 Good morning, John. Last week I joined an extremely unexclusive club of people who said that the Amazon rainforest produces 20% of the world's oxygen. I've since deleted it from the video, because it's a fake fact. No one even knows where it came from. All of the land plants on the earth combined produce around 25% of the world's oxygen. The rest comes from the oceans, mostly phytoplankton, which are like teeny tiny plants. Except it turns out that we are imagining all of this incorrectly. The frame we're in here indicates that if phytoplankton and the plants stopped producing oxygen within a year, we would run out. We would not. We would all die immediately. If there was no O2 being produced, that means there would be no photosynthesis. And photosynthesis is where all food originates. So we would, everything would die. But there would still be plenty of oxygen in the atmosphere. So let's do this, on introduction to the carbon cycle, I guess. Cause I of all people should know this. Plants use energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen in a process called photosynthesis. And then those carbohydrates get turned back into CO2 and energy, and that consumes a molecule of O2. If this happens inside an organism, that's called respiration. If it happens outside an organism, it's called combustion. I'm gonna lump those two together and call them both burning. Because I'm frustrated that there is no collective word that includes both of these things, except for, I guess, oxidation, which is just too broad. This is just one of my science communicator beeps. We're sticking with burning. Fire. Carbohydrates are as olive garden has effectively capitalized on. Delicious. They are unstable reservoirs of energy. So on a geological time scale, all carbs get burned. And when a carb gets burned, that molecule of O2 that the plant produced gets sucked back up every single time. It's a one to one cycle. So now you're like, okay, Hank, yes, but like, I can breathe, so you're wrong. And you're right, I was lying to you. Not every carb gets burned. Here on land, almost always there's oxygen around In the oceans, there's a fairly common exception. Sometimes phytoplankton can bloom so successfully that the organisms that consume them after they die, eat up all the oxygen in an area and no oxygen is left for more burning. The carbohydrate just falls to the bottom of the ocean where it can never get burned. This process upsets the balance between CO2 and oxygen. It's the reason I'm breathing right now. The photosynthesis produces that oxygen, but that oxygen doesn't get evenly distributed throughout the earth. So there are some areas where the burning can't happen. Over time, that results in a giant reservoir of O2 in the atmosphere. So if the Amazon rainforest disappeared, there would be less oxygen produced, but over time, there would also be less oxygen consumed because oxygen consumption, and there's an asterisk here, but like basically oxygen consumption only happens when plant material is burned, either in a fire or in an organism. Since oxygen is abundant in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide is the limiting agent in this carbon cycle, which is why there's such a tiny amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. That carbon dioxide is what gets trapped and brought to the bottom of the ocean when these blooms happen. There, over geologic time, they're compressed from carbohydrates into hydrocarbons, fossil fuels. And when we burn those fossil fuels, yes, that consumes oxygen and we can see the oxygen concentration of the earth going down, but it's not a big percentage of the total amount of oxygen in the atmosphere because there's a lot. But the carbon dioxide concentration is extremely low and we are well on our way to doubling it. And that's one of the very real reasons why it's a bad idea to burn rainforest. The Amazon rainforest is a sink for something like 90 billion tons of carbon dioxide and that is a huge service that we need. So we're not gonna suffocate. Very happy about that. Sounds miserable, but I kinda wish we could see the threats to the other services that the earth provides to us as similarly significant because they are. John, I'll see you on Tuesday. We're gonna be okay, all right? We're gonna make it through this.