 Hello friends, welcome back to course on integrated pest management, today let us discuss important pests of sugarcane and how we are going to manage these pests on sugarcane. Sugarcane is one of the important commercial crop, it is grown throughout country and India is the largest producer of sugarcane and also sugar in the process of its production, so it is going to encounter many problems among them insect pests or major ones. As many as 200 species of insects have been recorded on this sugarcane, but only few insects are quite important in reducing the yield. In India the major states like Uttar and Maharashtra they grow lot of sugarcane and at the same times they are going to produce higher amount of sugar in the country. So these are the important pests which are occurring different states among them lepidopteran pests like early shoot borer, internote borer and top shoot borer and other than these lepidopteran pests there are few second insect pests and also occasioned pests which are going to infest this important crop sugarcane. Immediately after sowing or immediately after planting this early shoot borer it is going to occur and here this early shoot borer eggs are laid in 3 to 5 rows in the masses of 400 and after hatching the dirty white coloured larvae which is having a dark violet longitudinal stripes and preparation will takes place in sugarcane or a cane itself and afterwards the adult emerges out. Since it is early occurring a pest and because of its attack dead hearts are going to produce and from this dead heart the rotten offensive order it is coming out when you pull it out and thereby it is going to produce number of holes at the base of the sugarcane. The next important pest that is a internote borer that is Kailo-Sakari-Fegas so eggs are oval in shape and the larvae it is white body with dark spots on the dorsal region and preparation takes place in cane itself and after 7 to 8 days the pupae it is going to emerge as adult and almost this adult it is living for 3 to 4 days. So this internote borer it is more important once the cane starts producing this internotes and there are many holes are present in between these internotes and because of its attack the internotes are shortened or as well you can say constricted many holes are present in between internotes and when you cut open the fresh cane so inside you will see the redding color of the tissues. Next top shoot borer it is also one of the important pest throughout the country and more in north India then south the buff colored eggs are laid on the leaf and larvae is creamy white in color and having this red color mid-rip and the pupae takes place inside the cane and the white adults emerges out after 7 to 9 days. So since it enters through mid-rip and it is going to affect the growing shoots and because of its cutting across the spindle so series holes are present on the leaves and because of this the bungee appearance is produced hence it is going to affect the growing shoot and bungee shoot appearance is a common phenomena in top shoot borer. The other sucking pest and one is woolly effeed it is seratovacchina lanizara it was a very severe pest some a decade back and now it is occurring sporadically and in south India Maharashtra and Karnataka they are the major states where in this woolly effeed caused much damage. Both nymphs and adults they are going to suck the canes and because of this continuous sucking by both nymphs and adults the leaves become yellow and because of honeydew secretion the raised development of shooty mold on the leaves and in the severe cases this white chalk odour is seen on the entire surface of the leaf and also even on the surface of the soil. Then sugarcane leaf hopper it is pyrilla perpuzella it is also one of the important sucking pest which is occurring throughout India but major states are Punjab and Uttar Pradesh where in it occurs continuously here both nymphs and adults they are going to suck the sap and because of its continuous sucking the margins of the leaves become yellow and here also this is going to emit the honeydew secretion on the various surface of the leaves because of this black shooty mold development is seen and because of its continuous attack there is lateral but germination is also seen because of its attack the juice quality is reduced ultimately the overall reduction in the yield. Root grub so this is one pest it is occurring at early stage especially during May and June the adults which are emerging in after pre monsoon showers and they are going to lay the eggs in soils and most of the times the light soils or sandy soils they are where in the it attacks more in sandy soils and also red soils eggs are laid in the soils and the grub will be C shaped and normally the early instars first and second instar grubs they are feeding on organic matter and next after third instar they are going to feed on sugarcane roots and rootlets. Because of its feeding entire drying of crown is seen so it when you pull it comes very easily sometimes it also very serious and in some of the areas like in Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra and also in Karnataka that is scale insect and here both nymphs and adults they are going to suck the sap continuously because of its sucking the overall plant growth is stunted and as well you can see this anchor station on the stem and sometimes even on the leaf also and because of its continuous feeding there is reduction in the juice quality and also yield overall there is a reduction in even jaggery production also and another pest that is termite and it is also occurring in patches and whenever you grow this sugarcane in red and sandy soils where in you see the lot of problem of this termite. Since it occurs at planting stage normally poor germination of the sets is seen and because of this poor germination gap appearance is a common and feeds characterically that is in semi circular manner and as well there is drying of shoots is also seen and these termites they are going to fill up the organic matter or even soil inside the hollow cane the occasionally occurring pest that is sugarcane white fly so it is also sometimes becomes important and here also both nymphs and adults they are going to suck this up because of this continuous sucking the plants become stunted and even sometimes as well you can record 32-40 percent yield loss because of this pest. These are the some of the important pest and their nature of damage in our next class we will discuss about the various tactics or management practices that can be adapted for these sugarcane pest thank you.