 We started looking at structure of a phrase right, first we looked at what is the phrase how do we make a phrase, how do words group together to make a constituent and which in turn becomes a phrase, how do we name a phrase and then now we are looking at what is the structure of a phrase, how do we name a phrase, how do we name a phrase, why do we name a group of word and noun phrase, everything relates to noun, the most important part of that phrase is noun and everything determiner and some other components are directed towards noun therefore a noun phrase okay and likewise for everything else. Then we started looking at structure of a phrase and in which we saw that the structure is such that we have this, this is going to be the structure of a phrase. Now I want to take you little bit back into, to put the whole thing into historical perspective, so first we looked at what we said phrase structure rule right, understand this, we looked at this thing and we said this is phrase structure rule, this gives us, this is a blueprint of a sentence, this is how we get a sentence in every language right. So this was, this was nice but nearly in a statement of a sentence okay, then the next step was when it was looked at as so for example if we have an NP and this had let us say a determiner and N okay, so structurally this was represented as determiner and N okay. The point here was or what was missing from here was both of them were equally, both of them were equal, they had equal status. So the criticism of this was why do we, why do we need to make it so fancy stuff like structure and trees, we can do it with a bracket and we still know this is a phrase. So what is the need, what is the need of this thing because if there were three constituents in a phrase then they will go for three, if there were four they will go for, so there was no restriction on branches, see the point. So a sentence was given like, you have a sentence it was given like an NP and VP and then again VP was V, NP, PP okay. So the problem was it was capturing some of the things but again for many things it was putting in such a way in which sounded more or less like in the statement. Therefore little later it became like this one where the idea was we are going to have only binary branching and then we came up the, this Knowson came up and this is why this whole thing is known as X bar theory okay, X bar theory. As you can see we have a phrase and then we have head of that phrase. There is no such category as X bar, it's just a hypothetical node for giving us binary branch, alright. And this is this, this is the place for which is called a specified place in which we put things like determiner and some other stuff, whatever qualifies to be specified and this place is going to be a place which is called complement okay. This is the place which is going to be called complement. Let me show you one more, once more a sentence before I talk about a specifier and complement. So everything making sense on this slide, we have a sentence and then we are just giving its categorical description in terms of what we have seen right. A sentence is students of physics like pizza with their friends, sorry, I have removed to eat from here. Is that a good sentence still? They like pizza okay. Take this sentence as, can you write this down, this sentence? I think I intended some modification in this, I didn't do. Students of physics like pizza in the evening, okay. Students of physics like pizza in the evening, this one, like this one, okay. Students of physics, the idea is, I mean we can add students of physics like to eat pizza with their friends in the evening, that is not a problem. The idea is I wanted to simplify the sentence for you to see some other stuff, okay. Is this phrase structure okay, can you quickly check for this sentence? The sentence is NP and VP, NP is NNPP and then VP is VNP and PP, right and then NP is again NNPP and PP is a PNNP. Is that, are these rules of phrase structure describing the sentence before? Pay attention to this carefully and if you have any doubts or question, please let me know. Do you agree and understand that students of physics is a, is the subject of the sentence? The whole thing, not the students but the students of physics is the subject of the sentence, right which is NNP but this NP has a PP in it, right. This is why the first NP is NNPP. When you see the VP, you have a VNNP which is like and pizza is NP and then in the evening is PP. Can I, can I move is this okay, yeah NP and PP, the V is for like, right the pizza is NP, right and in the evening is PP, right. So we should have one more that NP is just equal to N because there the noun phrase does not have two parts noun and just a single pizza. Yes, you can do that, that is also possible but how about, you are in a way right but I am trying to put it as pizza in the evening as NP, VNNP alone. There is a reason why I am putting an NP there and this is why I said you are right, you are right when you are saying that NP should be just N, you are right but the reason why I was putting here as NP as NNPP is because I am putting pizza in the evening together but again you are right that in that case it should be just V and NP, you are absolutely right. I am glad that you are following this but I want to the reason why I am putting NP and PP both there okay is because I want to want you to see and in the following few minutes that there is a distinction between pizza and in the evening which is to say now let us backtrack little bit. The verb like let us look at the nature of the verb like is this a transitive verb or intransitive verb sure should not be any nobody should have any confusion it is a transitive verb right the moment we say it is a transitive verb is it going to have an object right most of the time objects are MPs okay so therefore that NP pizza is the object of this this word phrase this verb in the evening is not the object it is an additional component in the word phrase it is part of the word phrase but it is not the object of the verb it getting this point it is not the object of the verb what we are saying again is subject verb an object where verb decides about about its object these are the required things in a sentence we could we could have more parts of a sentence more components in a sentence but they are going to be merely additional information therefore in the evening in order to retain simplicity of this sentence I could have just dropped in the evening and given you a pure bear sentence but I want to make this point that pizza is the object of this verb like which is a required element in the sentence whereas in the evening is not a required element in the sentence okay that does not that does not negate what you are saying what you get my point you are right but the reason why I am putting this PP here is for that reason okay now see I have put a term here called recursion okay you understand the meaning of recursion okay okay I will talk about recursion why I put recursion here little later let me go back to the recursion is a okay let me briefly mention it recursion is a property of phrases okay and phrases I have this recursive nature and recursion is also one of the properties of a phrase or a sentence which can give you infinitely long sentences okay and again we will come back to this and talk about them later also there is a reason why I wanted to put a bigger as a subject of this sentence as a bigger phrase okay and I am going to show you that part also in a moment so let us let us look at this this is what I was trying to do here now look at this this okay and again the questions that both of you were raising is not taken care of in this sentence this is exactly the exactly what you have seen before it is just giving you phrases making sense now there is just one additional point that I want to make through this is when we say sentence okay and and this is going to be more more significant when we discuss little bit more about phrases structure sorry little bit about x bar theory that what we said sentence here this is also a phrase by itself okay and some people call it IP some people call it TP and some people will call it AGRP do these terms make sense to you AGRP is agreement phrase TP is tense phrase and IP means inflectional phrase can you if you are taking notes which I sincerely encourage you to do can you please take a note of these things these are important terms IP is inflectional phrase TP means tense phrase and AGRP means agreement phrase at the same point I can also tell you that in the second chapter of the book that I have sent you these phrase structure rules are described so you can you can also take a look at chapter 2 of the textbook again a brief note on IP TP and AGRP I think they should follow from the discussions that we have done so far right what's the okay let me let me put it this way remember two types of things we have seen lexical categories and functional categories words like student physics pizza like evening these are lexical categories and then we saw functional categories like agreement tense aspect the part of a part of agreement was number person gender all such sometimes together or individually or functional categories so the the reason why a sentence is called an IP is all these functional categories together is called inflection okay these are they represent themselves in terms of inflection on different components in a sentence so the the idea is some people consider agreement as the most important part of the sentence that is without agreement you don't have a sentence therefore sentence equals to an agreement phrase at the same time some people consider tense as an important part of a sentence that there are two types of sentences one could be tenseless sentence and the other is sentences with with with tense and that's in that's an important part some third group came up and combined the two so both tense and agreement are part of inflection they are functional categories they are part of inflection so so there isn't much of an advantage of calling one over the other let's put them together and call it an inflectional phrase in other in other words ten sentence is the whole whole idea of a sentence is not about a lexical item or it's different lexical lexical items like students physics like pizza or evening the idea of a sentence is about its underlying hidden characteristics hidden features such as functional properties and therefore these names clear okay so and we will reach ip tp all these things when we are done with the x x bar it's it's all taken care of into x bar and I'll I'll show you that when we reach the sentence level now this is what we have been looking at so when we say when we look at this part so I can I can get rid of this also it is the the the point that I discussed here is this clear to you that this was a phrase structural in historical context around 65 little later this was not adequate people started talking about a structural structures of a phrase but the structural description was not adequate enough to capture every everything that people wanted to say or they came up with more stuff so these things became historically little bit insignificant where we stay now is this okay so here we have a specifier and head and a compliment the the thing is this what do you see here this gives us we have already talked about this this part and I I think I have repeated this enough of times so that you understand the requirement and function of function of this part look at this structurally specifier is higher than its head and compliment both making sense structurally specifier is higher than its head and compliment which means whatever is the structure whatever is the is the is going to be the specifier or determiner has a scope over this whole thing so a specifier does not simply belong to noun in a phrase it is specifying everything that is under its scope and this thing is nicely captured by this hierarchical configuration okay second part which is important is compliments are always going to have sister relationship with its head so if something is a compliment to the head it is it it is always going to be in close relationship which is this is called sister relationship by sister relationship it simply means both of them have equal status okay so what we have been looking at so far as an object right I come to that when we are talking about a VP but since we have been looking at transitive verb and object of a verb so let us let me give you an example from there and then I come back to NP okay the compliment of a verb sorry the object of a verb is called the compliment of a verb okay if there is a compliment it is going to come here if this is a VP then this is V and this is where you are you are going to have the NP okay if there is no comp no object in the verb so in the in a sentence like like and pizza are going to be in this configuration imagine you have a verb which doesn't have a compliment okay and has something else for example let's say can you give an example of a verb which does not have a have an object yeah go ahead give me the full no no that that that's true this the verb sleep is an intransitive verb and it will not have a compliment right but I want something more it has something else okay take the verb sleep and put it as sleeping in the evening okay John was sleeping in the evening is there an is there an object in the sentence no so in that case sleep is the head of this phrase and there is no compliment okay now the VP in the evening is not the compliment of that verb okay the VP in the evening is not the compliment of the verb therefore you don't get a VP here you don't get a VP here are you with me did you see this thing now the the point I am saying the making is it's not that a VP cannot be a compliment in some cases where a VP will be the object of the verb or the compliment of the verb then only it can come in this place in the cases where a VP is not the compliment of a verb like this one it's not going to come in this place then it has to go somewhere else right now I am not showing you where but it has to go somewhere else this is the significance of this position in a in a X bar configuration I am trying to show you the significance of this position compliment in this position either you will you will have only a compliment or nothing this position can stay vacant but it doesn't allow anything else therefore the head and its compliment are going to be in equal sister relationship this much making sense to everybody and specifier and rest of the two the specifier and head and compliment are in hierarchical relationship this notion is captured nice this this fact is nicely captured with binary branching okay any question any difficulty oh the sentence will be was sleeping right okay we right now yes we can put was sleeping but the reason why I put only sleep here because was goes somewhere else let me let me come to that that level and then you will say it goes somewhere else but for the time being we can say yes this whole thing is the work to interstage here okay all right very nice now so let's let's look at this this one the subject that we had in this sentence and then we go to the sentence level this is this is the subject that we have right students of physics like pizza in the evening this is the subject we have this is the subject is an NP and this is how that NP is represented please pay attention to this to the fact that of physics is the compliment of the now student okay why is it a compliment is is what I'll show you is is what I'll discuss with you and how do we know that this is a compliment why just now we saw in the previous example I don't have everything on the slide in the previous example that John was sleeping in the evening in the evening which is also a PP is this a PP in the evening which is also a PP is not a compliment in this case of physics which is also a PP we are saying this is a compliment so there has to be a logical grounding on the basis of which we can say some PP's are compliments and some PP's are not this decision cannot be arbitrary this decision cannot be okay this let's consider this PP is compliment let's consider certain PP's are not compliment that the things that are not compliment in this structural configuration are called adjuncts adjuncts okay so some PP's are compliments and some PP's are adjuncts there has to be a reason why some PP's are compliments and some PP's are adjuncts I'll show you that as well now this is a PP of physics this is how we get in this configuration off is the head of this phrase being a preposition and physics is an NP compliment of this preposition of clear and there is no a specifier so from these two structures you can see we have positions of in every phrase we have position for three things specifier head and a compliment head is a required thing only then you have a phrase okay but sometimes you may have a compliment sometimes you may not have a compliment sometimes you will have a specifier sometimes you will not have any specifier okay in this case you have both specifier and compliment both are available in this phrase the student of physics when we talk about PP of physics there is no specifier okay how if we go in recursive fashion and break down this NP compliment in this structural configuration what do we have and what do we not have quickly we have no compliment and do we have a specified no specify do you understand this question and answer everybody yes no don't be shy please tell me if the answer is correct but I am just trying to make sure that everybody and follows the question and the answer both okay all right this is what we call and this is why we call them X bar this is how we get the whole whole whole phrase yes the what I am saying is if you break this down further see see the in this phrase what's the head off and the compliment is and which is an NP right if we give its full configuration of that NP then in this specifier position you have nothing and in the compliment position also you have nothing that's what I that's what we are trying to say and N can also be the full NP and N can also be full NP this this is this is precisely what we were trying to trying to show you and in the phrase structure rule even so so this this possibility was not not available in phrase structure rule here we can show clearly that through through the through recursive fashion that see we have a PP we have P okay and then we have another NP which will have an N all right now off physics this is how we actually get it we can have we can put further things like get this thing so we have a we have an NP students of physics this is how we get the whole structure students of physics if we want to say the the student of physics then this is how we get the the point is and now I am putting everything together the point is sometimes in a phrase you are going to have a specifier sometimes in a phrase you are going to have compliment sometimes you may have nothing neither a specifier neither a specifier nor a compliment nonetheless that position is not killed the position is still active okay so what what we do is when we are giving the structural representation instead of leaving several empty positions we put it the way you see it on the on the screen should not be complicated for you right this this is why we end up there we we don't even write compliment the the whole point of putting the word compliment and the specifier is for you to understand that what those things are and since we are looking at them for the first time we are putting them otherwise we are going to take it as an given thing that the is a specifier okay anything else here no since since we are talking about the structure I want to move little bit further in the structure and then come back to the whole notion of why some pps are compliments and why some are not that is some are adjunct we are going to I am going to come to that notion little later so we we get this thing clarified any nobody has any question any or any doubt here right now I want you let me go back to my sentence I want you to draw the structure for p the whole VP like pizza in the evening can can can you try drawing that can I can I delete this part is this clear to everybody so that we have more room on the board so how do I how do I begin if I have to talk about VP how do I begin we will have a specifier nice and then we have here V bar right and then we are going to have and NP fine so we get V is our it is it is only like but for the time being I am putting it as likes okay and our NP is again it can be expanded further but we only have here as pizza see this thing now go back to the preliminary ideas that we have discussed I think we have spent three four at least three hours on that to talk about whole predicate the notion of predicate object verb and subject right can we call this whole thing predicate this is part of predicate but we are saying in the predicate we have a verb we have an object which is the complement of this verb but this is not part of the complement of the verb okay so one way one way was to expand this further okay and see that this N has the PP complement okay N has the PP complement and then we go from there are you with me but since we are saying this is not part of the object therefore it does not become the complement of this N now just a moment ago I told you what the distinction between a complement and adjunct I am going to talk about that in the following discussion is that but right now so we are not that simply tells us that we are not making an arbitrary decision that this is not the this is not part of the complement there is a reason why we are making this decision that this is not part of the complement but the question is if it given that it is not part of the complement how do we represent this in a sentence sorry N so the this is what I am telling you that we have this option we can do this right we can say we can expand this and say a specifier this one hold on hold on don't don't write this thing N and PP do you see this thing we can do that but what we are saying is this is not part of the complement this is what these people were saying at that remember remember the fridge structure where these people were saying that this V if this PP is part of this complement then it should only be V and NP and then NP can further be expanded as N and PP that that is exactly what their questions question was am I am I clarifying that so and they are right I said it at that time and I am saying it now also they are right that this is not part of the complement so if it is not part of the complement then this expansion doesn't work and if we represent this PP like this then we are eventually saying this is part of the complement get this thing this distinction whether something is part of the complement or not has to be conceptually represented in other words these things are categorically clear in human mind therefore their representations are different how do we make that distinction is the is the question I don't want to lose track of what we are actually doing here we are not just doing some fancy stuff we are talking about we are still relating this and we want to retain the idea of acquisition the idea of eye language and what we said that how acquisition works at at the level of human mind how we have figured out the rules that is how a child has figured out the rule it's just a description of what is it that they have figured out a native speaking native English speaking child has figured out this rule that in the evening is not part of the complement of this world so in that in that case how is it that it is represented and when it's part of the when it is part of the complement like here when we say students of physics right so student and of physics is part of this is the complement of this student if it is complement of this is this noun then we represented this way this one this PP is not the complement of this work this is what you see here students of physics of physics as a PP is part of this in the evening is not part of the NP it's it looks like that in the fragile structure because there is no other way to represent this in the fragile structure and these things were the problems in fragile structure okay so here is how we represent this this is not a not not a big deal it's we only need to find a technical tweaking here you see why what do you do you see what we want to distinguish this yes yes or no I do not want to lose majority of the class are you are you with me do you see what what the distinction that we are trying to make that distinction will be captured and if there is any confusion please please raise your hands and let me know that distinction is captured also with the help of this intermediate category the intermediate the job of the intermediate category is to give us binary branching and also the job is to give us more position so what this does actually is it retains it gives us it gives to represent an adjunct what we do is we create one more space okay so with the help of this intermediate category we are not changing anything we are still retaining the whole notion of compliment head and compliment see this thing we are still retaining spec we are still retaining the notion that a spec is higher than the compliment than the head and compliment and we are retaining that the head and compliment are in close sister relationship so we are not breaking any principle we are only creating one more space and then we say this place is adjunct if if this was a compliment then we get it this way equal relationship if this was not a compliment if this is not a compliment then we just create one more and get it get it additionally adjoined and not disrupting the the adjacency between head and the compliment not disturbing the compliment itself are you with me do you see this see this point that likes pizza in the evening will be represented this way is this representation clear to everybody or do I do you want me to draw this thing you can draw this on your own and your notebook right okay before I conclude I want to tell you I told you I am going to talk about the distinction what makes and what makes the distinction between an adjunct and a compliment how do we know which phrase is a compliment in a sentence and which phrase is an adjunct we are going to see in in fact in fact we know half of the answer we know which phrase is a compliment right when it comes to a verb the compliments are always the objects right and additional pps are going to be adjuncts can you look at these phrases the king of england student of physics the next one is a student with long hair do you see any distinction between student of physics and a student with long hair in terms of its meaning do you see any distinction between that structurally both are same student of physics and student with long hair what I mean by same is both of them have an np within a pp within an np okay but do you see any distinction between the two do you feel any distinction between the two the reason why I am asking you this question is in one case pp is a compliment in the other case the pp is an adjunct okay student of physics with long hair that's also an np okay the reason why I am giving you these four phrases is before I talk about the distinction between compliment and adjunct to you please think about these four phrases when you are thinking about these four phrases please leave the everything that you know about the language English aside I want to convince you that I am not talking about English the idea is not to teach you English grammar or for that matter in the Hindi rules or grammar or anything else the the idea is to see what's the compliment and what's a what's an adjunct in any language the reason that you are going to find behind these two sentences the difference between these two sentences is going to apply to all the languages of the world okay so please think about these four sentences like you have seen what I said about like speeds are in the evening so next time we are we are going to discuss two things we are going to discuss the distinction between compliment and adjunct and then we are going to see further up how do we combine subject in the vp to get a sentence what we called ip no not not a complicated thing again you can see how ip will be drawn right under the x bar x bar we only have to see how we where does vp come and what is the vp compliment of in an ip that's all we are we are going to say and it's going to be very simple thing and once you realize it is simple it's going to be fun