 Carbon-based nanomaterials have been gaining increasing attention due to their unique physical and chemical properties. These materials can be used in a variety of applications, such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, and hydrogen evolution reactions. In order to optimize performance, non-metallic elements like nitrogen, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus can be added to the material either individually or in combination. Additionally, structural modifications can be made to create defect sites, edge functionalization, and interlayer distance manipulations. The goal of these modifications is to improve the overall performance of the device. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with using carbon-based nanomaterials in energy storage and conversion are discussed. This article was authored by Gopala Krishnan Kothandam, Gurwinder Singh, Sinwe Gwan, and others.