 Hello, welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Alhabad and it is my email id. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode as usual, beneficial for both Hindi as well as English medium students and do subscribe my channel to get my future videos too. And this video will be very useful for various teaching examinations. So what I am going to discuss today is a new concept of J.A.P.R.J. Decalage. Why it is new? Because it is unexplored so far. Decalage. We have read J.A.P.R.J. many times. We have never heard of decalage. Once I was ticketing an objective type question, it was asked how the concept of horizontal decalage is connected to J.A.P.R.J. So I did not feel any hint that J.A.P.R.J. may be concerned with decalage because we have read J.A.P.R.J. many times and we do not get it anywhere to read. We do not get it in a book, in any article, we do not get it in a teacher class. Then why is it that this concept was there and it is gone so I thought I should talk to you about it. What is decalage? We all know that J.A.P.R.J. was a French psychologist and that is why it is a French term. It means interval and shift. Where did it come from? Where did it go? Why is it important? Because we do not know anything about it. So decalage is a French word meaning interval and shift. It is a French word which means there is no difference or any kind of shift. A term introduced by the Swiss psychologist J.A.P.R.J. was the term introduced by J.A.P.R.J. For this, for the non-simultaneous attainment of different but closely related operational abilities. Let's talk about the operations. Concrete operational, formal operational. If you have left your mind, let's talk about the 4 stages. This cognitive development is through the 4 stages. Pre-operational, sensory motor, pre-operational, complete operational and formal operational. They are saying that this is a term for non-simultaneous attainment. It means there is a difference but non-simultaneous. It means there is an interval. Different but closely related operational abilities. There are some different operational abilities but they are very different from each other. They are saying that this is a term for the non-simultaneous attainment of different individuals. It means there are some closely related operational abilities. Then in Piagetian theory, the invariant order in which accomplishments occur within a particular stage of development. They say that every time they talk about every stage, then they say that the individual accomplishes something. It means he achieves something. The task of the development stage is the invariant order. There are three types of decalage. Horizontal, vertical and oblique. Horizontal is often asked. Let's find out what this is. Horizontal decalage. It is a non-simultaneous attainment. Decalage is an overall non-simultaneous attainment. But when it comes to horizontal decalage, what does horizontal mean? When it comes to vertical decalage, it means that when it comes to horizontal decalage, it is at the same level. The developmental stage is the same. It is a non-simultaneous attainment of different aspects of a cognitive operation during the same developmental stage. What is this? When and when has it come? We have done a non-simultaneous attainment of cognitive operation. We have done a non-simultaneous attainment of different aspects of a cognitive operation during the same developmental stage. Then it refers to the observation that once a child has the ability to perform a certain task or function. When a child has the ability to perform a certain task or function, they don't know how to immediately apply the concept to other functions or tasks that share the same conceptual ideation. This is its crux. It is said that a child has the ability to perform a certain task. But it cannot immediately know how to immediately apply it in similar situations in which the same conceptual ideation is being followed. This is the difference, this is the lag. They have declared the difference and when this is being discussed on the same developmental stage, it becomes horizontal. When this is discussed on a different developmental stage, it becomes vertical. It signifies inconsistent performance. How is the attainment non-simultaneous? These problems require the same cognitive processes. We have learnt to do these problems. It is a lag in time on being able to understand different tasks that require the same cognitive framework. This is a difference in time. We have learnt to do one task but we are not able to understand how to apply it in other similar tasks. It occurs during the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. This can also be a question of when this happens. This concept is most often observed using conservation tasks which we master during this stage. When we study concrete operations, we learn that logical thinking is developed in the child. When we study logical thinking, we learn that conservation is learned. We know that we have taken clay ball or chalk ball. It becomes the same ball where we start making it. This concept is most often observed using conservation tasks which we master during this stage. Understanding of quantity is always achieved before understanding conservation of weight. This is the difference in understanding conservation of volume. First, we learn that weight is equal and finally, we learn that volume is also equal. We can say that the difference in quantity and the difference in volume is the horizontal declation. Children typically develop conservation of mass at age 6 to 7. They say that the age span is 6 to 11. They say that when we learn conservation of mass in 6 to 7, the child develops it. The conservation of weight is learned in 9 to 10. But the conservation of water is 11 to 11 years old. This is a demarcation. It is a little overlapping but it means that the concept of conservation of mass is developed and then the conservation of weight and water. The same lagging, the same difference, the same interval, the same shift is horizontal declation. The same developmental stage is called horizontal declation. So, horizontal declation means that although a child has attained the given concept of conservation at age 6, it means that if the child has attained this yoga then the concept of conservation of conservation and protection has come to him at age 6. But they cannot translate this concept into similar conservation tasks until they are older. It means that it takes 9 to 10 years to reach them when they can understand the conservation of weight or water conservation. It means that we have taken the water in a large glass, in a thin glass, and the volume is the same. This was the main concern. Vertical oblique is easy. Vertical declage refers to changes that occur since the child progresses from one developmental stage. It cannot be that as soon as the sensory motor goes into the pre-operational stage, everything ends up in pre-operational. Pre-operational concrete is not like that. What do we do? We get this interval. We get this interval shift vertically. When we get a span of developmental stages, it becomes vertical. When we get the same developmental stage and especially in conservation tasks, it becomes horizontal. And what is oblique declage? Oblique declage refers to refinements of abilities at one developmental stage that prepare the way for attainment at a later stage. So we ask oblique less. We ask horizontal vertical. When we ask horizontal, I was so surprised that I could not click anywhere. I could not connect. So I thought that I should share with you. Now you should know so that you can click on the right answer and see how many things are there that we still don't know. I feel that we have known a particular psychologist. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel. Join the telegram group to get learning materials. Ask your career and provide your feedback there. Done from my side.