 I think we'll start this out with an example of what a helper chain is going to have to be. You grab it by the function. Yeah. We're going to be fine. Well, in order to understand this, we're going to have to be able to understand this. So much of that level that you want, so now you can no longer get to my bookers. There's a lot going on today, believe it or not. We left off talking about reinforcers. It's kind of funny. There's so many reinforcers. The dogs are a little bit when they decided to come in. That's not the kind of reinforcement we're going to talk about today. I think the important stuff that we need to talk about today is the call. Unconditional reinforcers. You can refer to them as unconditioned, I suppose. That's probably where every book's going to refer to them. As I suppose Pavlov might have been annoyed, but Pavlov and reinforcement don't necessarily go together, right? Well, they will at the end of this lecture. So anyway, reinforcers, unconditioned ones, primary reinforcers, I suppose would be a better way to think of it. So we've got a handful of primary reinforcers that are available. Now we need to understand what a primary reinforcer is first. So we've got a couple of things we need to think about. So reinforcers, by definition, increase the probability of behavior. So when done contingently, when applied contingently to the reinforcer, then it increases the probability of the behavior happening in the future. There are unbelievable amounts of different types of reinforcers, right? So there's everything that you can imagine as a reinforcer. I mean, I suppose this pumpkin could be a reinforcer, kind of weird, kind of big, but whatever, maybe it is a reinforcer. Who knows? You develop reinforcers through pairing, right? Through a classical conditioning process. So you take some stimulus that may or may not be reinforcing, or I haven't sorry, I thought it was reinforcing. So you take a stimulus, you pair it with a known reinforcer, a primary reinforcer, maybe such as water. Hold on, let me get the tea here. Anyway, so we take those reinforcers and we pair them with other known reinforcers or primary reinforcers in order to produce our, anyway, to produce our reinforcing effects. That's how you get a lot of reinforcers. Anyway, I'm way ahead of myself. So the first thing we need to know about is what are the primary reinforcers? Well, there's a handful. First one here is not tea. No, that's a learned one. Some people hate tea, you know, you get it done. So anyway, bad joke. No, water, right? Definitely a primary reinforcer. I think what you're going to notice throughout the world, the primary reinforcer, hold on, I need a tea bag, green tea works, green tea bags, reminds me of a joke. Anyway, not a good one either. So I get in trouble if I don't throw that away. So anyway, primary reinforcers, we got water, we got a handful of them, food, I'll get to that here in a minute, I'm dipping my tea bag appropriately. So we got tea, water, food is a reinforcer, hold on, which reminds me, I'm hungry, so let's get me what you call it, artichoke, I love artichokes, don't tease me, so anyway, so we got food is a reinforcer, that's a primary reinforcer, water is a primary reinforcer. There's a handful of other things that are primary reinforcers too, I'm going to guess what they are. You don't really have to guess, I suppose, you could just figure out the ones that are related to, in a sense, survival of the species, right? So if the species needs to survive, there's certain stimuli that are going to keep you going, right? So water, obvious, that's a primary reinforcer, in other words, the human species will work towards it, you know, it's really funny folks. I was actually going to eat this thing, but it is totally rotten, that's not going to be a reinforcer. I guess I haven't been eating that fruit since I've seen it in a while. So food keeps you alive, water keeps you alive, guess it, sex keeps you alive, kind of keeps the species going, right? Then you've got another one that's warped, right? So those are really common ones, so I forgot, whoa, that's not stupid, I see that. So primary reinforcers, back to the issue at hand here, food, water, sex can sometimes warm. Yes, I like a lot of sugar, maybe it is a primary reinforcer too, I don't know, do the experiments, no doubt. So as a result of the primary reinforcers, you can then pretty much strengthen any behavior you want, right? So it doesn't matter what the behavior is, primary reinforcers wouldn't deliver, oh my god, it's kind of squirting all over the place, that happens. So when delivered contingently, you will increase the probability of a behavior. Now primary reinforcers by themselves are kind of hard to always work with, right? That happens if you get a kid osatiation, maybe they're full, they're not working for food anymore. Maybe they're not thirsty, you pump them full of stuff, liquid, right? So as a result, you don't have to just use primary reinforcers, you compare using classical conditioning, you compare any stimulus within reason with a primary reinforcer repeatedly using a traditional classical conditioning procedure to develop new reinforcers. I've done all sorts of things as reinforcers, I've worked with some fish in the past and I used colored sticky notes, like the sticky notes, I can't, I don't think I can legally say the name of them. But anyway, I used a color to those to reinforce particular behavior for a fish, right? A sticky note is not a natural reinforcer for a fish, it's just a reinforcer, it's a stimulus until paired with food repeatedly. By pairing that sticky note when I did it, I'd be like, I'll do this, right? So sticky note, food, and how do you feed a fish, right? You just drop some food in. So sticky note, food, sticky note, food, I did this for weeks on end and eventually I found out that when the fish does what you wanted it to do, you could just splash a sticky note in front of the tank. And the probability of that fish doing that particular behavior can increase in the future. So there's an example of developing a conditioned reinforcer. So an unconditioned reinforcer to recap here is the ones that you don't need to learn anything about. They're naturally reinforcing for the species as a whole. They strengthen behavior that leads to those things, right? So contingent. And then you could pair those unconditioned reinforcers with others to develop conditioned reinforcers or conditional reinforcers. So anyway, I hope you're enjoying your day and I'm going to go ahead and get out here and go get some other work done and I'm going to enjoy my tea. And I think that in general, folks, just want to point out to you that cabinet doors help. I have a major, major problem with shutting cabinet doors and my wife loves to remind me all the time that I don't shut them. And she attempts to reinforce me. She even uses primary reinforcers when the kitchen's all clean. Lucky you. I mean, lucky me. Anyway, that was probably TMI, but hopefully maybe she needs to deliver some more primary reinforcers for me keeping the doors closed because obviously I leave them open too much. So whatever punishor she's been trying to use for me on these things, it doesn't work. So again, that's probably another point which we'll get back into that I want you to remember very quickly since we're on the topic of reinforcement is that if you're trying to strengthen a behavior and you're delivering a reinforcer contingency and that behavior isn't changing, you've got a couple of issues you need to worry about. Number one, is that reinforcer actually a reinforcer? It might not be. Number two, you might have a motivating operation issue that might be satiated. They might not be thirsty, right? They might be, oh, I should probably show you that sign because that's just cool. Anyway, so it might be, they might not be thirsty, they might not be thirsty because they've just completely drank it again on the water. They might be hungry because they just ate a bunch of food. So those are the motivating operation pieces. So, but keep in mind that it's often that what you think is a reinforcer might not actually be. Anyway, I'm out here. I'm going to go play with the dogs and do some other work. Have a good day.