 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankara Ace Academy for the date 15th May 2019. The list of articles which has been chosen for today's analysis along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Tiruvannathapuram Medicines are provided here. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is provided in the description box below. And for the benefit of smartphone users, the time stamping for the articles has also been provided in the comment section. Let's move on to the first article for the day. This article has appeared on page one and ten in all the four editions. The discussion based on this article will be relevant in prelims preparation under the area current events of national and international importance. The discussion will also be relevant in mains preparation under GS paper two in the areas India and its neighborhood relations bilateral agreements involving India and affecting India's interests next in effective policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India's interests. This article talks about the recent visit of Iran Minister for Foreign Affairs to India. Know that such high level visits between countries form a part of political relations between two countries. The minister from Iran shared about the developments that are happening off the coast of Iran. That is about the recent escalations of tensions in the region by the United States. The US have deployed an aircraft and the bomber task force near the coast of Iran. Also, recently four commercial ships were reportedly taken oil and these ships were sabotaged or attacked near the coast of United Arab Emirates. This was also discussed during the meeting between the ministers of the external affairs of both the countries. It was stated from the Iranian side that a special financial system is devised to carry out the crude oil trade between India and Iran. But it is not yet confirmed by the Indian government. Note that India has decided not to carry out oil trade with Iran after May 2. This is because of the sanctions of United States on Iran. US has warned India to stop importing oil from Iran or else face sanctions. Recently, the Iran president has given a 60 day time period to the countries that are party to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. This plan of action is popularly called as Iran Nuclear Deal. Iran has asked the party countries to come for negotiations to find a solution for Iran's oil trade against US sanctions. The Iran's president has also warned that if negotiations did not start at least immediately after the 60 day period, it will start enriching uranium at higher levels than prescribed by the Iran Nuclear Deal. Also, that it will carry out the rebuilding and construction of Iraq heavy water reactor as it was carried out before the signing of Nuclear Deal. The Iran president has mentioned it is not withdrawing from the deal but it will reduce its level of commitments to the deal if its needs are not addressed. Iran says that the deal has a specific provision which allows Iran to lower its commitments according to the deal if a party violates the deal. In this context, let us know some important facts about Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in the examination point of view. This deal was agreed in July 2015. It is to ensure that the Iran's nuclear program is exclusively peaceful. The deal was between Iran and countries such as USA, UK, Russia, China, France, Germany and an organization called European Union. The nuclear deal includes five permanent members of United Nations Security Council. As USA, UK, Russia, China and France are permanent members of United Nations Security Council. The news article mentions European Union, three countries and other countries. This is because UK, France and Germany are members of European Union. Other countries are Russia, USA and China. Note that India is not a party to this deal and one of the members of the deal has withdrawn in May 2018, that is United States of America. As a reason to withdraw from the deal, US states that the deal does not have a provision to control the nuclear program of Iran. Before the deal, there was a US sanction on Iran such as sanctions on trade in oil and carrying out banking transactions with other international financial institutions. The countries and international financial institutions were prohibited on various levels to have financial relationship with the financial institutions of Iran, such as the Central Bank of Iran. But after the nuclear deal in 2015, Iran was allowed to have trade in oil and banking transactions. This is because US lifted the sanctions as Iran signed the deal. One important provision of the deal is that Iran cannot hold the surplus enriched uranium with itself and therefore it has to sell to international buyers. Iran has stated that it will not sell the uranium and will keep it with itself in the future if countries of the deal do not support Iran in spite of US sanctions. Regarding the deal, India is asking all parties to fulfill the commitments under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. India has asked all parties to engage constructively and resolve the issues peacefully. India has stated that it will decide on oil imports from Iran after the elections. Note that the article stated that Iran has met its crude oil needs to the tune of 10% from Iran in the year 2018-19. If you take the time period of 2011-2019, Iran is the fourth top supplier of crude oil to India, first being Saudi Arabia. If you take the last two years that is 2017-18 and 2018-19, the supplier was the top supplier was Iraq. With this we come to the end of the discussion of this article. There is one other article that talks about the United States plan on sending around 1.2 lakh troops to West Asia to counter Iran. This article can be linked to the first article. The article appears on page 12 in all the four editions. The article states that there are plans in US to send 1,20,000 troops to West Asia. If Iran attacks the US forces or accelerate its work on nuclear weapons. Now we are presenting this article to know what is happening in West Asia. These may have serious implications on global oil prices, implications on oil trade of India because we too get oil from Saudi, Iraq and other countries via the state of Hormuz. It is said that one third of the global oil trade happens via this straight. The US have troops in Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain and United Arab Emirates. US has already deployed an aircraft carrier and a bomber task force in West Asia in this month that is May 2019. This we already saw. US alleges that Iran may attack the oil ships and tankers that take oil from Saudi Arabia or other countries and which go through state of Hormuz. Experts say that it is highly uncertain that the US will send this much troops to Iran as it is currently withdrawing troops from Afghanistan and Syria. Also US deploying robust air, land and naval forces in West Asia near Iran and state of Hormuz will give Iran the leverage to attack more targets. We will have more developments on these issues in the coming days and it will be subsequently discussed. With this we come to the end of this discussion. The displayed prelims question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article for the day which is an editorial about facing the climate emergency. This article has appeared on page 8 in all the four editions. The discussion based on this article will be relevant in the preparation under the area general issues on climate change and the discussion will also be relevant in the mains preparation or GS paper 3 in the area environmental pollution and degradation. A small suggestion to the aspirants try to increase your vocabulary with learning 2 to 3 new words every day which are used in different connotations. This will help you in your mains answer writing. Now let's step into the main discussion. The author discusses about how the climate emergency is affecting the environment and also inducing economic inequalities. The author criticizes the elite companies and industries for taking advantage of the climate change and global warming. First example the author gives is about the Arctic region. As we know due to the climate change and global warming the Arctic is melting rapidly but the countries in the Arctic region worry that the melting has opened the Arctic region for shipping and the superpowers meaning the elite companies and developed countries are indirectly trying to access the resources in the region such as oil, gas, uranium and precious metals. Secondly the author takes the example of the Mozambique country which recently had to deal with two successive intense and devastating cyclones namely Idai and Kenneth. In this country big oil and energy companies are eagerly waiting to tap into Mozambique's liquid natural gas. Here tap means getting access to the liquid natural gas. These companies are backed by financing from large banks from many countries. The author then discusses about the economic effect that the climate change and global warming have on the nations. The economic effect is evident from a recent research paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. The paper was titled global warming has increased global economic inequality. It shows that global warming during the past half century has contributed to a differential change in income across the countries. Differential means varying according to circumstances. The research shows a substantial decline in economic output in hotter poorer countries and increase in economic output in many cooler wealthier countries. Which means already wealthy countries have become wealthier and developing countries have made poorer performance during the past half century. It also mentions that India's economy is now 31% smaller than it would have been in the absence of global warming. Whereas cooler countries like Norway gained about 34% on a per capita basis. The research has drawn a relationship between temperature and economic growth meaning that long term warming will generally increase growth in cool countries and decrease growth in warm countries. Next the International Monetary Fund had estimated in its recent working paper that fossil fuel subsidies at the global level were 4.7 trillion dollars in 2015 and 5.2 trillion dollars in 2017. As we know a subsidy is a benefit given to an individual business or institution by the government. It is usually in the form of a cash payment or a tax reduction. So the subsidy in fossil fuel has led to a underpricing of the fossil fuel which in turn increases its use and this increased fossil fuel use will accelerate the carbon dioxide emission which will lead to climate change. Additionally the working paper has also found that efficient fossil fuel pricing would have reduced global carbon emissions by 28%. Now let us see the environmental effect of the climate change and global warming. The Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services or in short IPBES has reported that worldwide the abundance of species has reduced at least one fifth and about a million species are under threat of extinction in the next few decades and 85% of wetlands have been lost and the atmosphere now has concentrations of over 415 parts per million of carbon dioxide. In the pre-industrial times it was only 280 parts per million. With all these the author notes that the planet has moved beyond the point to make small fixes which will help us to achieve and take us on a long path to a zero carbon earth. Next the author criticizes the reckless actions of government and industries which are acting without the concern about the climate change. The author blames that the governments are colluding with the fossil fuel companies agro industrial elites financial elites and other big businesses. These companies are ignoring climate change and making money even from growing disasters as we discussed earlier. They break environmental laws and often penalties for breaking the law are cancelled by a party which is in control at the union and moreover the policies and commitments of the governments and companies make it clear that most governments and businesses are not interested in dealing with the climate and ecological crisis. So they are not giving the attention these emergent issues demand not only that they are not giving attention but also the government and businesses do not even acknowledge them. Next the author talks about the fossil fuel companies. These fossil fuel companies cannot simply act by saying that they did not know about climate change for at least 30 years because they have directly funded misinformation regarding the climate change. This was done by taking lessons from tobacco companies that propagated lies for decades about cigarettes being safe. In a step ahead they also released a documentary film describing that global warming is not happening this was done to get uninterrupted business profits. The author notes that the fossil fuel industries also funded politicians to get the law adjusted to their will and moreover the governments and businesses are looking only for those solutions which enable them to carry on their business as before. They do not worry about the climate change and its impact hence they are not ready to adjust their policies to save the nature also. In the context of India the author notes that beyond all these emergencies none of these stunning scientific findings made to the important headlines in the media and also the economic advisory council to the prime minister did not hold an emergency meeting to discuss the loss of economic output because of climate change or the effects from loss of biodiversity in India. Moreover the manifestos of the political parties contesting in the Indian general elections also did not have any points relating to climate and environment. Even though big companies do the harm it is the poorest and those without access to power who becomes the victim of these situations. This can be proven by another recent example of the draft Indian Forest Act of 2019. This draft policy enhances the political and police power of the forest department and it curtails the rights of millions of forest dwellers. Among all these the author has a sigh of relief that the world is witnessing a large-scale movement for planet emergency, climate and ecology. This is clear by examples such as Greta Thunbere who started a school strike to immediately address the climate change outside the Swedish parliament at the age of 15. And another example the author points is about the extinction rebellion. It is an international non-violent rebellion against the world's governments for criminal action on the ecological crisis. They started in many parts of Europe and now have reached Asia. The author states that their way of non-violent civil disobedience is what is needed to inspire children and grandparents to protest together and people's movements whether made up of students or adults cannot be ignored by the government for a long time. So the governments will have to pay attention immediately. The author concludes by suggesting some radical transformations as solutions to the climate problem. First we need to drastically change our lifestyles and patterns of consumption and then the governments should declare climate emergency. This example can be taken from the UK parliament which became the first country to declare a climate emergency recently. With this we come to the end of this discussion. The displayed main question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article which is about the Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary. This news article has appeared on page 5 of Delhi edition and on page 4 of Thiruvannandakuram edition. The contents of this news article will be relevant in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance. Stepping into the discussion the tiger monitoring study conducted by state forest department of Kerala found that Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary has the largest tiger population in Kerala. The study was organized in association with the Parambikulam and Periyar Tiger Conservation Foundations. Out of the total 176 tigers in the state 75 were identified from the Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary. The study has also found that there is no tiger in the Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary and the adjoining forest divisions also. This is because of the landscape and which is cut off from the adjacent mainland forest divisions. In this context let us see in detail about the Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary and Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary. Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Wyanad district of Kerala. This wildlife sanctuary is contiguous meaning it is continuous along with the protected areas of Karnataka state. The protected areas are Nagarhole and Bandipur and it is also continuous along with Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu. Also note that Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary forms an integral part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Next let us see about Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary. This sanctuary is located in the Iduki district of Kerala. The famous Iduki Arch Dam is also a part of this sanctuary. Now let us see some features of both of these sanctuaries and it has been given in a table form here for your easy reference. First let us see about Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary now. The temperature in this sanctuary varies from 13 degrees to 32 degrees Celsius. The altitude of this sanctuary varies from 650 meters to 1150 meters. The highest peak inside the Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary is Karottimala. Its altitude is 1158 meters. This sanctuary experiences an average annual rainfall of 2000 millimeter. There are three major forest types that can be seen in this sanctuary. They are South Indian moist deciduous forests, West Coast semi evergreen forests and then teak and eucalyptus plantations also. The major rivers that flow inside this sanctuary include Kabini and Cherupura. Here note that Kabini is a tributary of Kaveri river. There are also few other rivers that flow through this sanctuary. The major mammals that are found inside this Wyanad Wildlife Sanctuary include tiger, elephant, gore, Malabar giant squirrel and barking deer. Now let us see about Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary. The temperature in this sanctuary varies from 13 degrees to 29 degrees Celsius. The altitude of this sanctuary varies from 450 meters to 1272 meters. The highest peak inside the Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary is Banjurmedu. Its altitude is 1272 meters. This sanctuary experiences an average annual rainfall of 3800 millimeter. There are many forest types that can be seen in this sanctuary. They are West Coast tropical evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests and also hill shoals and grasslands. Here note that a shoal is a submerged or partially submerged long and narrow ridge which is normally of sand and forms in rivers and oceans. The major rivers that flow inside this sanctuary include Periyar and Cherutunyar. There are also few other rivers that flow through this sanctuary. The major mammals that are found inside this Iduki Wildlife Sanctuary include elephant, mouse deer, jackal, Malabar giant squirrel and porcupine. Note that from both these data tiger and elephant are classified as endangered species and gore is classified as vulnerable species under IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. With this we come to the end of this discussion. The displayed prelims question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article which is about the OECD findings and its negation by India. This article has appeared in page 1 and 13 in all the four editions. The discussion and topics which will be covered based on this article is relevant in prelims preparation under current events of national and international importance and also in economic and social development. And in the main preparation it is relevant in GS paper 2 under India and its bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and or affecting India's interests. And also under GS paper 3 in the area Indian economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and also in effects of liberalization on Indian economy. The organization for economic cooperation and development that is OECD has a system of assessing a country's service trade policy which according to India is biased and has many flaws. In this background India is trying to get the support of other developing countries at the World Trade Organization. This is the issue discussed in the article. So before we discuss the issue let us know about OECD. OECD is a forum of governments of different countries that work together to come up with policies that will improve the social and economic well-being of the people around the world. It was established in the year 1961 at the aftermath of World War II and it is headquartered at Paris. At present there are 36 countries as its members. Now let us see the way of working of OECD. OECD collects data on broad range of topics that has economic and social implications on the world. Then it analyzes and discusses them and finally arriving to decisions and amicable or cooperative implementations also. Areas like trade, service, taxation, resources and its utilization, impact etc are keenly discussed at OECD. Note that besides most of the flourishing countries being a member of OECD India still is not a member of OECD. This is because India does not feel appropriate to be a part of OECD. As we are cautious about what kind of a signal we will give out for other emerging countries located in the South Asian continent. However OECD is keen on membership of India, China, Brazil along with Russia. Currently India is a member of about 30 committees of OECD including taxation, research, consumer policies etc. But it is not a member of OECD. It is just a member of these 30 committees and the last country to join OECD is Lithuania in the year 2018. Now let us get into the article discussion. OECD has a system of assessing a country's service trade policies. According to India, this system is biased and flawed. This system named as Services Trade Restrictiveness Index in short STRI is a unique tool that provides various information on regulations affecting trade in services of 22 sectors of member and non-member countries. STRI was launched in 2014. Now Ministry of Commerce commissioned a study on STRI and found that OECD method is inappropriate compared with the actual policies. We saw that STRI ranks are based on a country's trade policies. But the study claims that the system has significant design issues. So it is impractical to use. This is explained by taking a significant point where India has been ranked high in terms of restrictiveness particularly in policy areas like foreign entry. But in reality, since the 1991 liberalization policy, FDI has been liberal in India. Thus, India projects that the STRI reflects a developed and developing country bias. As a solution, India has come up with a new design that does not have bias on developed or developing countries. In this scenario, in the recently concluded WTO talks, India tried to have a consensus with other countries like China, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and South Africa. Now we know that WTO is an international organization that deals with rules of trade between nations. The goal is to ensure that the trade flows smoothly, predictable and free freely as possible. And WTO was formed in the year 1995 and is headquartered at Geneva and it has currently 164 members. The WTO actively cooperates with OECD as it is an important player in aid for trade. And WTO participates in OECD ministerial meetings and forums. This is why the issue was raised at the WTO talks. Coming back to the Indian study, it highlights that rather than using services, manufacturing trade is a better option as it has better classification of commodities, the applied and effective tariffs etc. And thus we can know how restrictive a country is. The article concludes by saying that even if the STRI result is ascertained, little can be done about it as it is regulated by domestic regulations and not based on border tariffs. With this we come to the end of this discussion. The prelims question displayed here will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article for the day which is a data point. Here the levels of major air pollutants for the time period 2010 to 2017 have been analyzed. This data point appears in page 9 in all the four editions. The contents and our analysis of this data point will be relevant in your prelims preparation under current events of national importance. Next under general issues on environmental ecology, the statistics mentioned in this data point can also be quoted in your relevant main answer under the syllabus environmental pollution and degradation which is under GS paper 3. In this data point the levels of major air pollutants for the time period 2010 to 2017 have been analyzed. The major air pollutants analyzed here include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter especially PM10. If you see the data is sourced from central pollution control board. Here note that the central pollution control board or in short CPCB is a statutory organization working under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change. If you see all these three pollutants along with the particulate matter 2.5 or PM 2.5 is monitored under the program which is executed by CPCB. This program is named as National Air Quality Monitoring Program. In this context let us see about National Air Quality Monitoring Program from prelims point of view. National Air Quality Monitoring Program is a nationwide program of ambient air quality monitoring. The main objectives of this program are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality next to identify non-attainment cities and next to understand the natural cleansing processes undergoing in the environment through analyzing the trends of pollution dilution, wind based movement and chemical transformation of pollutants generated to name a few. Under this program four air pollutants have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. They are sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen represented as NO2, respirable suspended particulate matter which is PM10 and finally the fine particulate matter which is PM 2.5. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity and temperature are also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours with a frequency of twice a week. So, in 24 hours a 4 hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and an 8 hourly sampling for particulate matter will be carried out. It would then be analyzed for its quantity and the reports would be generated. Note that the values are reported in microgram per meter cube. This monitoring is carried out with the help of Central Pollution Control Board, State Pollution Control Boards, Pollution Control Committees and National Environmental Engineering Research Institute which is located in Nagpur. CPCB coordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity and consistency of air quality data. Also, CPCB provides technical and financial support to these agencies for operating the monitoring stations. So, this entire monitoring network consists of 731 operating stations covering 312 cities or towns in 29 states and 6 union territories of the country. Next, let us see the National Ambient Air Quality Standards that are issued by CPCB. The standards for the concentration of the 4 major pollutants that we are seeing here are mentioned. Just have a look at it. It is mentioned here to compare the data point that we are going to analyze now. The latest standards have been given in the year 2009 and this data point compares the data from the years 2010 to 2017. From this data, the author has inferred that the NO2 and SO2 levels have largely remained within the limits in most of the states. But the PM10 levels have crossed the standards in most of the states between 2010 and 2017. First, let us see the NO2 pollution. The prescribed average annual limit for NO2 levels is 40 micrograms per meter cube. This map shows that the average annual nitrogen dioxide levels are above the standards in Delhi and West Bengal between 2010 and 2017. Also, it tells that the average annual NO2 levels in Delhi was 68 micrograms per meter cube. This is the highest value for any state in any year between 2010 and 2017. Next, let us see the SO2 pollution. The prescribed average annual limit for SO2 levels is 50 micrograms per meter cube. This map shows that the average annual SO2 levels are well below the standards in all Indian states between 2010 and 2017. Also, it tells that the average annual SO2 levels was highest in Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Maharashtra when compared to rest of the states in India. Out of these three, Uttarakhand recorded highest SO2 levels for most of the years between 2010 and 2017. Finally, let us see the PM10 pollution data. From this map, you can see that in four states, PM10 levels have crossed the danger mark. They are dark red in color. The four states mentioned in this data point are Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand. In this map, you can also see some states that are shaded in green. It indicates lower PM10 pollutant levels, which means a healthy environment. Some of the states with healthy environment are Kerala, Mizoram and Sikkim. You can use these statistics on questions related to air or environmental pollution in Indian scenario in a mains answer writing. With this, we come to the end of this discussion. The displayed prelims question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the last session for the day, which is the practice questions discussion session. The first question is with respect to the United Nations Security Council, consider the following statements. First statement, it consists of five permanent members and 15 non-permanent members. Second statement, India is not a permanent member in this council. Which of the statements given above is or are incorrect? The first statement is incorrect because the UN Security Council has five permanent members and only 10 non-permanent members. The second statement is correct because India is not a permanent member in this council. At present, India is also not a non-permanent member. The question says to identify the incorrect statement. Only statement one is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is option A, one only. Next question is consider the following statements regarding why not wildlife sanctuary that is recently seen in the news. First statement, why not wildlife sanctuary is located in the state of Kerala. Second, why not wildlife sanctuary is an integral part of Nilgiri biosphere reserve. Third, despite being a part of Nilgiri biosphere reserve, there are no tigers found in this wildlife sanctuary. Which of the above statements is or are correct? Here, statement one is correct. Why not wildlife sanctuary is located in why not district in the state of Kerala. As we saw during our session, why not wildlife sanctuary is an integral part of Nilgiri biosphere reserve. So, the second statement is also correct. Now, read the third statement again. It says, despite being a part of Nilgiri biosphere reserve, there are no tigers found in this wildlife sanctuary. Note that why not wildlife sanctuary is contiguous, meaning it is continuous along with the protected areas of Karnataka state, namely Nagarhole and Bandipur and also with Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu. So, there is no possibility that the tigers cannot be present in this sanctuary. So, the third statement is wrong. The question has asked for the correct statements. Hence, the correct option for this question is option C, one and two only. Next question is consider the following statements. First statement, no developing country is a member of OECD. Second statement, India is a member of more than 30 committees in OECD. Which of the statements given above is or are incorrect? Now, the first statement states no developing country is a member of OECD. Here, you have to remember that developing countries like Chile, Hungary, Mexico are already members of OECD. So, the statement one is wrong. And coming to the second statement, India is a member of more than 30 committees in OECD, which is a correct statement. India is not a member to OECD, but it is a member of these committees. So, the question asks for the incorrect statement as only one statement is incorrect. The correct option is option A, one only. Next question is consider the following statements. First statement, national air quality monitoring program is nationwide program for ambient air quality monitoring. And this program is executed by Central Pollution Control Board. Second statement, under NAMP, four air pollutants like SO2, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 have been identified for regular monitoring. Which of the above statements is or are correct? Here, the first statement is correct as national air quality monitoring program is a nationwide program and it is executed by Central Pollution Control Board. And we also know that under this program, SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 are being monitored regularly twice a week. So, the second statement is also correct. The question asks for the correct statements. So, the correct answer to this question is option C both 1 and 2. Now, let us see one main question based on GS Paper 3. Global warming has been inducing not only environmental disparities, but also economic inequalities. Discuss. For answering this question, first mention about the environmental effects that we discussed in our analysis, such as about the IPVES report, which stated the decline in abundance of species and threat of extinction to million species, etc. Then quote the global warming has increased global economic inequality report, which stated about how temperature and economic growth are interrelated. Then also mention about the IMF report about the fossil fuel subsidies and its findings. Try to add your own viewpoints also. Don't forget to like, comment and share and do subscribe to our Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel for more updates on UPSC civil service examination preparation.