 I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education and today I am going to discuss a theory of transformational grammar which comes under the language development. And I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College. It is a constituent college of University of Allahabad and it is my email ID. The lecture will be in bilingual mode that is beneficial for Hindi as well as English medium students and will be useful for various teaching examinations. Okay? So let's start. First of all, who has given the transformational theory of transformational grammar? So let's revise. We were talking about the language development. When we talked about language development, we made a separate video about gnomes, through which we found out what the gnomes have to say about the development of language. So from there, we found out that they talk about universal grammar, that in all the languages of the world, there is a universal language development and that is why the language acquisition device, which is L-A-D, is in our brain. So we had talked about this type of universal grammar in Mr. Chomsky. But the word transformational grammar did not come there. And this is also a question that is being asked about transformational grammar. That is why I have made a separate video because it did not talk about transformational grammar anywhere in it. So this is such a big difference in the area of education that no matter how much you cover it, nothing remains. But we will also keep on doing it until we cover the maximum things. Okay? So today we will learn what is transformational grammar and if we ask the question on this then we will not be missed. So who is its propagator? He is the architect known as Chomsky. Also known as T-G-G, which is also called transformational generative grammar. So also known as T-G-G, transformational generative grammar, refers to the theory of generative grammar of a natural language developed by Chomsky. So Chomsky, who is talking about natural language, who is talking about generative grammar, this transformational generative grammar has come from there. It is basically a theory to understand the processing of grammatical knowledge in the human brain. What is the meaning of this? The meaning is that in our mind, the processing, the process of grammatical knowledge, to comprehend it, to grasp it, it is a theory to understand it. Also, transformational theory. Then who is Chomsky's propagator? U.S. linguist. I will give the link of the previous video in the description. You can revise it. Recall it. Now, who was it? What did he say? So, the U.S. linguist of Chomsky, the United States of America, has become the main propagator of transformational grammar in the 1960s. And what he is talking about is the transformational grammar. It is going on in the 1960s. And if you read it further, you will get to know the meaning. In 1967, his book came. After that, the transformational grammar, which is in the linguistic area, is called Udbhav. His theory opposed the earlier theories of structuralism by rejecting the idea that each language is different from the other. From the other. That means, the first language that was learned, which is called structuralist, what did they all say? They all said that one language is different from the other language. His theory opposed the earlier theories of structuralism by rejecting the idea that each language is different from the other. The first language that was learned was structuralist. He used to say that each language is different from the other. And what did he say? He said, universal grammar. That means, in each language, the element of knowledge that connects each language with each other. In fact, it analyzes language on the basis of certain universal tenets in languages. What does he say? How did he distinguish the language? He says that there are some universal tenets in languages that are different from each language. So, this is the transformational grammar. That means, these structuralists are different from each other. They are somehow connected to the universal grammar. But still, the transformational theory of transformational grammar is a different thing from the universal grammar. And we need to know this. What is the concept of this? The transformational grammar is a theory of grammar that accounts for the constructions of a language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures. Also known as transformational generative grammar or TG or TGG. The transformational theory of grammar, the transformational grammar theory, is that the language is a language of linguistic transformation. That is, the language that is used in the transformation of the transformational grammar is not used in the transformation. So, for the constructions of the language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures. That is, the transformation of the language and the phrase structures are derived from the phrase structures. Also known as TGG is a term used in the transformational grammar or the transformational generative grammar. Then, in which book or book, in which article did he mention the syntactic structure of TGG or TGG and in which book did he mention the syntactic structure of TGG or TGG? In 1970. Following the publication of Noam Chomsky's book Syntactic Structures in 1957, transformational grammar dominated the field of linguistics for the next few decades. That is, when his book was published in 1970, for many years, the concept of the transformational grammar in the field of language and science has been dominated. Its origin has been established. The era of transformational generative grammar, as it is called, signifies a sharp break with the linguistic tradition of the first half of the 20th century, both in Europe and America. Because having as its principal objective the formulation of a finite set of basic and transformational rules that explain how the native speaker of a language can generate and comprehend all its possible grammatical sentences. Look, they are saying that since we are connecting it with Universal Grammar, we are also told that the language acquisition device is in our brain. So, if we understand it, if we understand the grammatical rules, then we understand the every grammar of that language and we can also say what we have never heard and what we have never heard. So, they are differing from the structuralists here. And the 20th century, the first half in Europe, the linguistic tradition in America, they are talking in a completely different way. It focuses mainly on, mostly on syntax and not on phonology or morphology as a structuralism does. The structuralists were talking about phonology. That is, the morphology was talking about the morphology. Like we talk about phonetics, they said that syntax is more important. The difference between the two is it is more important than phonology and morphology. So, they are talking about chomsky and it comes out of Encyclopedia of Linguistics written in 2005. Then, if we look at the basic t-net, it is usually generated, what is the basic t-net? It is based on transformational grammar which is usually generated grammar describes a language with the help of transformational rules. So, they are talking about transformational rules and transformational rules. It involves logical reasoning and what they are talking about is logical reasoning in grammar, in language and in linguistics. They say that logical reasoning is involved in this to understand fully the meaning of the selected words. They say that the time that is going to speak, the word that is chosen is also logical reasoning. So, they are talking about ahead of structural grammar which focuses more on the sentence structures used for communication. They are talking about a step ahead of the structuralist and also involve logical reasoning that why did they choose particular words. Then, apart from the use of correct sentence structure, transformational grammar analyzes the words with reference to their underlying thoughts. Then, transformational grammar employs most of the linguistic tools such as syntax and context to explore the possible meanings of words. And what does transformational grammar say? It says that we have to look at the differences between the words. We have to look at the possible meaning of words. We have to look at the logical reasoning of why they chose the word and what are these things that the structuralist used to do before this. Then, let's talk about deep structure and surface structure. According to Chomsky and Thierry T.G. that is transformational grammar involves two levels. They are two types of language to represent the structure of sentences. There are two levels of the words, its structure and its context. First, known as the deep structure and the surface structure. The deep structure implies a more abstract form underlying the structure of a sentence. The deep structure makes us understand the subject which means that those things are not visible. It is represented by this phrase structure tree. How can we understand this? A phrase structure tree can be seen in its diagram. In which the abstract relations between words and phrases are depicted in a hierarchical tree diagram. It is said that there is also a relationship between words and phrases. And phrases of a sentence can be seen in a hierarchical tree diagram. The tree means that a main mind will come out of it and it will be hierarchical. What is above, what is below and what is below. Then, the deep structure represented these semantic relations of a sentence are represented by semantic relations. What is the meaning of a sentence? It shows us on the surface structure. What is shown on the surface is very meaningful. Then, what is the surface structure? The surface structure refers to the mental representation. It shows the linguistic expression of what is represented. What we are trying to say is derived from the deep structure. But it is derived from the deep structure. And through which, the rules of transformation are placed. The surface structure refers to the actual form of structure of a sentence used. Actually, what we are saying is shown on the surface structure. Besides the two levels of sentence structure, transformational grammar consists of a body of formal rules to enable transforming deep structures to surface structure. That is, what is shown on the surface is made up of deep structures Okay. Transformational grammar is thus a theory of grammar. This is the principle of the word which holds that a sentence typically has more than one level of structure. It shows us that it is more than one type of structure. Apart from this structure, which is obviously on the surface, it also has an abstract underlying structure. It shows us the linguistic expression which has an abstract structure which has a deep structure. The point of all this in Chomsky's view is that certain important generalizations about the structures of these sentences in a language may be stated far more easily in terms of abstract deep structures. They are saying that many times it is possible that we can easily explain the linguistic expression in the form of abstract deep structure. What else are they saying? They believed that there would be considerable similarities between languages deep structures. And that deep structures would reveal properties common to all languages which were connected by their surface structures. This has come to be known as universal grammar. You can also say that universal grammar is an understanding and transformation of the grammar. How did they find out that the maximum languages are interconnected in a similar way? You can understand by this, that all deep structures meet each other and their properties are common. Whatever they see on the surface structure, all languages are interconnected in a deep structure. That is why they named it universal grammar. This phrase structure T is the sentence. Np means noun, verb phrase, adjective noun, verb phrase verb noun noun phrase, noun phrase article adjective noun. So this sentence is the drunken sailor saluted the puzzled cat. Struct sentence noun phrase, verb phrase, noun phrase article adjective noun, verb phrase verb noun phrase and then in noun phrase article adjective noun. If rate structure tree in transformational grammar is a diagrammatic representation of sentences distinguished by their syntactic characteristics. They are saying that verb phrase, noun phrase cannot be used in every sentence. It can be a propositional phrase and most of the sentence structures in a language are governed by the rule that it should contain a noun phrase and verb phrase. How to make a sentence that there will be at least a noun phrase and verb phrase. We call this the hierarchy cultural diagram. Transformation of TG means transformational grammar theory which was given in 1970 after that it has become a lot of transformation and you are not in the form in which it came. So what happened? TG has developed a number of versions each succeeding the other. Every time a new version is brought which was different from the previous one it was succeeding or you can say its weaknesses were overcoming. In his 1957 book there is a partial sketch of very simple type of transformational grammar. So in 1977 when he talks about syntactic structure he talks about a partial sketch. Then this proves to be inadequate and it is 1965 book Aspects of the theory of syntax. Meaning that it is inadequate then he writes the second book in 1975 Aspects of the theory of syntax in which Chomsky tells proposed of very different and much more complete version. The original is variously known as the Aspects model or as the standard theory. This model is known as the standard theory or Aspect model. Around 1968-1967 standard theory came under attack from a group of younger linguists. Then in this theory there are some shortcomings which he tells in his theory. Chomsky responded to all this by the early 1970s by introducing a number of changes to his framework. Such as the extended standard theory or EST. And then he brings a new theory of extended standard theory. Meaning that first transformational grammar theory, then standard theory and then extended standard theory. And in late 1970s he changes it to revised extended standard theory. Then Chomsky continues to develop his ideas and in 1981 he published lectures on government and binding. He published a lot of the apparatus of the earlier transformational theory in favour of a dramatically different and far more complex approach called government and binding theory or GB. Meaning that in 1981 his theory was completely different from the transformational grammar theory and it was named government and binding theory or GB. So this means that there was a change in his form. Meaning that Chomsky did not stop his theory and he constantly continued to do it. How can we conclude that transformational grammar is used routinely to understand the grouping of words in a particular context. Meaning that in a particular context how do words form a group. To explain this, transformational grammar is used in a routine. It explains how actual sentences evolve by manipulating the common form of sentence structures. And what does this explain? It explains how the actual things are involved. This is the transformational rule. And a number of different theories have since evolved but they are all based on Chomsky's original theory of transformational grammar. Meaning that there are many theories but everyone's base was the TG and the transformational grammar was the TG. And at this time, for purposes of linguistic research transformational grammar is now regarded as dead. But though, despite that, its influence has been enormous and its successors are maximally prominent. But the Lord knows a lot more about this and it has a lot of work to do. So, I think if we can answer any questions about Chomsky, if we can answer any questions about Chomsky, if we can answer any questions about Chomsky, if we can answer any questions about Chomsky, okay. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Explore! Explore Education! Okay done from my side.