 First of all, let me both welcome Fr. Prakash Vaidyan, thank him for agreeing to take this session. But what I wanted to tell you is that you are all familiar with our typical Indian weakness in written articulation, very good at talking typically in our mother tongue or in some kind of English, which the other person understands but it is not necessarily correctly spoken and most certainly it is not correctly written and as professionals, if we make a mistake in writing a Java program or C++ program, there is a fellow called compiler who catches it. If we make a mistake in writing English, in spite of the word processing capabilities not every time things are caught, some spelling mistakes are not caught, grammatical roots are not caught and even if they are caught, they are not necessarily attempted to be corrected with great seriousness that it deserves. So this is where we felt that we should have some of these issues addressed. This by no means a full-fledged course or something, this is just a glimpse. The idea is to fold the specific things that Professor Vaidyan will discuss should be adopted and practiced but it should be a pointer to you to look at similar other issues and there are large numbers prescribed that everybody should read correct English writing and proofediting. This is the material, this is not a new book, the original one was written I think about 150 years ago and since then it has been updated and sadly in our engineering and science curriculum none of this is considered important because presumably in your school you have learned language. The kind of language people learn is unfortunately not adequate for proper written articulation. So it is absolutely essential that we practice this. Many of you have written documentation, technical documentation and user documentation. I mean forget the syntax part which this will help you but even the semantics and the way you put together your thoughts leaves a lot to be desired and one reason why this happens is that when we read good text or good manuals we do not try to write something on those lines to try and express ourselves better. Actually we spend very little quality time of our brain on the act of writing, act of writing text in whichever language and I think I would like you to take this opportunity to start off fresh. All of us whose native language is not English would necessarily make more mistakes than what would be expected ordinarily. My contention is that people who make such mistakes in English invariably also make greater mistakes when they write in their native mother tongue also. You try doing that, try write ten sentences in English, try write the same ten sentences in Hindi or Gujarati or Tamil or whatever is your mother tongue and I can bet that any day you will make same number of mistakes in your mother tongue. The problem is that you have not applied your mind with discipline to the act of writing and that is what I would like you to do. There is a certain discipline when you write even a paragraph, minimally you must read that paragraph yourself, check for errors and maximally you should get that paragraph read by a friend with criticality and get things corrected before you say this paragraph is fine. Now this habit is as important as the habit of testing your own programs, trying and testing. So that is the only thing I wanted to convey. Enjoy this session. Thank you Prakash once again and all the best. Welcome everybody. Dr. Fartak has already given you an introduction of what the problem is which we are trying to solve. The first problem is whether there is a problem in quality control, when you are a quality control engineer goes to an industrial plant and asks do you have quality problems, they say no we do not have quality problems, may be other industries have but our industry is perfect. So first problem is to recognize that we have a problem. There is a visual disorder called Diplopia that is sometimes you cannot focus and you see double images which even happens to ordinary people. So one part was having this problem but you are not aware of that. So his father told him that son you see double, son said how is it possible, if that were so then in the sky I would have seen 4 moons instead of 2, you have already seen 2 moons in the sky and he was thinking that it was normal that is the situation in which we are. That when we write or when we read there are many hidden errors which path buyers, we are not aware of them so we do not feel anything wrong. So these sessions have been organized to make us aware of these things where we will be seeing the basics of proofreading and what kind of marks are used for proofreading and what reference is to have. So we will have a handout which is already there with everybody which we will be studying in the first session then we will have a second session where we will have an exercise. So we will use these marks to do the exercise, it is an open book exam. You can refer to this sheet, you can use all these marks and try to do the exercise. Then we will review the exercise together in the class and then we will see how much we have caught up and where we may be lacking. This will be today's second session then we will also discuss when you go back how you can use this knowledge and what is the procedure to be adopted, how to do it in pairs or in a group etc that we will discuss later on. So that you can utilize this knowledge throughout your life, it is not only while you are in IIT or while you are working on a project, what knowledge you are gaining is so fundamental it will be useful throughout your life in whatever undertaking you do. So this proofediting is not really taught as a subject in any of the courses except journalism. Even in English courses also proofediting etc is not considered very important, may be grammar is but not proofediting. But in journalism it is considered important. So in a journalistic class whenever a student submits an assignment the instructor first does proofediting and gives it back saying that you correct all these so that there are no grammatical errors and then only I will see the content. He does not look at the content before doing, before checking the form and in doing an assignment and checking it more than half the time is spent on proofediting. Content checking actually takes much less time. So you can imagine if somebody really gives an assignment which does not require much proofediting then instructor's job is simplified. So even with students who are going to be professionals, even they make mistakes and they learn it the hard way. So since we are immature because our actual field of working is not journalism or writing. So we are excused even if we are doing mistakes just now. But we are not excused from not correcting them. So we will be learning how to detect mistakes and how to mark them and how to correct them. Typically those of you who have done some publishing work even at our end you will find that the manuscript or type script whatever keeps on going to and fro from the author to the final editor. And it goes on many times typically at least four times the script is handled till it becomes publishable. And in a large book this goes on up to ten times till the final book is ready for publication. So we should not be disheartened by repeated marking by others and having to correct them etc. It is part of the game. It always happens like this. But we should not start till the errors become undetectable or almost zero. So how long does it take to check a page? For reading a page maybe it takes a few minutes if you want to read an A4 page. For proof reading an A4 page it takes twenty minutes which is many times the time you require for ordinary reading. So it is no wonder that during ordinary reading we cannot find errors. So unless you look for them the errors will miss you. So it takes lot of effort and we should be prepared for that. Incidentally twenty minutes may be the time required to actually write a page. So we have to send as much time correcting a page. If we are spending twenty minutes for composing a page it is worth spending twenty minutes more for correcting the page. We have some samples which I will just mention to you. But we will show them later on so that we do not get distracted by these visuals etc. One is we have taken a download of the American Constitution. First page of American Constitution. So which later on you can see on the laptop. The first page has at least two errors. And before writing this final draft they must have done many previous drafts which must be having many more errors. Despite that they are having two errors but we they are corrected. In fact there are more than two errors if you go through you will find. But there is no error which is left uncorrected. It is a handwritten document so they could not have corrected it. It would have gone on and on forever. So even they have lived with this. The other examples which I have from Saturday's Times of India. That is the day before yesterday's two days before today's Times of India. So there are three kinds of errors in the same issue. So that also I will show you and when we describe these errors you will see that all the errors occur. If one type of error occurs you can be sure all types of errors will occur. So they go together all errors go together. And as Dr. Patak was mentioning that if you have syntax errors there are likely to be semantic errors. Because confusion in use of language means confusion in your thinking. So one way to clarify your thinking is to learn the low end use of language that is to master grammar. That is the first step for doing correct composition. Everybody concentrates on composition but grammar is more important to start with. So suppose there is a problem of this scale. Why solve it? Because we have been getting along without that. We do not notice the error. We understand everything that is said. Everybody else understands. So what is the point in being 100% accurate? Why spend so much energy? One reason is with globalization there are no local standards. Like what you are saying, Indian standards. The whole world follows these standards. The manual which you referred to this is the Chicago manual of style. So this is not published by a professional publisher. It is published by Chicago University Press. Because when Chicago University Press was publishing books they found that they should have a reference book for themselves. So they published it as a small book. Then it became so popular that everybody else including publishers requested them that you publish it as a regular book. So it was first published in 1906 the first edition which was only few hundred pages. By now it is probably 700 pages. This is the 16th edition which we have got. And this also contains references to electronic publishing. That is whatever is published in any medium. So anywhere in the world you go in English speaking countries. They will be following the Chicago manual of style. And in this all the clauses are listed like legal clauses that 2.1.6 etc. You can refer to the clause number and anybody can find it in his manual. So there are no disputes about use of luggage. So one reason is if you want to globalize and if you want to attain our position in the world. Then we have to reach world standard whether we like it or not. So we have to catch up. If English is not our mother tongue or we are not properly taught it. That is no excuse. We have to catch up. And now the kind of work which we are doing like this distance education program or MHRD project. Whatever we are publishing will be widely disseminated. Not only in India but all over the world. So there will be 100,000 people having a look at this document. So it is far more important that whatever goes out of here is well formatted. That nobody should be able to point out. If you observe any foreign books you will never find an errata. And you will never find an error in any official publishing. You might have read report that standard of language is going down everywhere which is true. Even in their schools and colleges standard of language is going down. Even students over there cannot write properly. But there is a small elite which does the publishing. Which publishes academic papers, which writes books. Which has kept the standard high. So that English is called as edited English compared to just written English or typed English. This is called edited English. And edited English always follows rules like the Chicago maniacs of style. You might have all read articles in Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a purely voluntary organization. Even if they make mistakes you cannot catch them because you are not paying for it. But you will find that even Wikipedia articles are very well written. Because they have a team of proofreaders at the background. Which is always doing proofreading. For this even if they are not after themselves. And you will find that those articles are as good as any commercial publication. Because they have kept that standard even though it is a voluntary effort. Now what is the percentage of errors or how many errors are there? Really means are we arguing about some small thing? Or there are significant number of errors. You will find that there are instructions to authors in all the publications. It says the manuscript or type script should be typed on one side of the sheet. And it should be double spaced. Have you read this anywhere? This is the first line in any instruction to author. So why double spaced? Why leave a blank line between each line while submitting the type script? Anybody say? Yes. If there are errors they should be marked in that spot itself on top of the line. But if there are going to be few errors say one or two errors per line. You can always mark them in the margin. Why leave a whole line for that? That means there can be as many errors as the line potentially. You will leave so much space that whatever be the number of errors even if you have to rewrite the whole line. There should be enough space for that. So that indicate that when you start with a manuscript or type script. There are lot of errors. It assumes that there are going to be lot of errors. So you leave one line blank in between. So this is incidentally the first thing we should follow when anybody submits a type script for checking. It should always be double spaced. It should not be just an ordinary print out for checking. The first manuscript must be double spaced. Typically if you take an A4 size page which has 30 lines and 300 words. Each line will have average one error as typed. So page will have roughly 30 errors. Some lines will have 2 or 3 errors. There may be 4 or 5 lines continuously which have no error. But average there will be one error per line. So this does not really sound very much. But a typical book may be about 300 pages long. So how much is 300 into 30? 9000. The whole book will contain 9000 errors. And someday somebody is going to find out some error. If there are 9000 errors lying around and there are going to be 1000s of readers. Someday somebody is going to find out and feel bad about it. So in first pass when this is submitted. The errors get reduced. And they will get reduced to roughly between 3 and 1 error per page. Because these are 30 errors per page. From that you can divide by a factor of 10 or factor of 30. So you will, if you turn the pages after first check and reprinting. Then you will find 1 to 3 red marks on each page. Still in a 300 page book it means 300 to 900 errors. So these errors have to be corrected. Then it will be 1 error in 10 pages. Finally it will be ideally 0 errors in 300 pages. But so few errors that most readers will not detect it. At that stage this is tough. Nobody will ever know whether we have 0 errors. When it becomes few then they are just noted down. And during next edition those errors are corrected. Normally if there are few errors in a book then error is not attached. Because that is more distracting. Because then people think that you might, there may be other errors which you have not found. If you have, these are the errors you have listed. So error is not attached. And you will find that no foreign book has error. May be over the last 50 years. Indian books also do not have error at all. But they do not check for errors. Now you go back and read Indian books. After you have learned this and you will find out how many errors are there. And nobody even bothers to attach an error. So there are lot of errors. Even in a 2 or 4 page document like the kind of handouts we give. There will still be so many errors. There will be 50 to 100 errors in that document. And we have to correct them. Now question is suppose there are 9000 errors which have been marked on the proof. Why do not we correct them and print out and the final version becomes ready? Why do you have to do it repeatedly? Practically you will find that you have to do it repeatedly. So what happens that you cannot really remove even if you have seen all the errors. They do not get removed in one pass. The reasons are twofold. One is detecting errors is itself a process. And any process is prone to errors. That means error detection is also prone to errors. You can never hope to detect all the errors. Especially if there are large number of them then they obscure your mind so much that some errors pass unnoticed in the first pass. That is after the first pass you have to correct all the errors and print out again without any markings. Then when somebody reads preferably somebody else reads that person will find some errors. That is the residue which I said that there will be 1 to 3 errors per page still. But they would not have been found out in first pass because they have been obscured by 30 more errors. Similarly when the errors come to 1 in 10 pages etc. Then somebody has to read really carefully looking for errors and they will still find errors. That is why this has to be done in multiple passes. Whatever amount of effort you spend in first stage you can never hope to do it in one stage. It has to be done repeatedly. And since if the same person is doing it again and again then he will be making the same kinds of error detection errors. So he will miss the same errors. So ideal is that each proof should be read by different person. One reason why we have collected a group and are addressing it is that we have to make groups in each department where this manuscript will go around. Somebody will do the first correction, correct them, print out. And over to somebody else who has not read it. That person will be able to find the few remaining errors. Finally for final polishing it should go to somebody who does not know anything about this document. For whom this is a private document. And if that person says everything is okay then you can send it for polishing. But same person checking and doing it again and again you cannot find all the errors. So you need collaboration and you need group activity for this. That is all the markings which we are learning. They cannot be individual markings which only you understand. They have to be such that they are understood by everybody else and they are understood by everybody in the world. Because what these markings are, they are independent of language. Even if you are doing Marathi or any other language. Same markings hold, they are more like graphical markings. So that is what we have to learn these markings. So the process of publishing. Goat like this that the author has some idea. And he puts it down on paper. He might do some doodling etc. Or he might make small patches, do cut and paste. But finally he will submit a manuscript. Which is not patchy. The manuscript submitted should not have say some staple chip or something pasted to that etc. Something written in margin. This is not allowed. And nothing should be written on the back. So if it is like this then you should re-write it or re-type it. So that it is well formatted. So the author is supposed to check it first himself. And nowadays since author is himself the typist. Then that person should correct it at that stage itself and submit a manuscript as free as possible from errors. Whatever the author can make out. That is the first step in this. Many times authors assume that the proofreader will take care of everything. And they do a shabby job and submit. Then the errors keep on remaining. So after this, this is called the manuscript or MS. Capital MS is called manuscript. Now manuscript is really written by hand. Nowadays it is not written by hand. We can call it type script or print script. But technically it is called a manuscript. In proofreader's term this is called copy. What is submitted by the author is called a copy. This is a technical word. It has nothing to do with derogging etc. So the person who checks the manuscript submitted by the author is called a copy editor. He is not the final proofreader. So copy editor has a higher job to do. Because he has not only to check for author's grammatical errors but he has to check for content. Whether author has given references correctly whether there is consistency in the manuscript whether some things need to be checked some references need to be checked or this is seen by the copy editor. That is a copy editing is considered a separate occupation. After a copy editor makes his comments on the manuscript or type script. It goes back to the author and he will authorize the changes because if there are content changes then the author has to be kept away. You cannot change anything without the author's consent. Even an editor will not change anything unless the author contains. That is author's privilege. So the author will say that whatever changes you have submitted to me I accept. Then the final manuscript corrected manuscript will be ready. So author is supposed to keep one copy of this corrected manuscript with him. Later on if there is a dispute that he had agreed to this or not agreed to this he has a copy for reference and he submits one copy of that back to the publishing department. Then it is type set. The first copy we have no clue how the final book or publication will look. It is just in running script. Now when it is type set it is type set near the final form. Nowadays the word processing software allows you to do everything by yourself. You choose the final page size, font size whether one column or two column right justify, left justify and try to set it as close as possible to the final format. Because if you assume that just now you will not write justify you will do it later after correcting. You will find that after you justify something happens. Like appends appear because of word break or original appends vanish because the word comes in one line but the append remains because the software does not know that the word has entered a new line. Even in newspaper you will find that there are appends where there or word breaks where they are not required because originally somebody submitted at that time the line was ending there. When it was set to newspaper columns it came in one line but the append remain. So you should make it as close as possible to the final format. After that formatting changes will not occur. Then this is called the proof now and this is checked by the proof reader. Now author is not involved. So this is checked by the proof reader or by multiple of proof readers till you make a final version and send it back to the author. Finally author has to have a look because something might have happened in between while correcting and the author has to okay it finally. This is the procedure outlined in this also and in their case how much time proof reading will take. The editing department has to give an estimate when they are given a manuscript that it will take so many man hours and so many days till your final proof will be available for publishing because they are publishing dates and they have a reverse count from there that if you want to publish on this date then at what time you should have this available. The author again keeps one copy of this and submits one copy to the publisher. Author has to authorize that all errors have been corrected even though he is not doing it himself. After that if errors are formed and publisher incurs some cost for reprinting that is subtracted from author's remuneration. It is not a free for all. The author is responsible for publishing also. That is the international method. So previously how they used to do this before say printing because printing is only few hundred years old. So previously in our language like Sanskrit it was called Pandulipi. The draft is called in Marathi it is called Pandulipi. What Pandulipi means? Pandu means white. You must have heard of King Pandu who was white. So Pandulipi means white writing because normally writing on paper is black on white. So what is white writing? That is writing on a blackboard or writing on a stone or floor. There you cannot use a dark chalk. You have to use a white chalk. So that is called Pandulipi. So what they used to do is whenever a poet or whoever had thought of something he would not put it to paper because paper was very expensive. So he would first write it out on either a board or a slab or a slate if you have used slates. A black stone which school children used used to write on a slate. Then you would check whether what he has written is correct. Then you would transfer it to paper. That was the method used in the past. So at every stage the technologies have been different but people have faced the same problems and they have solved it. Now despite this suppose you make a mistake in writing. Now what do you do? Because the ink used in those days right up to 50 years ago was a pigment based ink. It was more like a paint. Once you write with that it is difficult to remove it. The inks that you are using today they are all holy colors. Means they are water soluble inks. If you put the paper in water all the ink will vanish. But in those days it was very difficult because it was designed to last for centuries. So they used to put a yellow pigment like you put white ink nowadays. You have white correcting fluid because our papers are white. In those days the papers were not white. Papers used to be yellowish like this color. So they used to use a yellow pigment called harta which is arsenic sulphide because it doesn't degrade. Otherwise if you use turmeric or something that will degrade. They used to put that on the wrong portion and overwrite on that. So in Marathi there is a figure of speech called harta fasten. Means if you cover something of something which is legible if you cover it up it is called harta fasten. That comes from here that comes from manuscript editing. So after it dried they could write on that with the ink. We will go to the sheet which you have and see the sign which are used for proof editing. These are called proof readers mark. At present when we don't know about these marks we generally do it intuitively. So that the other person somehow understands what we mean, what correction is required. But once you use these marks it becomes unambiguous and anybody will not make mistake on those marks. So this page is incidentally from Chicago manual of style. I have purposefully used this format. There are many other versions available because this book will be available in our book collection. This will be always available for reference. That's why we have used this format. So you can see that there are three types of marks. One are called operational signs that is left and most column. Then right column top is top over graphical signs and bottom is punctuation marks. So operational signs are mostly related to the format of how the page will look. So if you are reading the page then you will not come to know what operational signs will be. They will not affect you. But if you look at the page and if you want to correct it or especially required for languages like English which are capital and small they also have italics bold underline. So those features which are referring to typography are indicated here. This also does not come in spoken language because while speaking you don't speak in capitals or don't speak in underlines. So only in written matter that this comes and the remaining last is punctuation marks. So today we will be studying 3 fourth of this. We will just go through these marks but we won't be using them today. In our exercise we or we can use them but we don't really know how to use commas today. So we will go one by one. The first is called delete. This sign is a Greek delta like we write del in calculus etc. So it is purposefully written as delta because if you write D then somebody will put D over there while typesetting English while nobody will put delta over there because they are not typesetting Greek. So this Greek delta is used then this vertical brackets is close up or delete space sometimes there is extra space necessary space. Then this sign above and below the line tells you that you close up this space. Below that is combination of the above two that is delete and close up. That is if the word has an extra letter inside and if you just say delete then there will be a gap over there. If you just delete that the gap will not close automatically. So this says that when you delete the letter close the gap and join the word together. So this only happens when it is inside. And if a whole word is deleted then a whole sentence or paragraph is deleted. You just run one line through in center of the line. You do not have to write delete. Whatever is crossed out is deleted. Then suppose you have made some correction and you realize that you should not have made this correction. Now what do you do? You undo. This is called state. That is whatever correction you have made you ask it to be ignored because you cannot remove the correction. So state means let it stay. In Latin it means let it stay. Let it stand. State means let it stand. Then this has sign means insert space. Suppose words have become very close together then you put a vertical line there and put hash that you put space here. Next space between words is not applicable nowadays because the software does it. This is from typographical old type setting dates. Next are also not applicable. Insert here space, letter space is only for type setting. This invert P with a double sign. This means begin new paragraph. This is a paragraph sign. If there is a running matter and you ask a new paragraph to be made at some point then there you put a vertical line and put this sign that you make a new paragraph here. The remaining move right move left. These are also obvious because the text might be half hazard and if you want it to be aligned move right move left and center. Center means sometimes title etcetera goes to one side and you want it to be centered. Then you give this sign this means you center that title. Similarly move up move down are also related to that. Then flush left flush right because if indentation this flush left flush right has not been done typically in modern documents only flush left is used and right is kept free. Depending on your application that looks awkward. Sometimes you have to justify from both both sides. So whichever side you want to justify you can say flush left and flush right. Threatened type and aligned vertical is not relevant any longer. Transport transport means you interchange. Typically two adjacent letters will get interchanged while typing. Same happens in type setting. So then you write transport there you mark that and in fact there is a sign like this which we will see later. Which says that you interchange these two. This happens with two words also sometimes grammatically you want the word order to be changed. Then you just put this sign and say transport. So you interchange the words. Spell means spell out. Because everybody is fond of using short forms. But in professional publishing short forms are not to be used. If you use a valid short form then you have to declare and if it is unfamiliar the first time it occurs in your document you have to declare it that this means so and so. You have to give the full form right at the beginning. Otherwise the reader is confused that what this means. And informal short forms are not allowed. You have to spell out everything. You have to spell out numbers sometimes. So this sp means spell out. That you spell out in full. Tap over optical signs is set in italic type. Italic means inclined type what we call. And roman is what we normally use that is straight type. So sometimes you want to convert roman into italic. Sometimes you want to convert italic into roman. Italic is normally used to emphasize the word that the word has a different meaning. Or the reader should concentrate on that. Normally underline and bold though they are available in word processing is not used in professional publishing. In fact in fiction writing even italic is not used. You won't find italic used in any fiction. Which word has emphasis is from the context that is author skill. If you have to use external devices to show the reader what is important that means the author has failed. So bold first type set in lower case in capitals and set in small capitals. These are all referring to roman script. Wrong font set in correct type. Sometimes in between the font gets changed due to some wrong keystrokes or something. And then it persists. Then the author has to be alerted that the font has changed. And you go back to the correct font. These two signs are very important. This V and inverse V. This V means just insert what we call correct mark for insertion anywhere. And it also means make a super script that if you want to put quotation marks or if you want to put apostrophe and if you just put the apostrophe sign there it could be on top of the line or bottom of the line. If you put inside this V that means it is super script or it is top of the line. Similarly this is under script which is used for commands. It is also used for suffixes in mathematical writing etc. If you want to come as a suffix then you put this and put the letter there that they should come as a suffix. Punctuation mark says what we will be using maximum. So inside is the inverse V. Two Vs with one quotation mark going up another coming down is single quotation mark. They should always come in pairs like brackets. Sometimes people start with a quote mark and then forget to close it like forgetting to close the bracket. They will always come in pairs. It has been showed in pairs. Inside double quotation mark. Inside Now period is always at the bottom. So you do not have to specify it is at the bottom. But if you just put a dot there it will get lost because nobody will make out. You put a dot and circle it. Then it will not get lost. So inside period is this. Inside semicolon is clear. Inside column is other of these two because column is both top and bottom. So either you put these pair of V or just put line and column. Half n m dash n dash are a bit advanced this thing because normally we use half n for everything. When there are dashes. But sometimes you want to separate some part of the sentence for emphasis. Which can be done with a comma normally. But you can put a long dash called m dash. So at it highlights that portion and then again close with m dash. Because this m dash is again like a comma. So that is why this m dash means what m dash and n dash. Because the letter m is wider than letter n. Because it has two arches. So m dash is longer than n dash. Which is shorter. And which is longer than half n. There are many types of dashes available. They have to be judiciously used. So this is this sheet you have. This you can put up on the board in front of your computer or something. This will be always useful for reference. Till you get it by heart. And then you will know it intuitively. So we have an exercise. One page exercise. This will be distributing to everybody. On the left the line numbers are marked. So that we know line by line is being done. So when you get this you write your name on top. Because this will be your exercise. Because finally we want to do statistical analysis of how many errors are detected. You can use a pencil or pen water you have. Finally when doing actual proof editing you should use a red pen. Refrably red gel pen or ink pen. Not a ball pen. So ball pen does not write small strokes etc. It becomes dry. It means for continuous writing. So for giving commas or such things ball pen may not write properly. But if you use a pen with fluid ink like gel ink then it will write properly. You should use a red pen. So that red markings in contrast to the printing which is normally black. Even in modern word processing software which provides the facility of editing online. They call this redlining. You might have seen that in Microsoft Word if the software detects that the word you have spelt is not in its vocabulary. Then it will put a wavy redline below that. This whole exercise is called redlining. The modern software allows you to add matter to that. And it will distinguish that. It also allows you to remove matter from that. But it does not use any of these marks. Traditionally people still take a print out and do it on paper. Unless you are doing it at a distance like concurrent editing or concurrent authorship you cannot see the papers. If you are seeing face to face it is better to use paper print out. It is easier to read on paper. It takes less time than reading on a video monitor. Has everybody got the seat? So now you start from top. And first you just make a vague mark of where you feel without bothering about which symbol to use. You make a small mark there with a pencil or something. After you have gone through then you go over the detected errors one by one and try to use the corresponding symbol. At present using the correct symbol is not very important. Detecting the error is more important. Symbols you will learn in the long run. So first you just go through the manuscript and mark the errors. Has everybody finished? Or more or less? You might still have doubts but we will solve all the doubts when we show the solution on the screen. Anybody who has not finished can give some more time. Everybody has finished? Now you put your name on top and what you do is you mark all the errors that you have detected write them at the bottom and circle that number. If you have marked them also in the margins then you have to sum the left margin sum the right margin and sum both of them. Otherwise you have to go line by line and count. Everybody has finished counting and written the score at the bottom. Anybody who has not everybody has finished. Now what we will do is we will take a quick survey since you know how many errors you have got. So now we will show the solution on this. You do not compare immediately with what you have done. You just concentrate on the solution. The first line is the heading. So it should be centered. It has gone to one side. So the comment says centered. It also shows these both signs that you shift horizontally and there is one more error authors as proofreaders. As A has to be small. In a title normally all words have first capital but if the words are non-functional words like preposition, conjunctions etc. Then if it is more than four letters long it is first small letter like Times of India of O is not capital. If it is more than four letters like again after or something then it has to be first capital. This as is only two letters so that A is small. They are in sequence by context you identify. Lower capital you have crossed the A and L C means lower capital can only apply to that. Centering is applying to the whole line. Then next this line has started towards right. It says flush left. The first sign says flush left. I do not care what kind of type you use for my book. This book has come out of the line. So it says push it to the right to align it with this. Said a myopic author to the publisher. Now here see the first line was a quotation. So it was into quotation marks. I do not care what kind of type you use for my book. The quotation is complete. Said a myopic author you have come out of the quotation. Comma. Then before but you should have quotation marks starting. Because now again quotation has started. Because that myopic author has been talking. But please print the galley proofs in large type. So after this will stop. The quotation mark has to complete. The quotation mark has come as perhaps in the future such a request will not sound so ridiculous. This ridiculous has to be shifted towards right and aligned. Or you have to re-adjust so that there is no gap there. So will not sound so ridiculous to those familiar it should be familiar spelling is wrong. So there is a carrot mark and it says I on the left hand side. That is put I over there in familiar with the printing process. Will stop. Today now next sentence has started so T has to be capital. So it says cap for T. Today however type 1 set is not reset except e x e p c t this should be e x c e p t. So e p and c have to be interchange. That is the interchange sign. All the letters are there but they are in wrong order. So this e p has to go next and c has to come forward. And it the margin it says here that is transpose. That is a reminder that in this line something is to be transpose. That is interchange. Except to correct errors. Now this after this there is a 1. What is this 1? This 1 refers to a footnote because there is a footnote here which says 1. So footnote you cannot write 1 in the same line. You have to put this 1 as a superscript. V and 1 says that this 1 is superscript referring to the note. This thought is completed here. So new para should start. So below proofreading there is an L and this says para. You start a new para here. So there is a new thought. So proofreading is an art. Here this art has to be and craft was scratched out. The proofreader wanted to say only an art. But then he thought that and craft is important here. So he has again put dot dot here and said state. Let it remain. Though he has cancelled it initially. Let it remain. So art and craft. All authors should know rudiment thereof. Here I think this marking is also wrong. A should be crossed out. I should remain. A is crossed out there. In my copy it is. So rudiment thereof. So now once A is crossed the word will break. We have to close it back. So the symbol here shows delete and close up. In the right hand margin it shows delete and close up. Rudiment thereof though no proofreader expects them to be masters of it. Now watch proof. Now what has happened is some fraction of line has got repeated. And that is crossed out. Because if you read like this it would not make sense. The sentence will break. There will be some repetition. So that proof you eliminate this whole line. You have crossed this whole line and given one deal for this. It is understood that you will close up and eliminate a line. It is not separately shown. So proofreader you jump here. Expect them to be masters of it. Watch not only for misspelled or incorrect works. Now these works Microsoft word will give you correct. Because it is a valid word. But here it should be word. In misspelled or incorrect words. So K is crossed and it says D. You substitute it by D. Often a most elusive error. Elusive is not correct. It is elusive. That which eludes you or escapes your attention. So that I double L is crossed. And it says EL. You substitute it by EL. Now you see after incorrect works the bracket starts. Often the most elusive error that bracket has to complete. Because brackets have to come in pairs. So here it says that you put right bracket in left hand column. Left of error it says you put right bracket. But also for missplaced spaces. Now this E D should be together. Because D is part of missplaced. So it says close up these. Bring D closer to E. And do not bring spaces also here. When you close the space that spaces will also come here. So there you put a space. So in the right hand side it shows space. Second correction is space. First correction is close up the cap. Second correction is space. Third correction is unclosed. Quotation marks. Now D and E have become interchange. So it says transport. So you make it yellow A C D. Unclosed quotation marks. And parenthesis. And improper which should be improper. So again transport. Improper paragraph. Semicolon. And learn to recognize the difference between an M dash. What is shown here is M dash. This is a long dash. Separate and intersectional part of a sentence. This part is complete. So another M dash. It is just below that. And an N dash. Use commonly between continuing numbers. Now it should be commonly used. Not used commonly. So these both words should be transferred. Commonly should come first. And use should come next. So it shows this symbol and over between continuing numbers. Now here at the end of this line there is a bracket complete. But the bracket has not started. So it says start the bracket here. The after numbers start the bracket. E G. P P means pages 5 to 10. When you want to show pages 5 to 10 you should use N dash. Not M dash. Not a long dash. This and D. Should actually be A D. That is anodominy. That is what we call Yiswishan 1165 270. So this A should be small capital. D should be small capital. A D is put in small capital. So 1165 to 70 bracket complete. And the word dividing happen. Between word and dividing there should be a happen. So these two lines show that there should be a happen there. Two lines on left. So that between word and dividing there should be a happen. Whatever is underlined. This underlined is italic here. It says you put in roman. It means do not put italics. In a MS. Do not you think this should be in an MS? Yeah. So when it is spelt out it does not start with a roman. That is why it is A. A manuscript. MS is actually understood as manuscript. So it is A MS. Not A. An MS. Should comma. Of course be italicized in print. Now italicized is underlined and says italic. It is drawn beneath letters or words. Indicates that these are to be reset in small capitals. So below small you have put two lines. Which means you put these in small capitals. In the margin it says SC that is small capitals. After this there should be semicolon. Because a new thought is starting. It is not just continuous. So semicolon. Three lines indicate full capitals. Here the example itself should be in that font. So below full there are three lines and it says capital. That is full capitals. Here the sentence has ended so there should be a full stop which is circled. It is circled on the left. Now another para should start. It has put a symbol here on the right hand side. There is para marking. This next para should start. To find the errors overlooked by the proofreader is the author's first problem in proofreading. So in proofreading should be one word. According to me after author there should be an apostrophe. Either after r or after s. If it is multiple authors. The second the r is extra. So it is a delete and close up. Second problem problem is delete. Why? Because once you say first problem and when you say second it is understood that it is problem. It is like you do not have to repeat the noun. When you say first problem and when you say second that means second problem is understood. Actually it is the grammatical style is not true because why you pronounce for example why do not you keep using the same noun because pronouns stand for the noun. So in a sentence if a noun is once defined then whatever is referred to as a noun refers to that noun till a comma or something comes. It is referring you are talking about that noun. You can write the second problem it is grammatically correct. But it will be like a schoolboy. Is to make corrections using corrections by using is more explanatory. Though corrections using will also make sense. Write by over there by using the marks and symbols devised this z should be substituted by s. Device spelling is s e d. By professional this spelling is wrong because it is f e double s i o n a l not double f e. So one f it has said delete and close and after s you put another s for double s i o n a l. Professional proofreaders than any trend type setter. This should be that any trend type type setter will understand. So n should be substituted by t. The third this is now m dash and most difficult this m dash has to be closed. So another m dash here this says m and dash below. So because it wants to emphasize and most difficult it is put between two m dashes. So and most difficult m dash problem for authors proofreading their own works is to resist the temptation to rewrite input. Now this is a bit technical that manuscript editor should be caps and small caps. The e should be capital and a n u s c r i p t should be in small capital. Now this is too technical that is all. So now what is the total of this? You count left hand column and count right hand column. That is why it is marked in columns. So the actual errors in this are 50. We had about 25 minutes. We took about 25 minutes for the exercise. And it is asymptotic even if you take any amount of time you would not have found more error than this. And our average score was 20. Because 16 to 25 were maximum. So you can see that so many errors if you read this paragraph without knowing that it is supposed to have errors they get irritated that thinking that there are some errors may be but you would not think that there are 50 errors in this paragraph. This is what happens and effect of badly proofread matter is that people understand the meaning but they get irritated especially if it is a long book or something it is irritating. On the other hand if it is well proofread then you breeze through because the brain does not know more reason why good proofreading should be done that readers find it convenient. Incidentally this exercise is from this book it is given in this book only we separated out in that it is printed along with this. So we made a copy without the marking and you observe this this point is different from what is shown there have you observed this what you are carrying is a different point which point is this this is serif point and this is sans serif point does it look different from that so this is hand written there was no way to separate these two layers so it is hand written by me that is why it looks sans serif ok so our exercise is over we have got a taste of how proofreading is to be done finding less error because everybody is at but finding 20 errors is also not bad so many people cannot find 20 errors also so you will improve with this and you will reach a high level from here now these exercises we would like to collect because we will do statistical analysis of this and if you have any questions I am here to answer so when I told that typically it takes 20 minutes so this is an artificial page but even a normal page and tomorrow we will start at 10 o'clock we will be studying commas that is why in today's exercise if you have missed out commas or something it is understood because we have not studied it formally so maybe 5 or 7 errors will be those of commas so first session again we will study the background of commas what is the meaning of commas why they are used and when they are not to be used then we have tabulated all the uses and we will be giving a handout of those like we have this proofreader's mark that you have a ready reference for commas after that you will be fully prepared because you will know these marks as well as commas then in second session we will do some exercises those exercises will not be as complicated as this because this is an artificial exercise but there will be more about commas and I am planning to give you some live material which is being written just now which has come to me power proof taking we will take that itself as an example because it is not artificial it is how people are composing just now we will see how many errors we can find those we can do few pages of them it will not be complicated ok so thanks everybody I hope you you are able to use this knowledge and if you do it in a group or in pairs proof checking is fun once you do it you will experience that proof checking is fun and after you have cleared the manuscript of all the errors and you take a print out and compare with the original then you will really feel like a fresh income when you read a corrected manuscript it looks so different that you will enjoy yourself ok then thank you and good bye