 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture, we continue studying the Visarga Sandhi, Visarga Sandhi is part of the Panchasandhi prakarana that we are studying in this course right from the beginning. So we studied at Sandhi first, then we studied Hal Sandhi and we studied various types within those Sandhi and several instances and various examples illustrating all those instances and types. Now currently we are engaged with the study of Visarga Sandhi, we said that Visarga Sandhi is the Sandhi that takes place of the Visarga, Visarga is the substituent and the substitute that is stated by various sutras in the form of either Shri or Jibha Mooliya or Upadmaniya or Sir or Zero Substitute all these they are called Visarga Sandhi. So what is a Visarga Sandhi once again, Visarga Sandhi is a Sandhi in place of a Visarga where Visarga is a substituent and in its place sounds like Sir himself or Sir or Zero deletion they are the substitutions. So Visarga is the input and all these which are represented here by the letter X they are the outputs. This is what is Visarga Sandhi and here are the sutras which state the Visarga Sandhi. This is the second set of sutras. The first set of sutras consisted of Kharavasanayur Visarjaniyaha, then Visarjaniyasya Saha, then Sharpare Visarjaniyaha, then Vaashari. In this context we also studied another Vartika which says Kharpare Shari, Vaavisargalopavaktavyaha and then Kupo Kapavucha. This is the first set of sutras dealing with Visarga Sandhi. In this second set we have following sutras. All these sutras we have studied in the previous lecture. Now in this coming lecture we are going to study the remaining sutras in this particular set. They are Isusos Samarthi, A344, Nithyam Samasai Anuttaravadasthasya, A345, Atakh Krukami Kamsa Kumbha Patra Kusha Karini Svanavya Yasiya, A346, Adhas Shirasi Padhe, A347 and finally Kaskadishucha, A348. Let us study the sutras on the right hand side one by one. Let us take up the first sutra, Isusos Samarthi for study. Isusos Samarthi, A344 has got two padhas, Isusoho and Samarthi. Isusoho is 6 slash 2 of Isus. Isus is made up of two components, is and us. So Isusoho refers to part of Isus. So this refers to the Visarjaniya which is part of Is or Us. The other word is Samarthi which is 7 slash 1 which in this case indicates the meaning in. So in the semantic relatedness, so this is an exceptional rule which is indicating some semantic relatedness as the input for this particular sandhi. Otherwise in this sandhi chapter we have noticed that by default meaning has no role to play at all as far as the sandhi is concerned. It is only the juxtaposition or the close proximity of the sounds which brings about the modification in either one of the sounds be it earlier or be it later or in both the sounds purva as well as para. But this is a peculiar case which says that semantic relatedness is extremely important for this sandhi to take place. The other words continued in the sutra are Visarjaniya Sya, Kuppoho, Shaha and Anyatarasyaam. Visarjaniya Sya is 6 slash 1 of Visarjaniya which means in place of or Visarjaniya. This indicates the substituent which is a Visarjaniya, Kuppoho is 7 slash 2 of Kuppoho, Shaha is 1 slash 1 of Sya that is sound Sya and this is our substitute. Anyatarasyaam means optionally. So in place of a Visarjaniya or a Visarga substitute Sya. This is the meaning of this particular sutra. This Visarjaniya should be part of is or us and then these two words the one which has got is and the one which begins with K they should be semantically related. In that case, Sya will be the substitute which will substitute the Visarjaniya and that too optionally. So the meaning of the sutra is this. In the environment of semantic relatedness in the sentence immediately before Ku and Pu in place of a Visarjaniya substitute Sya optionally. I repeat in the environment of semantic relatedness in the sentence that is Samarthya immediately before Ku and Pu Kuppoho in place of a Visarjaniya, Visarjaniya Sya substitute Sya optionally. Anyatarasyaam. So this is an example. Surface plus Karoti. So the word surface is semantically related with Karoti. Karoti means he or she or it does. Surface refers to Ghee and this is the accusative dual Ditiya Ekavachanam of Surface. The sentence meaning is somebody either he or she or it, they are doing the Ghee. Surface Karoti. So Surface is semantically related or linked with the action of doing denoted by the verbal root Kru in Karoti. And so Surface has got S which is immediately preceded by E. So this is S, semantically a part of Surface which is semantically related to Karoti at the beginning of which is K and so now Isoso Samarthya has got all its conditions fulfilled. So it applies over here and substitutes this Visarjaniya in Sarpihi into Siv by Siv. So Sarpihi Karoti is substituted by Sarpish Karoti and finally we get Sarpish Karoti as the output generated which is an optional output. So we also have Sarpihi Karoti. Here is the case with Dhanush Karoti. So either we have Dhanush Karoti or Dhanu Karoti that is the optional form. Next we go to the Sutra Nityam Samase Anuttarapadasthasya. This Sutra has got three padas Nityam Samase and Anuttarapadasthasya. Sam means obligatorily Samase is 7 slash 1 of Samasa meaning in the compound Anuttarapadasthasya is 6 slash 1 of Anuttarapadasthha which means not a part of the Uttarapada. Uttarapada refers to the final component of a compound. Uttarapada is a technical term defined by the later Paninian grammatical tradition as the final component of a compound. The words continued are Isussoho 6 slash 2 of Isus, Visarjaniya in place of the Visarjaniya, Kuppoho 7 slash 2 of Kuppu and Shah 1 slash 1 of Sher meaning sound Sher. So Visarjaniya is the substituent and Sher is the substitute. This Visarjaniya should be part of Is or Us and this Ku or Pu is part of the subsequent padha. Now this is an Us should not be part of the Uttarapada and the two padhas one having Is or Us and the other one having Ku or Pu they should be both part of the Samasa in which case the substitution Sher takes place obligatorily and not optionally. So the meaning of the sutra is the following. In a compound Samasa, immediately before Ku and Pu, Kuppoho in place of Visarjaniya, Visarjaniya which is part of Is and Us, Isussoho and which is not part of the Uttarapada of the compound, Anuttarapada sthasya substitute Sher, Shah obligatorily, Nityam. I repeat in a compound Samasa, immediately before Ku and Pu, Kuppoho in place of Visarjaniya, Visarjaniya which is part of Is and Us, Isussoho and which is not part of the Uttarapada, Anuttarapada sthasya substitute Sher, Shah obligatorily, Nityam. So we have Sher, Pis plus Kundika and this is a compound and so, Sher is the Purvapada, Kundika is the Uttarapada. So this Sher is appearing in the Purvapada. Now in place of this Sher we have Ruh as the first substitute then Visarjaniya as the next substitute. So we have Sher, Pihi plus Kundika. Now this Visarjaniya is part of Is, this Visarjaniya is not part of the Uttarapada, this is part of the Purvapada and it is followed by K. So all the conditions are fulfilled and so this Visarjaniya gets substituted by Sher obligatorily, there is no option and so we get the form Sher, Pis, Kundika finally derived and similarly we can also derive the forms Dhanush Kapalakam in the same manner with all the conditions fulfilling for Nityam, Samasaya, Anuttarapada sthasya to apply 8345. Let us proceed further. Let us study the next sutra, atah kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni ishu anavvayasya 8346. This sutra has got 3 padas, atah which is 5 slash 1 of at referring to short a and ataha means immediately after short a, kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni ishu. This is 7 slash 3 of kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni and so this word kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni ishu means immediately before all these elements. The other words continued are anavvayasya 6 slash 1 not being a part of an indeclinable which is part of this sutra, nityam is continued which means obligatorily, visarjanyasya continues that which means in place of the visarjanyasya, kupu oho continues that is immediately before kupu sahha continues which is 1 slash 1 of sir which means sound sir, samase continues which means in the compound and anuttrapada sthasya also continues which means not a part of the uttrapada. So in this case visarjanyasya is the substituent and sir is the substitute. The other environments are a which should come immediately before sir and kupu oho in that case kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni these should be the following words and this should also be a samase and the visarjanyasya should not be part of the uttrapada. If all these conditions are fulfilled the visarjanyasya is to be substituted by sir and that too not optionally but obligatorily. So the meaning of the sutra is the following. In a compound immediately before kru kamikamsa kumbha patra kushakarni etcetera in place of a visarjanyasya which comes immediately after shot oh and which is not a part of an indeclinable and which is not part of an uttrapada substitutes a obligatorily which can be presented in the form of an equation like this. If this is the pada and visarga comes at the end of the pada preceded immediately by shot oh followed by kru kamikamsa etcetera then in this case this visarga is obligatorily substituted by sir there is no option and so utt plus visarga plus kru if this is the input utt plus sir plus kru is the output generated by this particular sutra. Here are the examples ayaha plus kāraha kāra is derived from the verbal root kru by adding the suffix an. So we have ayaha plus kāraha. Now this visarga is at the end of the word is this is not an indeclinable is is purvapada and it is followed by kru so all the conditions are fulfilled and so this visarga is now substituted by sir following this particular sutra atakh kru kamik. So we get the output ayaha kāraha similarly ayaha plus kāraha and we get ayaha kāraha then ayaha plus kamsaha and we get ayas kamsaha and finally ayaha plus kumbhāha and we get ayas kumbhāha in all these cases ayaha is the purvapada visarga is part of the purvapada it is not part of an indeclinable anabhiyajasya and it is followed by kāma, kamsa and kumbha and therefore all the conditions required for atakh kru kamik to apply are fulfilled and so this sutra applies itself and the output generated is ayas kāraha, ayas kāmaha, ayas kamsaha and ayas kumbhāha in all these four cases. Finally we have ayaha plus patram and the output generated is ayas patram and ayaha plus kusha and the output generated is ayas kusha. Finally ayaha plus karni and the output generated is ayas karni. Now let us look at the next sutra, A347, adhashirasi pade, adhashirasi pade. This sutra has got two padhas, adhashirasi and pade, adhashirasi is one slash two of adhas and shiras, adhashiras. So adhashiras is made up of adhash and shiras which indicates that adhash and shiras are the two padhas and of course this one slash two will be converted into six slash two which will mean part of adhash and shiras. Pade, pade is seven slash one of padha which means immediately before. The words continued are visharjani yasya that is in place of sahā, sahā is one slash one of sir which means sound sir and this is the substitute, samasai which means in the compound anuttarapadasthasya which means not a part of the uttarapada of the compound. So here we come to know that visharjani yasya is the substituent and sir is the substitute. This visharjani yasya has to be a part of adhash and shiras and the environment should be that of the word padha and then this visharjani yasya is substituted by sir. Here are the examples, adhas plus padham and then this sir is substituted by visharga and this visharga is substituted by sir and so we have adhashpadham as the finally derived form. Similarly, shiras plus padham and sir is substituted by a visharga which in its turn is substituted by sir following this particular sutra. Otherwise, this visharga could have been substituted by an upadbhānyya by the sutra kūpukha pāucha that does not happen and the visharga is substituted by sir and so we get shiras padham as the output generated. Similarly, let us look at this sutra, kāskādishu ca which refers to a bag of words and this bag of words is referred to as ākṛti gana, ākṛti gana is an open ended list which is kept open for inclusion in the course of time. So, this sutra has got two padhas, kāskādishu and ca. So, kāskādishu is 7 slash 3 of kāskādhi, so kāskādishu means in the words beginning with kāskā, there is a list of words which begin with kāskā and ca means end. So, visharjani yas here is 6 slash 3 which means in place of the visharjani here, saha is 1 slash 1 referring to the sound sir which means the substitute, kūpvoho is the 7 slash 2 of kupu which means immediately before kupu and anyatrasyam which means optionally. So, here we know that visharjani here is the substituent, sir is the substitute and if the word is placed in this particular list called kāskādhi then a visharjani here is substituted by sir when kū or pu follow. This substitution is optional, so the meaning of the sutra is the following and in the list of words beginning with kāskā, kāskādishu ca immediately before kū and kū, kupuho in place of a visharjani here, visharjani yas here substitutes saha optionally, anyatrasyam I repeat and in the list of words beginning with kāskā, kāskādishu ca immediately before kū and pu in place of a visharjani here substitutes optionally. So, if we have kaha plus kaha where this is the visharga followed by kū and this is part of this list and so this visharga gets substituted by sir and we get the finally derived form kāskā that is kāskaha similarly kautaha and kutaha so visharga is substituted by sir and we get the form kautas kutaha these are the outputs generated by this particular sutra. As we said before, this is an open-ended list. If there are other words in which a visharga is seen substituted by sir, all those words and all such words can be included in this list of words called kāskādi. To summarize, we studied a peculiar type of sandhi in the form of substitutions in place of a visharga. This is the feature of visharga sandhi. The substitutions that we studied are sir, sir, jivāmulīya and upadbhāṇīya. We also noted the zero substitute stated by a particular vārtika. These substitutions apply in various environments, sometimes very general and sometimes very specific. We also noted that by default meaning is not directly stated to be an input for these rules to apply and these substitutions to take place there are exceptions which prove this particular by default statement which is also a feature of sandhi in general. Now we study another chapter which is related to the visharga sandhi namely the swādi sandhi this we do in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.