 for that. So today you have Nico Trixovich of ARC, that all of you here should know him, and Scott Barron, the two of the four scholars who are working here. Jose Capriolets was also a co-director of my project, he gets around as Jose, and Colomiro Santoro of Arrica, Chile. So I guess all of their, what part of the college I guess is what the university is called. So many, many people involved, and they have been working now for some time on the north post of the Oshama, down there in the northern Chilean area, and this proved to be a good project. As you know, Nico works here in the ARC, he's a professional archaeologist, and this is just his most recent research that he's been involved in. They just got out of the field weeks ago, especially since it's hot off the hot, dry environment, and Scott Barron has been an affiliate associate in criminal business here with ARC for many years. He has his own consulting firm, though, and this equipment you see before you is kind of his baby, and his company, if you wanted to look it up, and what it's involved in, is called Feature Survey. So it's all about walking across the landscape and finding out what's underneath it. So the two of them, I guess, are team talking today, and presenting this field research that is, well, you'll tell us the dates, but recently, very recently. So welcome, Scott, and thank you, Nico. Yeah, so, it's a pleasure to talk about this exciting new work we're doing with this Chilean team in the Anacoma Desert. So first, I'm going to introduce the work we've been doing, the overview. We've kind of jumped in and made a long running project, so we'd have the pleasure of having a lot of material to show you. So first off, I'm going to show you some of the artifacts that we've been finding in this area, and then I'll talk about the time you told me, and Scott will talk about it right away about it, that we recently participated or conducted down in the Anacoma. So, as I mentioned, this project has been going on for some years. A lot of us in Peru, in particular, a Chilean archaeologist who was here in 2016 speaking about this area, has been working there for some decades now, and they've located many terminal places to see the science in this area that was previously thought of as unhappable. And so, his project has recently gone in grant to this organization, this subgroup of the Chilean, it's the Technology and Science Institute of Chilean Government, kind of like the area itself. They have a program on the Corrupulación Internacional, so they've been working with them for longer than they do in the past, and that's supported this work. Other international scholars who have worked with them, we've been through both the issue of the audience and we've been through today, and it's been great to be able to work with these scholars who are real experts in these different domains that they're bringing to this work. It also includes Claudio Sampo-Latorre, who's an expert in tibial oncology and predestruction. So, this area has, one thing that's really exciting about this is these early sites, right, these terminal places, these sites are right in the early policy, but then there's very little impact in the area because this hyperedity of the island called the desert has led to near total vanity until recent times. There's a few windows when people were in there, but you have these very shallow old sites right on the surface. So, these can help us to understand more about the people in South America and how this may have occurred. We know that the coastal route has been really popular, and this is not exactly how it comes, but it's near the coast, and it perhaps helps us to understand how people could have gotten there as far as Monteverde Act, like 18,000 or earlier now, research is showing, years before present. So, what you see is a lot of coastal sites are becoming recognized, but none of them lie in the middle of this kind of laser route. None of them lie in the Atacama Corp here. So, this area that we're speaking about today, come out of a knee, is right here. A lot of the coast is not in the highlands. It lies in this area that's known as the hyper-arid core of the Atacama, and it's hyper-arid because it has, here's a, well, zoom in on that area, it has a coastal range separating it from the Pacific Ocean, and it also has the pre-Cordillera, the Indies here, the Western Cordillera, the Indies, and so you have these rich resources like the Pacific Ocean here, and the Humboldt Current sweeps up the Pacific Coast here, so the fisheries are terrific, and then you have the Tuna with the Makiura and the other big game out here, but in the middle, it's extremely arid today, but research is showing that, while it was, it wasn't vegetating heavily around these areas, there were oases that connected the coastal with the highlands, and so it wasn't as unwelcome as it was in the start. So, there's another view of this hyper-arid core, and research that's occurred has been focusing on this area that's known as the Humboldt and Tamagungal, which is this tree that can be, this is pre-Atacama vegetation that can survive, and tapping to the water that's down underneath that runs off of the Sierra here. It's not that the, this is extremely arid because you have these coastal fogs that come up off the ocean, right, in some parts of the Pacific, including California, right, the coastal green layer, but that's blocked by this coastal courier, so it's a rain shower from here, and it's especially a rain shower coming from the predominant direction, which is from the Anzol, so it's a double dry. But what you see is that there's evidence of previously vegetated areas. There's a lot of fossil wood that's found in some of these areas that are still present because of the humidity, it's preserving things very well, and carbon makes that have to run on some of these vegetation shows that it's sort of episodic that you have these periods of vegetative growth, and there's another one here, which is pretty recent, but the things we're talking about today are right at the end of the Pleistocene, around 11,000 to 12,000 years, calorie years can be. So that's one source of information about the paleoecology comes from this vegetation that's present. Another major source is chinchilla rapids, which is sort of the South American version of the pack rapids, and many of us are familiar with this type of work from the Great Basin, but to summarize, basically these runs go out and gather vegetative material from about 50 meters from their nests, from the ability to nest, and if they're under a little roof or somehow protected in this arid climate, they bring back this vegetative material, smell rocks, animal dung, and they build these middens in the organic, and it preserves, and it's called amber grout. It locks it in, it's like a time capsule. It can last up to 50,000 years, and researchers like Claudio Motore cracked an open in studying the plant material in these layers, and we can actually interact with these layers in a pretty good sense of what was growing in that area. And the third source of information about the paleoecology is from lake cores that have been placed in the highlands in these lakes that are up on the Puna in Bolivia today. And these lake cores show that there was the paleo lakes, like the paleo-like cowherd, and there was a later period of cluvial invigilage that occurred, and when these lakes were to fall, all this precipitation was occurring, especially in January, as you can see up here, that elevated the water table below. You actually have activated streams coming down into that dry icon allowing those oases to occur. So here you can see this profile here is represented there in the profile, and then basically the water's accumulated in here. Nothing really grows much below 2,300 meters, and then this pump is at about 1,000 meters above sea level. And what the archeology is showing is that the second episode of cluvial invigilage is when most of the sites are clustered below. So here's another view of the profile with... You can see how the water basically goes underground and there's vegetation that takes advantage of that. So we have... They've found a number of sites, dozens of sites in this area that gave to that later cluvial vent, which is essentially a cluvial vent of K2. That's about 13,000 or 10,000 years ago. And I'm going to show you some material excavated here at Kibreda, where we need 12. I put this map up here again so you can see it's... We're talking about QM and Kibreda, so we're right in this area now. And we did this work about 10 years ago, and it was published in 2013. So I'll show you some artifacts from this site, but the project we're talking about today is primarily from QM35. The Pan-American highways are here, and there's a lot of sites clustered in there, but all of these are leading to that K2 cluvial vent. So this is at Q of 12 off to the east. They found a... You see it's relatively shallow, but they found a heart, a very clay heart. It is 12.8,000 feet long to be. And it includes things like this vertical stone and a burnt stick and other stakes, animal bone, chameleon bone. We find a megafaunal surface over at Q of 35, but all the animal bone that's been directly associated with human sites are chameleon and no megafaunal. It doesn't seem to have a heart like that. It's a tiny brown spot. So there's a number of other material found in this site. They have... Let's check quickly some slides. These are marine gastropods, and it's about 85 kilometers to the west. So they're traiding or traveling to the coast to bring back marine material. This is the end of an Apollo. And some other material, everything preserves very nicely that chameleon fiber thread. So they could have been spinning, you know, up on the communion wall. This is before the apocas and chameleons were investigated. And then some relatively large lithics, some truly projectile point styles for the area, and more distinctive projectile point styles. So these are from the Ramaditas area. Those last ones are from up here. So these are the styles there. So now I'm going to turn to the site where we worked out most recently just on the underground. So here's a view of the Cabrata in my need 35. You have a... We're now out in the flats of the Anacoma complex, and you can see that there's these kind of low bridges. And then this light area is today the lowest in the terrain, but it's not that much lower. So we're talking about a meter of relief and maybe a little more a meter and a half. And then here's one of the giant ground sloths sitting on the surface. And we've got some fun, great material in these. Unfortunately, no collagen is preserved in these bones, so they have to get up to re-neocarbonate or HVNA or the... But potentially, there's some that's found in better preservation that we could be studying further. Another feature of this area is that this paleo-wetting is... There's a black mat or dead material that extends under these layers. And it's got some cut through about the black mat we're working with in the bottom of the graveyard. Another thing you see at the Cabrata buddy 35 is tree stoves out in this area. It doesn't look very welcoming to trees. These are cut because they sample from those... So these are the types of things we might be looking for or running into with geophysical methods. We might be encountering density changes because of education and taking some pictures of this giant ground sloth. You can see these low rises. Most of the archaeological material is found on these low rises, these ridges. Then there's this concentration of rocks. I brought the magnetometer, the bartintin radiometer, to help me trip with us as well as one of the radar inscriptions for another GSSI radar. One of the motivations for bringing the magnetometer was the hopes that if these rocks contained enough ferrous material that it would have stayed out from the serility of the material and would be able to identify rock concentrations like this, perhaps other parts. We didn't know that. So these are the types of projectile points that could run on the N35. These are definitely early styles in the region. It'll just breeze over some of the maps. You can see the pan of vegetation, some animal bone, artifacts on the surface. They've put in almost a dozen past two minutes like this. They generally did it two by two because it's so sandy that it just collapses in. You can see that this is getting down to sterile but there's a quantity of material on the top portion of this thing. In the latest paintings, they haven't found anything quite as intact as in 2012. They have animal bone on the surface. Here's a heart. They've got some antestates from that. They're very shallow to them. We were trying to avoid stepping deeply into this desert pavement. They have two skirts, this salty material but it's pretty soft in some areas. So we've got these overboots and blue foam sort of like sand shoes. Sand shoes for sand. They helped, but you can see, one reason I included this photo is you can see this little riser. This is the ridge that we're talking about. We're most in the archaeological material that's found. They've hired right before we worked in Spanish where the drone came out and she's a geospatial specialist and they've got her to fly the area right before we work which is actually sort of coincidence that it happened like that but it's very good because we then showed up with our geophysical material and it just been documented nicely like lots of high-resolution photographs performing an active geophysics and then she produced this D.D. Atman photograph from this Phantom III drone with a 4000K camera and you can see that this is, I'm showing here the lipix the red are the diagnostics which I'll put on because the black triangles are non-diagnostic lipix and I won't explain because I have concentrations but they're very much concentrated on the ridge. You can see here that on the D.D.M. even though it's subtle, it's only a meter or seven meters it really pops out about the screen time. So the following materials you can see the breakdown here aren't so much concentrated on the ridge there's a lot associated with the wetland but again they're not necessarily occurring with the human modification some of these could be much older places in the area in fact maybe in America maybe in the American horse there's a horse here maybe a theory that was right there and the other mega theory I'm going to show you is here and then there's also the stumps and the stumps do occur here around that black mat so here's the geophysical blocks that we were able to analyze in a period we were there which was in this site for three days we were at another site for a little tour of two, three and a half weeks and the blue is my magnum tree work and Scott has the red blocks out of a jar and he did a number of transects with the radar that were just walking kind of long exploratory transects as well so we were down there in early December and this magnetometer this is a two pole magnetometer and radiometer so there's a sensor, it's a fluctuated magnetometer that has a sensor on the top at the bottom of each pole and the data there is that you can get the magnetic signal from the top pole from the bottom from the signal from the bottom pole basically eliminate any magnetism and get the focus on the difference so if you pass over a highly magnetic feature some ferrous material or some other hot areas potentially concentration of ferrous rocks you could pick up the difference and show up well and illuminate some of the environmental things and get the distance that you can walk so there's two of them which means you can walk, you can come across the much crowded so if I walked on the first date we did 30 by 30 meter blocks you'd walk up, you'd walk back and you'd walk again, it wasn't able to do the zigzag just because they were rushing together well look at the VEF, you can see truck tracks this is what it really has so here's the magnetometry work of the 30 by 30 meter grid and I'll flip back and forth, you can see that this so I'll mention now that speaking when I was going on this build D trip a few weeks ago, they pointed out that there's pretty strong evidence that these are actually stream channels we'll go back to the larger picture there that this is actually the inverted stream channel that is, when long ago this was a during the first pluvial perhaps this area was scoured out and incised by these activated streams that were carving down to the Andes and they would have carved down this channel that then heavier sediments were precipitating in this channel these were this is basically denser than the surrounding area right, so they over the last over the millennia this surrounding area was scoured by elevated processing that is wind transport moved a lot of the lighter material away and what remains is this old stream channel and today it's a ridge because it's more resistant than the stuff around it so what we assumed was a ridge next to the paleo the paleo channels that are most evident for geomorphologists this looks like an ancient stream that has since is remnant and anything else was carried away so we kind of had an inverted thinking and this does look like a braided channel coming down and when I look into the and when I look at the magnetometry data I saw these sort of curing features and I didn't know what to make of it but when you look at the DEA behind it there in fact these curing so much channel like features there's a block to the west and again we have these sort of seamless features and in the magnetometry we have you know there are some um there are some anomalous looking features in the magnetometry what you look for in magnetometry data is often a dipole that is a strong positive and a strong negative and the feature of interest would be right between the two that's what's causing the strong positive and negative so we investigated these further with the radar and that's what the red block is showing there's another magnetic block to the west of that and we went over these at the radar and it wasn't particularly convincing so we're we're still in the process of interpreting those data but at this point I guess I'll end up with Scott and he's going to reflect on the radar work so we have both the radar and magnetometry operating out there the magnetometry covers so much more ground because it doesn't need to make direct contact with the ground surface like the radar is in this case but the radar gives us really three dimensions we're able to see the depth or variability at various depths within the site if it's possible radar is generally more informative in certain types of sites though the magnetometer is going to work much better in this case the radar shows a lot more detail to see what the radar grid looks like though you can see that the some of the smaller pebbles and in some cases lithics that the guard backs from the desert pavement get sort of pushed into the dust beneath the surface now over time those are likely going to emerge again but it may be 10 years we don't really know so that's a potential impact that we're concerned about so we didn't cover as much area with the radar grid we tended to focus on previously surface collected areas and truck track and foot traffic areas as well but that turned out to be well enough of a sample for us to identify several features and then I'll go through that process of how we identified those and the concern which were likely GMORPID which ones are potentially cultural features but let me give you a quick run down on how the GPR works here's Professor Sinceri himself doing GPR with two different instruments this is a 900 megahertz antenna with a tow handle this is the CPU the actual GPR unit this is our 3000 we're here with the 400 megahertz antenna on our cart and both these antennas were employed at the Acona project you'll see throughout the presentation these transect profiles in grayscale which are basically like the wall of an excavation unit in concept it's basically the single GPR transect the radar data in terms of information of radar energy bounced back to the receiving antenna and so in this case there's a horizon at this maybe 40 centimeter depth out here at the faculty club and we think it's common green foundations from cottages that were there before the faculty club was built this is the transect profile crossing a slice map so this is an amplitude slice map of that particular depth where those features are located so we'll look at slice maps in color at various depths and then the transect profiles which are generated as the instrument moves across the ground surface in the buried object often shows as a hyperbola single object because the radar first picks it up when it's farther away and then it's closer and then it's farther away again as it moves across the object planar surfaces look a lot like planar surfaces in a regular tumor profile how to get into all the details of the technique but one thing I do want to emphasize is that we're often limited by salt and soils so beaches are fine in the upper portion that's rinsed by fresh water but when you get down towards the salt water intrusion you don't really get data because the salt crystals continue into the radar signal the energy doesn't come back so that's been a limitation for previous GPR projects in the out-of-comic desert based on not ones that I've done but based on my communication with better coloniers and Peter Leach who's done GPR projects down there we were really fortunate though at QN35 we got great results and I think actually the other sites that we visited as well so I think there's a lot of potential at least for sites that are above the alkaline dehydration zone another way of conceptualizing the slice maps coming from an individual profile so back to the grids here I'll just go through the process I number grids sequentially I'll talk about how we started doing grids in individual transects and started to make sense of our findings this crimp one was located up on that ridge kind of at the northern edge of it where it went along what we thought was the paleo channel below to the north and the slice maps at different depths showing this 20 meter long grid 20 by 6 meters at 7 meters show some really interesting patterns here which we interpreted as potentially the bank of the channel that was inside us I could think of megafauna game trails or other types of erosion that might have caused this sort of a pattern here this arc shape to the edge of this varied surface of some kind now the profiles they showed multiple straight up these profiles were going parallel to the ridge so they didn't show any other details or some interesting disruptions to the planar phenomena over here in the east the second grid we did just not too many meters to maybe 100 meters or 80 meters to the south showed a really distinct feature in an otherwise again you know ridge parallel stacked straight up beneath the lust or dust that forms the basis of the desert cave and this is where most of the artifacts are but if you wanted to understand this feature here it's zoomed in on this profile it appears to be a pit feature and so that one's actually undergoing excavation the first one to be excavated it's the heat of summer right now so they're going to resume excavations here when it cools down in spring or in May another grid we placed on this area where two trucks were where multiple vehicles had driven through just because it was an area we weren't concerned about part of that integrity on the surface this means grid three this also revealed potentially significant feature out here this grid is longer and also a narrow one you can see it in the multiple slice maps from the feature that I mean from for this grid at different depths this feature is pretty distinct here in the top three and then it disappears so it's got it's got vertical integrity as well as its perimeter being in that shape potentially one of those megatherium features it could be represented here it could be an area of a large hearth I think though that because it's off the ridge there's a chance that it predates the cultural occupation but I do think it's an area that will be doing some excavation we also worked in a previously surface collected area here I think four by four meters five by five and in the center of that there appears to be a high amplitude reflection here I don't show the colors in this case but the red is high amplitude yellow also high green is in the middle and blue and black or low amplitude reflections so I have potentially a hearth area here or it differs from the surrounding sediments and then grid five I don't have a picture of the surface but really interesting patterns in this if I've been looking at a formative period in sight looking at this as a potential house pit for example these are these grids this is seven by five meters I believe and so there's a really interesting arch shaped feature here by the time we got to grid five we knew something was going on here we don't think that there are house pits although there's always a possibility that there's some sort of a structure there so I started to look into the literature on this and one of the features we thought this might match up with is a yardang these erosional features that are really deflationary so we thought potentially we have these and bush yardangs can occur with tree trunks located and this could be the trunk here and this is an area that was held together by the roots of the tree during some sort of erosion like megaponic trampoline or movial erosion but that was just the hypothesis that we held for a while and as Eiko mentioned we were thinking more in terms of the inverted channel idea appears to be a small channel this is also off the ridge but it could have been the base of a deeper incision that was contemporaneous with the channel and it runs across here again it's maybe four by seven meters in the grid area I think and there's a traced profile of a crossing one of the transects crossing this channel feature and that's located out here that grid and the long grid for the featuring is over here but here we have these distinctive features showing up in this ridge system or what we're calling a ridge system which actually isn't a true ridge after we met with Bill Dietrich and Ron Hansen we basically went back to the drawing board on our interpretations of what these features might be these geomorphic features one of the things we get is to look at some of our profiles that cross the ridge which again is a very distinctive ridge when you're standing on it you can't really see it very clearly but it's definitely higher than in the area to the north the deflation plane here and an area to the south with a little bit more rough slope on the north but here we have and I've traced them in red multiple channel cuts that run the length of the ridge so these are cross sections of this channel so basically we do have a paleo channel that forms this ridge with more data to support that with occasional small channels off to the side braided channels that wouldn't be entered around in some cases we do find as that grid 61 example is shown with things associated with these smaller channels off to the side but now it's a matter of understanding the landscape that people are living in at the time where they actually living here while it was a stream flowing through or did they somehow come back to this area because it's higher ground subsequent to that and my guess is given that these channels don't represent the entire width that this is probably the alluvial corridor that was vegetated that people lived in and that the channel at any one time would have meandered through but not taken up the entire ridge stop so that the cultural material that's on the surface of the ridge from 12,000 years ago likely represents use of this small river valley as it flowed through from the Andes towards the the evaporative place to the west and then many of the features that we're looking at here then are likely more than features related to the channel itself rather than more features we don't have to explain this massive heart shape feature as a cultural structure but some of the features that are present smaller pit features and some of the smaller circular features that we've identified are still worthy of excavation as potential cultural features but they may or may not be given that there are some of the other phenomenon determining what's on the landscape here so cultural features are not yet confirmed in any of the GPR findings or documentary findings but there's still some potential for that so to get back to so this is the ridge area again the wetland down here was another place that we were able to use radar effectively and one of the ways we did it was to identify exposures of black mat on the surface which you can see where these arrows are pointing there's no scale here but maybe it's 80 meters across and this is one of the GPR timestamps transects but basically tracing out the black mat from where it was identified in an outcrop and then following it below the surface shows it very distinctively this organic horizon and in some cases it's actually broken which is kind of interesting I don't really know if these are stumps or places where megafauna would have traveled through the wetland but it's definitely a phenomenon we can trace out with the radar in different directions so we did some of that preliminarily but we didn't do that systematically so we don't know the full extent of it but I was able to trace for example black mat in this direction and then it disappeared before I got to the megatherium and there's really no in the vicinity of the megatherium fossil that was near the black mat there's no organic paleo-wetland underneath the megatherium so we can basically in terms of time markers the megatherium most likely predates the black mat also interestingly we were able to find it I was tracing the horizon coming back from the west and following it to where it actually outcropped in this looser sand you could actually see a dark stain to the sand here that wasn't identified as that paleo-wetland but because we were able to trace it from a known exposure continuously and see it outcropped here we were able to confirm that this is actually the primer of it and there are lithics in the sediments on the surface here so we can actually use the dated paleo-wetland to bracket the chronology of the lithics around these regions okay see this is the general area of the black mat this is the inverte channel ridge system that was the bolivial corridor that has stumps in it potentially cultural features and abundant lithic materials and then the megafa are outside and there are stumps also that are outside considerably older than the cultural occupation but basically we've been able to use radar and magnetometry to some degree as well as this excellent drum data along with the lithics and the surface sampling of botanical remains and radiocarbon dating to begin to reconstruct the landscape at the time that the site was occupied Q35 is approximately 12,000 years old and even though walking across the landscape it looks like a fairly simple scenario with lithics deflated apparently onto the surface in reality there's a lot of complexity to this landscape and the reconstruction is really just getting started but I do feel that GPR, potentially magnetometry have a lot to offer at this site and we've also seen at several other sites in the Alicama Desert that there's a lot of potential for using this type of remote sensing to research stratigraphy and features and cultural deposits in the Alicama. Sorry, I was just going to conclude by saying that these are going back to our original introduction that these are important sites for understanding how people first came to live in the Highlands as well as the coast and the threat of a new year represents one of these lakes to the Highlands and it pushes where we see a lot of fluorescence in Indian past so thank you. But I just have a point of clarification about the introduction so when you're looking at the not so negative but so negative channel that you guys are traveling what was the relationship that you think between the black mat and the bridge? We're still a little uncertain. We have been able to trace the black mat under some ridges that don't seem to have the channel as possible. So there are some sand dunes on the periphery of it and the vagatherium is higher than the black mat so it seems to have been a basin with a perimeter to hold it in place and the channel spilled into it or we're not really certain there's not good radio carbon on the inverted channel deposits so it's not going to go into your bridge? Well there was a date of the black mat that came back a thousand years younger than a thousand years ago in 5 or 11 which is interesting so it looks like that was a lower area we were wondering why is this what's now a ridge in most of the archaeological materials was it a ridge when people lived there or was it a channel that people just offered for the new channel? Let's take a step back let's bring it in a seasonal channel but the fact that the black mat is dated and lower suggests that it was maybe a ridge when you told me it's less than a thousand years then you got the bulimia and then you got the channelization distillation now it's younger you're saying it's the first thing or your or a ridge or a ridge like 10,000 no it's the sample it's vegetation is it just a bulk sample of the mat? it's got twigs and weeds and things and so what's your rate of harvest samples in this study? those are from there's a lot of asks on that you harvest them I mean a thousand years difference isn't very much can you consider that the trees could have been around hello this is amazing work by the way this is really really fascinating I just kept thinking about the comparisons between what we're trying to deal with the paleo wetlands and desert environments they know have the same problems as you guys have in terms of by the end of the season we've troubled around the perimeter of the site and driven a forward park truck in and out every day there are some areas where we just can't drive we have to change our path constantly because the silt gets blown up even with a very small amount of wind makes it challenging to work even within a short time period and so it always makes me think in order to challenge just trying to date the wetland deposits the occupation of the site and surrounding terraces and link those all together in meaningful ways where we have such a dynamic shift between wetlands, perma wetlands seasonal wetlands dry, arid periods that are fluctuating and so I wanted to ask actually how many dates come from some of those off-site terraces like over some days or anything like that I don't know to add a little bit to it what do you mean by off-site I guess from so we have the ridge where you found most of the material in this black mat so in this surrounding area is the terraces that are now at least coming from the specific deposits well the terraces these channels are connected to dry of the lake beds that are 15 to 10,000 years or lakes 10 or 15,000 years ago and so there's a lot of deflation there but also there's small places of less accumulation and the less permitted to accumulate around 20,000 years ago and the rates of less accumulation dropped quite rapidly during the whole listing that they're still accumulating so there's lots of deflation going on with local pockets of dust accumulation so it's all sort of a post-LGM sort of that's going everywhere but basically there's a this is just part of a big regional picture of the whole Atacama Desert was rejuvenated fluently during the Lake Pleistocene and lots of dry lake beds all over the desert were lakes and marshes and everything the concept even 15 years ago that the Atacama Desert was an archeological desert or there was nothing there is really I think completely one thing I didn't mention is that this is one area where these rivers are not going to be cut so in terms of downcut these are kind of flattening out into these lakes that we're reaching right here whereas here this is continuing to downcut and that's maybe why we're getting all this rain going on salt pans here it's a really unusual spot in the area there's lots of archeology that's not even these guys don't even have there I mean you can walk around all these dry lake beds and find oodles and oodles of stuff Bill and I have been out there it's just we have contests to see who can get out of the car and find archeology first in this room there's no shortage of material out there that's amazing you find these big cores right on the surface that would have been reused by later people and almost any other place here because it got drier and wasn't the best to do do you have any sense of these salaris that you have a 1, 2, 3 on this mount when they went from being a lake to a salar mean when did they finally, when did the water finally evaporate meaning they should have been there when you're a folk born living there we have dates on all of those what it be then like around 10,000 years ago 15 or 10 well that's key whether it's 15 or 10 well it spanned most of that time so they were drying, drying, drying well no drying in this way well we don't have that we have episodes of shelves and carbonate and plants and all sorts of things that get a range of periods when there's water or certain points of time when there's water what's after that any more questions one more, did the drone work find any jubelis people work here would they make any jubelis beautiful jubelis, very close to here but they're all formative people it's believe there's actually farmy and as we were talking about earlier if you run out of a knee it needs peanut puny and there's farmy in this area that probably dates to perhaps if you ever have peanuts in the food we type the closure and we go about possibly using GDRs and we map some of the jubelis that are partially buried by dunes for example too