 Good morning to you, here primarily I am talking about a fighter aircraft and more than a fighter aircraft I am talking about why it is so important to have an aircraft as a fighting machine, it is very important we should know and what is it that makes an aircraft such a dominant figure in the wars okay that is the thing so let me start with my first slide with war and technology okay whether we like it or not if we have to protect ourselves protect the country protect your borders you should be prepared for war so that you do not have a war okay if you are not prepared there will be enough fellows to attack you but they know you are powerful you are strong they won't attack you so you will have a peaceful life so to want you want to have peace you must be strong in ability to conduct a war you must be there okay now what is it that shape would be war it is technology basically it is technology which has done that and they have been always linked together war and technology let us say for a while there was no technology there would have been no war at all because maximum if you would have done is you would have lifted a stone and thrown on the other fellow because there is no technology other than lifting the stone nothing else would have been there so technology is the one which has really shaped the war the weapons I have always helped to determine the tactics tactics support how you want to fight war how we want to do that and tactics in turn help to determine organization operation logistics commands and control system the quest for technological superiority is eternal in fact the country which is supreme in technology it has two other things is also a rich country and also that is the country which has superior fighting capability you are afraid of reaching them because you know he is as technology so it is the technology which thunder new you enhance your what you call offensive and defensive capabilities security and your wealth generation okay that is the kind of thing so new weapons such as artillery ships tanks submarines and haircut that changes the course of war now about these things the front-ranking weapon system haircut has the biggest impact on the military operations and outcome of the war now the whole world it is a college that all military and strategic thinkers and planners that a war is not winnable unless one has air superiority we'll talk about it should be a little later but if you have no capability in a wall weapon a wall weapon just move away we can win the war okay that is the that is the thing now there are different grades of this air power the first if you see this the actually aircrafts were used as a weapons only second world first world war they're using more like a reconnaissance going around and all that kind of but second world war it is a major if you go through some older war movies and all that you can see it has played mass role okay but after the second world war here became the dominant force in second world war he was supporting the army navy and everything but after the second one war it is that you can adjust give some examples here for in the post-second war the role of where by leaps and bounds now across the world by all this what I mentioned no nation enjoying super ever last war by force of enemy arms so that is the crucial role it has now what is the first top most great they call it as air supremacy is a position in war where one side holds complete control of air warfare air power or opposing forces it is defined at the degree of superiority where the opposing air force is incapable of affect to what you call interference it just can't do anything well give you a few examples to drill down that point okay and a superiority the next level where a side is more forward position than the opponent it defined as what you call the degree of dominance in air but that permits the conduct of operation by one side and the related land sea and air forces and given time and place without prohibitive interference by opposing forces the first one is absolutely supreme here he has a dominant dominant position okay as a down it parity the lowest level where a side holds control of skies above suddenly you are able to control your own territory you are able to but you are not able to control the enemy's territory that is the basic point this is called parrot he taking care of his troops you are taking care of your people this is the kind of what you call very superiority is you not only are what protecting your troops you are also able to penetrate into the opponents area and controlling that portion supremacy is that fellow is down okay that is the kind of it's important you understand this point now if you see the Gulf War of 1991 the coalition force led by USA they decimate Iraq by using only air power the total operation the last only two people soldiers that's all the afterwards once they entered into the Iraq the last thousand fellows they're doing the only last two fellows okay then Kosovo campaign again there the USA again on the war you know what is happening let us go back home there were if Cargill war what happened the opponent was on the top of a hill the army was sitting our fellows were trying to warp and they just couldn't there was a stalemate for months then a fighter aircraft precision guidance precision weapons went and hit them then that whole place was destroyed then it was only a question of one day where the Indian Army could take out until they used this fighter aircraft precision weapons was at a great disadvantage they just couldn't do anything that changes the total what you call face of the war I want you I don't know how many of you are there 1971 there was war where India fought with our friend the Pakistan there is East Pakistan and West Pakistan okay and the East Pakistan today now it's called the Bangladesh in matter of maybe two days the complete air power and the surface to air missile attack everything was destroyed they had nothing okay so our air force was taking transport aircraft with bombs and dumping bombs on them even transport aircraft because there is nothing to support them there is nothing to surface as weapons which can destroy there are no aircraft which are that is what you call as air supremacy but when it came to western side okay I would say nobody will admit it it is more like air parity I think we are all holding operation they were able to and we might have shot some aircraft they must have shot some of our aircraft but more or less in the same condition okay 1965 the previous war okay it was a more like parity there in 1962 the war we fought with China never used any air power so you know what happened if you read the history what you will see that so you can see the gradually what happened in there so as now you can see that the role of air power even in our own contact is increasing by leaps and bounds okay now let us say before I say what this air power is there are different types of aircraft which are used in the same power number one what you call is an attack aircraft this attack aircraft or strike aircraft is a class of designed to attack targets and ground and sea primary difference between bombers is their low service ceiling and greater accuracy an attack right can do a pinpointed accuracy if there is one small tank it can attack and destroy it or a fuel dump it there it can super accurate but bombs normally they will dump huge number of bombs okay wide area damage but accuracy wise this fellow is better they the roles are closer support for ground operation tactical air intradiction closer support means your army is now your border is there your army is trying to go down their other side your fighters are what you call escorting them and supporting them to prevent the enemy to what you call attack you okay that is what they do that is called close air support closer support to the army operations intradiction is it go a little further you prevent the adversary supplying what you call ammunition fuel food and all to the army which is in the front end suppose you prevent interdicta stop the supply that fellow can do nothing because you lose his ability to fight a war that is called intradiction okay this is one they use weapons like laser guided munitions rockets anti-tank closer support will be more suitable with helicopters also actually not necessary for example the americans use helicopters more often lot of helicopters are used but rest of the countries you see they use more what you call attack aircraft I mean closer support aircraft even americans have an aircraft called a 10 okay and the what you call the rations have a suit 25 americans use helicopters in a big way but helicopter is a slow machine while it can do it has certain capability vertical takeoff landing observation and all that but it has that inherent limitations okay so it is a tactics what we do the second is called a bomber just now I talked to you and the bombers very very bombing who bomb go deep penetration today we use bombers to go deep into the enemy territory and then bomb them so why why do you want to go deep into the normally the critical supplies critical ammunition critical are very critical you are a aircraft they are far away from the battle front okay and so if you can damage them or destroy them not damage destroy them then they look that ability to fight a while so bomber is used to go deep into it and that's how you have that old B-52 is a very famous bomber B-1B is also a famous bomber that 114 11 is also a bomber B-2 is also a bomber and the rations have T 160 Indians used to have a bomber called canberra it's a very old one we no longer have any bombers we have only what you call fighters no longer have many countries in the world apart from the rations and americans they don't have any bombers now okay then you see fighter what we are talking today my talk will be are the class of people designed for air to air combat with other aircraft in an offensive or defensive either you go into enemy territory to attack or if an enemy is coming to prevent him to succeed you fight with him they are light agile fast and highly maneuverable they also have secondary ground attack capabilities fighter aircraft capable of carrying missile rockets and cannons guns okay they are categorized three types air superiority fighters interceptors and fighter bombers and the famous su 30m carry which india has from rations we have a euro fighter typhoon lockheed martin f-22 and intercepts at the aircraft the mick 21 which we have large numbers this has been designed as and it can go to high altitude intercept the aircraft coming at a high altitude to boundary to do all that okay that is there and the mick 31 is one of the very very famous russian aircraft and the tornado is one of the old european aircraft these are the fighters okay now let us see the other one then electronic warfare aircraft today more and more ground forces ground radars they are the fellow the ground radars are the one who are tracking aircraft coming from outside okay they are tracking if i can disable this ground rider then you they can't track you if you that is a very very critical function which needs to be done so this fellow what is that the electronic warfare aircraft that fellow will jam the ground system and once it jammed you like a blind person you are sitting there you can't do anything you are blind if your radar is blinded so that is the type it's a highly specialized kind of aircraft and another bigger fellow which is placing is called airborne early warning and control systems these aircraft are airborne radar systems you to detect enemy aircraft and ships at a long distance something like 300 kilometers away 400 kilometer you are there able to because they are at a very high height something like 40 000 feet altitude so you can see the amount of distance you can see that they also control coordinate air operation that fellow is like a command center and above okay from there they can control the whole area they can even control the operations tactics and all that kind of thing they can do they have a very important thing our identification friend or foe what happens there are fighters they all look alike they from a distance how do you know that fighter is a friend or a foe okay so they have these you know what they are other types of radars who will be able to send a message and if the message comes back in the way you are thinking then he's a friend if it is not so that means he's an enemy okay then you can shoot him that is the point they're operated very high altitude for a long period they can operate for 12 hours 14 hours 16 hours 18 hours like that they can stay there okay that is the thing and E3 very famous one this is fitted on a and these illusion 76 is what India also has got some new early warning aircrafts are being developed in India and they're getting operational then of course transport aircraft you all know that you need to take troops you need to take supplies you need to carry tanks you have to carry guns you have to carry all these things you need a but also a transport aircraft is modified to be a tanker a flying fuel tanker so a fighter aircraft you know they're all they can't endure for too long a tanker goes refuel seat and there but you continue the operation okay so it's an important role it is playing and also as I was mentioning to you as India has done in the erstwhile east Pakistan they carry the bombs and they dump that on the enemy enemy territory when there is no opposition okay that's what also people have been using now you have multi-role combat aircraft you think is I talked about air superiority fighter I talked about attack aircraft I talked about interceptor aircraft and all initially they were all different types of aircraft there are an attack aircraft is different the interceptor is different and a combat aircraft different and also wide varieties of aircrafts were being developed and all then came the concept of what you call a multi-role aircraft whereby if you're doing a ground attack and suddenly he finds an enemy aircraft coming he can convert himself from a ground attack into a air superiority fighter that is what they call as capital swing switching roles according to mission requirement same aircraft while flying you can switch from one role to other that is the important the swing roll ability able to quickly switch roles between air to combat our air to ground strike role in the same mission you ask me these are called very versatile and these are called the most used aircraft in any air force in the world currently serving are the F-16, F-18, MiG-29, Sokal-30, Rafal, Saab Jad Grip and LCA Tejas these are all multi-role aircraft you can fly as an air superiority fighter and fly as an attack aircraft that is the kind of what you call benefit they have done so these are now becoming more and popular and slowly they are replacing the whole generation aircraft okay now of course trainer aircraft I don't have to explain if you want to fly an aircraft you must first get trained so these are very crucial things okay now let us look at this slide to say how the fighters have evolved over periods okay normally we must be hearing about fourth generation fighter, fifth generation fighter, sixth generation fighter what are they the first generation they are all post World War II all the generation names have come post World War II okay first is the jet propulsion just at the somewhere toward the end of the World War II jet propulsion started okay there was one Messerschmitts 262 and F-18 the American they were the first fighters they have been designed with the propulsion or jet propulsion they are subsonic aircraft on lower speeds okay but higher than the other ones then came generation II they had swept wings so range only radar the radar is able to detect the range only infrared missiles okay then the famous among these are the MiG-15 and F-86 MiG in fact in the Vietnam war these were cups were used in Vietnam war initially F-62 was not there they had F-104 and all that so the MiG-15 was able to maneuver we were able to fight the combat and all so much so the Americans have lost their aircraft heavily then they brought this F-86 then it became parity okay that is what this is the Genesis III supersonic F-86 is the sabre jet that is the thing supersonic speed pulse radar able to shoot a target beyond visual range they call the century series F-105, F-14 they are all the kind these are all supersonic fighters okay these are also supersonic fighters in they tried to build an aircraft generation III what we call as a HF-24 but basically it was a generation II aircraft then gen II aircraft only then came generation IV this is pulse Doppler radar high maneuverability pulse Doppler see you know Doppler you know principle of Doppler they send pulses and then they will be able to detect position and the speed of the other aircraft okay that is what the pulse Doppler concept is they will be able to know even the size of the aircraft type of the aircraft the speed of the aircraft and the location of the aircraft important thing is you should know the speed and location thereby you would be able to know how much time is available before you reach a see what you have to reach him okay this is a crucial fellow previously only a range or only a radar that means I only know the distance but that is not I do not know that what speed is coming and what direction is coming where pulse Doppler will tell me that kind of a thing so it is a crucial thing okay that is the point then then what happened generation these are the aircraft you know all of you have had F-15, F-16, India has got big 29 also India has got that one then generation 4 plus this is high agility sensor fusion reduced signatures these are the kind of aircraft which are there then generation 4 plus plus it is active electronically scan LCA comes to this generation 4 plus okay then generation 4 plus plus is what you call as electronically scan the radars all up to loud they are mechanically the radar antenna is being scanned mechanically now they change it from mechanical to electronic scan the antenna is staying there but no the phase change is occurring okay this is a very very very important thing very very important that is what happens here gen 5 is where stealth is the key thing where the high stealth okay there are only two aircraft which are there in the world F-22 and F-35 this is a gen 5 then gen 6 is not there anywhere okay what you call as the future is only thinking speculation extreme stealth efficient in all flight regimes possible morphing capability smart skins highly networked extremely sensitive sensors operation optionally manned that means so far I am talking about manned fighters now they are talking about fighters who normally are unmanned but if required fellow can be pushed in okay that is the thing so there that means there is a shift that is occurring now from manned to unmanned okay let us see what is that this is the expanding role of unmanned air vehicles while manned aircrafts are played this is your role in the count of all there is a definite shift to unmanned aircraft today unmanned air vehicles have experienced exponential growth recent history all over the world dull dirty and dangerous missions are most suitable for you are most dangerous because you put a man inside and he shot the aircraft is shot and he lands in enemy territory he's caught and you know what are the political implications and all so such missions now whether he's in Afghanistan or Iraq and all the USA you know primarily he's using only unmanned vehicles for bombing and all that kind of a thing this advantage is the size of the aircraft is not constrained by life support element and size of the person you are there is that one and also the size is coming down even a soldier can carry a microwave vehicle and he can launch it there are small weapons that is small missiles very small weapons and he can do it it is like a backpack you are carrying you have a backpack aircraft to that level or you have an aircraft which can stay in the air for days because there is no man nothing to worry you don't have to go to toilet nothing is required he's a toilet free food free toilet free everything because that fellow you can do it underground okay that is the great advantage you have so slowly you can see that there is a change that is occurring now lots of different varieties of unmanned air vehicles are now coming we have tactical aircraft more short range they're operational I think India has one aircraft called Nishant it's about four hours of operation primarily reconnaissance and all that surveillance reconnaissance and such that then you have a medium range they have got an aircraft called Rustam one in advanced stage of development okay it's about eight to ten hours of flying and all that there's an aircraft called male it's not male female male is medium altitude to long endurance vehicle and there's aircraft called Rustam two and this is the one what you call that US is using that kind of aircraft go for 24 hours and all that that is that is the fellow what you done there are a lot of mini I'm sure in IIT everywhere there are a lot of mini aircraft that a lot of them have been developed a lot of them are being used and there are some vertical takeoff and landing aircraft helicopters or you have helicopter and all that kind of they're extensively they're not being used by not only military by paramilitary by police force for civil applications all of them last week I was discussing with the doctor in Chennai he wants some critical organs what you call to be transported from one place to other place within few minutes so a quadruplexer is the so you are designing the quadruplexer where the payload is in an air conditioned cooled environment kept there and can come within 10 minutes and from one hospital to the next hospital and then is available that today that's what the postal and all is nice gimmicks but carrying critical organs is a critical thing so that is one kind of work our friends in IIT Madras and the doctors there they're working on that so striker cars that's what I mentioned they are able to carry weapons and targets now surface tier the army or the navy all of them have to learn how to what you call home the missiles how to home their guns how to so you need a target fellow okay and you do target practice on that so these are the targets which are used we have some in India for that and micro vehicle very small I told backpack you can carry these are micro vehicles okay they are then nano much smaller 300 grams small size okay another very important I thought I must mention to you is called unmanned combat vehicle there's no man there but they can do combat and they can fight a war they can drop weapons nowhere in the world it is available but a lot of countries are working including India okay you are trying to develop an unmanned fighter as a successor to LCA and all they're working in that kind it's a very very important technology and there are also a high altitude long endurance vehicles like one week you want their craft to stay unmanned their vehicle so a lot of power okay the batteries so a lot of work is going on again there's nothing operational that but hell of a lot of work is going on all over the world so you can see there is a range of aircraft unmanned vehicles are coming up so the prediction is in 10 years maybe 50 percent of the fighting forces will be unmanned so that is the kind of things it is so if you see that previous slide column called BLOS beyond line of sight see line of sight is what I can see beyond line of sight is beyond what I see that means you have a short range missile I can see gun I can see but long range missile is beyond line of sight that is what beyond line missiles are bigger smaller vehicles cannot carry but big ones can do that that is so you this gives an idea about operational one failure capability in pounds and endurance very very small one mini fellows are here there is one Indian Eagle pushpuck and all those things are there I think pushpuck is the one I think punapam or so they have done that Indian illegal is done by NAL and all those kind of things here there is a second bigger what you call higher endurance higher payload they are two vehicle Nishant and Rustam one okay both are developed by ADE they are there then still higher levels you have Rustam two these are the kind they are all operational fellows this is under development but there is still big like global hawk you are talking their endurance levels is much higher much much we don't have anything near that there is a need to develop something in that direction okay this is a area to look at one important technology critical for what fighting is what you call get connected share information achieve net centric operations no warrior fights now alone earlier bravado he is a skilled fellow he fought a one-to-one fighting and all no now whole system every fighter aircraft every ground center every unmanned vehicle every helicopter all are interconnected with each other with I will show you what you call airborne early warning system okay they are all interconnected so that information flow is available to all the people and the decision is taken with knowledge and information available but the problem there is net is now under attack you have a cyber security problem how do you develop what you call the software with the security element added to it and moment I make it higher is secure the bandwidth increases okay you have seen sometimes you are radio control small like what you call interference come that fellow is out imagine you are fighting a war come this is a major problem in this in eccentricity and second thing is army air force navy they're all have developed over hundreds of years each works in isolation from the other how to make them work together it's a challenge not in India anywhere in the world so that is a challenge but it seems to be the only way you can win a war okay so what it means is we're talking of integrated interoperable between platforms joint operations collision forces worldwide network secure owned and leased operational locations could be anywhere this is the kind of a scenario what you are talking so this is what in the future that we are working on now I haven't given this introduction let me now tell you what are the questions how do you secure during the joint missions doing the practice joint practice missions that is where the secure codes are there the whole all over the codes are now we have a security embedded into it and only other side when he knows what all the signal what you call the codes he only will be able to operate otherwise he has to learn how to unscramble what you call scrambling and unscrambling you know whenever there is a message I scramble first that means I've made a coded it the other side he has the way to unscramble it and read it the scrambling and unscrambling that is what is the kind of a technology you have to bring it okay joint missions that is what they do just about in near real time this this goes through all the friendly forces so they have now that code okay with that they will be able to unscramble the message but this is another major problem okay it is a good question that means I have no good answer for it okay this is how the real support the other fellow has learned your code for unscrambling we have lost it okay this is the problem while net centricity is such a wonderful thing but how do you that's why some air forces or some armies and all they are little bit worried about how this will be protect the secrecy of that the codes okay that is the problem now let us look at now the requirements what are the kind of things we are talking you see now under what conditions the fighting is going to take place see what you call develop scenarios military goals what are the targets what are the threats what are the air bases and what is the environment all this you should know you have to that means military intelligence is a seemingly important part of your war okay then you develop scenarios not only today's intelligence you have to now extrapolate for next 10 years 15 years what is going to be the kind of them including that adversaries industrial capability technological capability what supplier capability where he is getting what he's doing that is the kind of scenarios you have to develop then formulate system concepts from the preliminary requirements then what you do you do a desired system character conceptual design an aircraft sizing if you have to have this kind of scenario what kind of aircraft what kind of weapon system it is you do an aircraft sizing then you do what you call if I have this kind of a baseline what is the effectiveness it is an effectiveness analysis have to be done am I now having certain age or the adversary or not it is an effective analysis then with that it is an iteration you do then you come to a stage where you say if this is next 15 years the adversary is going to have this capability the fighter force I am now going to build should have this kind of edge over him okay this is the kind of thing what we are talking so normally I said a multi role you have air to air air to ground and air to sea so one of the oldest things you have heard you have seen you must have seen a lot of movies is called a close combat where two fighters are fighting with each other they are called dog fight because it is like two dogs fighting with each other very close range seeing each other's face and happening maybe something like four to five kilometers beyond that they can't see each other okay within three nautical miles what we call it so that is the kind of thing in fact this is the trace of one such thing okay this is how olden days second world war after second world war doing Vietnam war Korea and war and all that is at and 1965 war of India and Pakistan this is what the dog fights were very common things we had one a very wonderful small aircraft called Matt and they had an aircraft called f86 okay there used to be water Matt is a very small aircraft other fellow can't see this fellow okay and if you want to get into an act as a fighter pilot you have to first reduce your weight size height so that you can go inside it's a very very small aircraft okay and what is that f16 was a big fellow okay Mota so this fellow we were that fellow seen this fellow this fellow used to shoot him so there was to be a tremendous victories in such a scenarios then these are the kind of things that aircraft to do combat air patrol you are patrolling that area as a fighter to see for any enemy fellow is coming if you are coming now you engage him into a into a combat then beyond visual range combat that's what I was telling you have what you call a radar a post Doppler radar that was the question whereby you are able to see from a long distance 100 kilometers away fighters normally about 100 kilometer we are able to see him able to see the speed see the direction and roughly you are able to identify the type of aircraft once you are able to identify what type of aircraft you know what happens it can carry and all and then if you have a beyond visual range missile I my missile will lock on to him and I deliver the missile same thing adversary will do okay the question is your question a few seconds that maybe 2 to 3 seconds if you have that 2 seconds you are able to see him earlier he is out otherwise you go up that is what will happen okay that fighter fighter escort there are some bombers who are going down or a fighter is going to bombing as a combat aircraft you are giving an escort so that nobody will attack him because with all bombs and all his maneuverability is very low he can't fight he can't move so you need a fellow to protect him and move forward and that is what they do okay interception is an area where aircraft is the olden days they used to come at a high altitude even now they come at a high altitude stealth aircraft or not let us say you are able to detect him you go at a high altitude intercept him before he enters into your territory before he enters into your territory you intercept him prevent him enter into your territory destroy him in his own territory that is what happens okay I have talked about close support introduction I have already talked deep strike is what I said we will go deep into enemy territory destroy his critical supply positions critical manufacturing plant let us say he is manufacturing aircraft if I destroy that plant then he can't do anything okay that is what it happens okay so this is the kind of a scenario what we are talking about here is what you call battle area and you have air strike the enemy aircrafts are coming you have air base defense our aircraft are trying to defend prevent them to enter into your there you have combat air patrols they are patrolling the whole area okay you have close support aircraft supporting our tanks and all similarly that fellow also you are trying to do that the question of who has an edge over the other is a combination of weapons and tactics is a combination okay that is what happens so typically air super mission you take off climb you do a subsonic cruise flight descend what happens when the aircraft to descend down because there is a ground is a big camouflage not only visually but there is a lot of what you call radar noise so the signal gets camouflaged inside the noise of the ground so that enemy radar is unable to detect you then you go into it okay but once you are bombed at very low speed and once you enter into enemy territory you increase your height reduce your speed throw all your bombs and all have some come back then come back if you are lucky you are back here okay if you are not lucky your adversary is lucky you do not live another day to fight okay that is the point now what are the characteristics that you need for such a multi-role fighter performance requirements mission profiles maneuverability and agility landing and takeoff distances these are the crucial your men agility and maneuverability and mission must be able to carry weapons after radar have to carry fuel and you should be able to go long distances and observables radar IR signatures avionics functions we are internal avionics for jammers radar supplies and pilot must have a display all that information should come to him then you must be able to sustain if the aircraft it should be having as minimum failures as possible if you have too many failures your aircraft is underground and that is trying to what you call you are busy in repairing and maintaining okay and time taken to repair also should be like what we are talking even for a transport aircraft if time taken for repair is too long aircraft on ground is as good as not having that is what you the word called availability okay that is there of course cast should be low cost so that you are able to handle this so what is the kind of thing that you let us look at the threat I talked about enemy adversary threat and all what are those threats let us look at that the threat to aircraft have been defined that those elements of man-made environment designed to reduce the ability of an aircraft to perform mission related functions what are they inflicting damaging effects forcing undesirable maneuvers or degrading system any other radar he has not killed me but my radar become ineffective I have become a brand fellow flying the aircraft no use so on my system effectiveness God degraded are forcing undesirable he will push you so that you would make a tight maneuver you are all a crafty people if you go into a you cross the style regime you lose control is it not you lose control so you will force you to do that then also you are out and of course damage a gun or a missile five seconds to you you are out okay you can't no more you can fight at most you can escape and run away okay that is the kind of what is it that you use okay there are three what are they one is types of carry on vertical threats are what you call non-terminal and terminal what are non-terminal threat detection that fellow is able to detect you identification is identifying you tracking you and communications he is tracking you and he is communicating to his what you call friendly forces that this is your characteristic these are your things will there so this is also a threat okay and second is terminal propagator and platform projectiles missiles radiation okay and platforms are guns surface lunches airborne interceptor we have discussed so forth and direct energy devices we will talk a little bit of each one of them okay if you look at this projectiles we are talking about small arms anti-aircraft systems missiles are surface tear missiles air tear missiles radiation is laser and EMP electromagnetic pulse electromagnetic pulse these are the I have already indicated they are the kind of these are the kind it is not good enough you have an aircraft it is not good enough you have an what you call a radar you must have a weapon okay and what type of weapon you can carry these are the kind of things which are important and now we talked about terminal and non what you call non-terminal threats we said detection early warning target identification target tracking electronic counter counter measures if he is trying to what you call jump my radar how electrons will jump his radar so it is depends upon which fellow is better than other fellow that is where technology comes okay okay if mine is a next generation fellow he is drowned I am one up okay that is right then fire of weapon controls then communication system they can be land sea or air base it can be any one of them the terminals have already talked so what are the kind of things we have different types of guns small arms akad guns you have seen all our movies you know when the aircraft coming surface to your guns or akad guns we use quite a bit okay then your guided missiles okay lot of missiles surface to your missiles air to air missiles both of them so typically if you see that you have different types of what you call surface to weapons weapon carriers and all so and there are different types of guidance systems even a kind of guidance is also important for surface to air what are the guidance we are talking it is called command guidance okay there is a command and the missile takes the command and follows that second fellow we call it as single beam rider missile there is a beam the missile will ride over the beam it does not have its own capabilities if the beam is pointing towards a threat an aircraft and on this missile will ride over that and hit it okay if I am putting the laser beam a laser guided missile will go and hit that one so others are all what you call autonomous they have all of their one okay active homing semi active homing passive homing there are large number of these these missiles are totally changed the whole scenario about the threat threat is totally changed and that is where I think the Russians have done a lot they are some of the pictures of what you call land based things I want you to see this fellow there are various types surface to air missiles there is a zone of effectiveness as a function of altitude it is interesting for you to say if I have only these type of missiles with let us say I have bought only a gun it is it can go only up to this much altitude 15,000 feet also it can't go beyond that if I have surface to air material as a 6 later they are Russian types and all they can go right up to something like 35,000 feet altitude and 40,000 feet all if you have SF4 missile it can go right up to this altitude that means if I have all these missiles up to this height enemy cannot enter easily without encountering this fellow so what people you are doing the reconnaissance aircraft like SR 71 U2 and all they were flying at 100,000 feet altitude above this 90,000 feet so even though you have missiles you know that fellow is going you can do nothing he is happily photographing you taking all that things reconnaissance and running away that was the thing so initially they had manned fighter like her after that they changed route unmanned U2 very famous fellow that is what they still being done all over the world is still being done you know they are all flying but you can do anything so that is the benefit you have if you have such very high altitude things okay so I mentioned to you this three types what you call the surface to air missiles you have damage mechanism is here I do not want to go too deep into it damage processes how is the damage process combustion, penetration, ballistic impact, hydraulic ram, dynamic loading and just over pressure I generate so much pressure the whole thing will explode I just go in and generate the pressure so you say it goes inside your cockpit in your tank the whole fuel tank it will explode because the pressure there is nothing that is there just to generate huge pressure so this is the kind of things what they do okay now there is a question what kind of design are we developing for air to air it is called what you call short range and beyond visual range astra is the missile first time we are developing a air to air missile called astra this missile is a beyond the visual range missile has something like about 50 kilometers of a range okay and a lot of trials have been done seems to be doing quite well but you know any missile any aircraft you need a huge amount of testing before it becomes ready okay but that is the so far our attempt has been surface to air missiles but now air to air missile development is going on that is astra what do we have dedicated test planes and test planes test planes yeah we have there is one organization called ast in bangalore they it is a dedicated place for testing all aircraft okay they are the people missile is done by the missile development group itself they have one place in under the coast of orissa okay they have the very very advanced test facilities all over thing then they use that facility because they have tracking facilities instrumentation right it's called an instrumented range then you fire against that is where what you call targets you have a target is like another aircraft but is unmanned one that fellow is flying and from surface to you have a air to air missile on a so car or a marathon or an lc you find that one and you see how effective it is because that target is instrumented this is instrumented the range is instrumented okay totally all three dimensional you are instrumented as a whole thing and that is the reason why they do that okay that is the location and it is a vast sea you are able to do this because it's a vast sea there okay and sir how do you know if an enemy is actually entering into your territory that is what you call them you know there is an aircraft entering in that is I have mentioned to you there is an equipment called IFF in identification friend are four so your own aircraft have this equipment so they will have the code the code will continuously will be changing but at that any instant you will have the code so you will send a message to that aircraft and that fellow is if you what you call returns the message with some code data you know he is a friend but you don't shoot him interceptor has to intercept a vehicle in the enemy's territory right even then enemy territory also suppose you have four interceptors from our side are going you may be seen the radar not only is aircraft your own aircraft also okay there are four it's not one aircraft normally it doesn't go minimum of two sometimes four so then your radar sees all aircraft radar doesn't know his enemy or friend okay so this IFF with the one which will tell you his enemy or friend now how do we know if he is actually coming with an intention to that is what if he responds in a positive way to my message that means he has no negative thing no no his question is suppose it is a transport aircraft or something like that no let's say I have like Pakistan India border so they might be doing some kind of practice maneuver but close to the no if he is doing the practice maneuver there is an understanding they will say we are doing a friendly we are doing our own things we are not you see you also see in which direction is coming and you also know we are in a state of war or peace so all this is our information okay that is right okay but sometimes we make mistakes recently Ukraine versus Russia I am feeling the Russian or supported forces have fired a missile against a Malaysian aircraft it is a mistake you have lost mistakes do happen you have various what you call systems and processes but sometimes mistakes do happen and that's how you have lost that it is a case of because why should these fellows to destroy a Malaysian aircraft a passenger aircraft is 200 or something like passengers are not it's a mistake that is a it does happen okay