top here. Another storm, maybe this one isn't quite as erosive. Let's not leave a gap in our timeframe here. This one might have a lot of currents and a lot of the humickey cross stratification in the upper parts and these can vary as well. Maybe this time there's just the conglomerate before another storm comes and erodes it away. So in this particular case our storm deposits are almost always erosive at the base and between each storm there is deposition but almost none of that is preserved, almost none of the deposits between storms are preserved in the rock record because of that erosion. So we have these storm deposits going across different environments and the characteristics of them are different with the offshore ones being thinner in general, finer grained, less erosion and the onshore ones being on general coarser grained and often with more conglomerate. So we can look at the characteristic aspects of these deposits and in general storm deposits are fine upward. They can have an erosional base, they by definition almost always have the humickey cross stratification and they often have wave ripples. So almost always because storm deposits reflect the waning of the storm as it leaves you have this whining upward and the sequence of structures through time are the erosional base with or without conglomerate then the humickey cross stratification which requires both the waves and the currents followed by the wave ripples at the top. And depending on how much gets eroded there's often mudstone deposited between storms. So the really key aspect to look for storm influence deposits is this humickey cross stratification. Thanks for watching.