 The speaker of today is James Zulfan. He was an MSc student who finished in 2017. And he actually did his master thesis together with me. And he's working, and he was also already working as a researcher for the Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing, if I understand, of Indonesia, Jakarta. And he has been working on, let's say, a modular wear that has probably no different aspects. And for this he won two prizes. One is the prize called the Folding Walls Lab, that is a German prize for innovation in technology. And he won the prize for Indonesia. And then recently went to Berlin to present his, let's say, modular structure. And then he also won another prize, which is the Eurasian Prize for 2019, that allowed him to travel around Europe and to visit the Barclays. So now we have James Zulfan showing his modular wear. And they say what he made him win this prize. OK, James. This is Tim. OK, good. Afternoon, everyone. Yeah, I really introduce my name is James Zulfan. And today I will be sharing my research together with our colleagues in Indonesia to developing modular construction in hydraulic structure. So yeah, this is just the outline of my presentation today. Just work with backgrounds, Indonesians, current states, and then the problem that we are facing and the modular wear, finally. Yeah, this is just to remind me that in 2017, I joined IEC in SR, Hydroengineering and Rehabilitation Development in 2015. And graduated in 2017. And then I returned back to my institute in Indonesia to the Ministry of Public Works and Housing and work as a researcher in water resource divisions. Yeah, so the reason why I came here this time is because I follow the Falling Walls Foundation conference. Lately, it was last week in Berlin because I somehow already mentioned that it was like a competition or innovation competition for young people that they are scouting from more than 70 countries around the world and then the winner will get to Berlin and then completing them again. So yeah, I'm also encouraging to you to follow this one because it held every year. And maybe in the Netherlands, I think it's in Groningen. So maybe you can check where's the nearest place to get into. It's very nice. And yeah, I just want to show you where is Indonesia. Maybe some of you don't know where it is. So Indonesia is present here, location. So it's quite far to go to the zero, actually. And we are categorized as magazine countries. And yeah, so this is just to show you that our potential in water resource in Indonesia, that these pictures show the potential of surface water in the whole Indonesia that we already met, meting all around. And you can see that the green is indicated that it has a surplus water resource between ratio with the number of the people who live. And then you can see the red one is the one who have a deficit ratio. So you can see that the red one, this one, because this is the most crowded island in Indonesia because the capital is presently here in Jakarta that now also in the coming years, we are planning to move the capital into Borneo. So as you can see, it's still very light green. The pace is still surplus based on this research. And then, yeah, in Indonesia, of Papikore and Ossim, we are dealing with the infrastructures development. In my division, it's in water resource. So in the period of 2015 to 2019, we aim high. So this is the target of our divisions that in Indonesia, for example, we want to build 65 dams in five years. But it was a total. So inside, there are already the continuous project already going on. But then we're also trying to stuff in a new one. But in the end, in 2017, this year, by the end of this year, we only achieved 55 that are already signed up by the president. And the rest also, this is the target. But most of them, we only maybe achieve 80% to 85% of the target. And this is also one of the challenges in water resource structures in Indonesia. We have lots of different structures, maybe due to high degrees. And the type of the structural structure, which is not really adaptable to the rivers. And also we have illegal sand mining everywhere. Which is, we'll make the refer more for the worst effect, especially if you have high degree structures in the upstream of the location of the sand mining. And just to show you that our recent research is showing that the condition of the infrastructure, especially is Wales in Indonesia. So if we can just generalize that 54% is in good condition, meaning still function well. And also we have 30% which are have life damage, maybe some cracks, but still doesn't interrupt the functions. And also we still have about 17% that we call it mating damage, because maybe for this case, then the upstream of the dikes is damaged. But then your intake in the other part of the structure is still working. And also we have the one that are heavily damaged, that are completely in the structure, is maybe fast away and destroyed. So this kind of condition give us just inside that we are still having lots of homework to do, to working on especially the heavily damaged conditions. And yeah, so I was working in the Ministry of Public Works. And we have our own research institute that we also have a hydraulic laboratory like this, that all the problem that we face on the field, on the projects, that we are trying to analyze and trying to combine with new technology and then implement it. So basically it's more applied research that we are doing. So yeah, also for the modular then, that I also came up in Berlin. It's the first thing that we want to answer is the time and funds constraints. Because in Berlin, we have lots of work to do, but then we also have time limit, and also funds is also very limited. So we need to find a new way to still have the function of the ware conventionally, but use the new technology that can bring it more easier, more cheaper, and more faster. So yeah, just generalize it. In conventional way, we usually do for maybe work, warehouse construction. We first we prepare the land, and then we mobilize all the heavy equipment, heavy instruments, and then all the frameworks, and then we pour in the cement, and we do it all over again layer by layer. And this complexity is the reason that we want to try another approach. So use this modular construction ways just to simplify. We want to change a bit of the method that when you are already preparing the land, that you can also start or maybe start to fabricate. Yeah, maybe just order the opening modules. Then after it's finished, the land is already finished, and you can just meet them two together and bring all the modules that we need to the sites and start to assemble it, just like a Lego. So I think everyone knows Lego, it's like. So this is just showing the difference from conventional way and modular way. We still want to have the same functions, structures, ability, but using a different approach of construction. Yeah, now in modular land, we also will use modular or what you call the concrete blocks things. Then this is just to show you that many types of concrete blocks is module is already different, but maybe mainly used for the coastal protections or coastal projects. Or there is in the river, but it's also only for protection of the river banks or just for protection. But we want to try another one to have, yeah, like this one to build a structure. So this is the type of precast module block that we developed. So the weight is maybe lighter than the previous one. It's only 170 kilograms. And yeah, for this case, we used the reinforced concrete, K300. And yeah, this is just a schematic of how we put all the blocks to become the structure. We still will have the crest and also the ceiling basin, the upstream floor, downstream floor, everything still the same. Yeah, this is not rocket science. I mean, just not instantly I get that module type or shape instantly. So we also do physical model tests in Chrome and also in three-dimensional model in the hydraulic lab. And we try each type of that model. So we actually have analyzed maybe more than 20 types of shape of this model before we came to this final, maybe for our perspective, this is the most optimum one. According to the strength of concrete. The strength of the concrete. Yeah, so we are basically right now only use the quality of the concrete, this K300. We haven't tried another quality. We are still trying to find to learn how the characteristic of the height might be more to hydrological analysis. But using this K300 is enough. But we haven't tried any other material type to use higher or lower quality of the concrete. So yeah, this is maybe just the scenario of the placing, things like that. So it's not as easy as that in the real world. So yeah, we tried to implement it in the last one. The last prototype that we built is placed in, we call it North Island. It is a very far North Island in Indonesia. So we want to prove that this method can be used in a very far and very remote area, which is not needed of heavy equipment or things. So we use the land preparations and then we fabricate the model in the, we have our bedding plan. And then we place all the model structures complete. So for this case, I used 3,000 models, 3,000 units. And then the interesting things, because each model weight is only 170 kilos. So it's still possible to be moved by three or four people So I also help by the local citizen because this is where also for them, so they are really willing to do. So basically all the 3,000 blocks is moved and placed by them. The hardest part is to teach them how to place them because in the first layer, when you come to the second layer, it's a hard one because they still don't know which part to be there and which part to be here. So we are opening it up again because it's latest, we can just open it again. So but after that, after they understand how it works, it's really easy, it's really fast. And we are doing it during our summer weather, so it's really easy. And then yeah, this is the visuals. There is some video that I want to show you. So it's in Indonesian, I haven't translated. So it's called Pile Project of Modular Wears. And the location is in Morotai, Maluku, Tara province. It's, yeah, it's flexibility and then it's modularity. And so it's segmental, so it can divide it into parts. And yeah, we call it, it's kind of echo-hydraulic because it's adding more hydration to the downstreams. And yeah, this is cost effective because the time of construction can be reduced by, for this case, it's 30%. So if you can cut the time limit, you can also directly, automatically have a cost-efficient resource. And yeah, apparently, until now, the project location, we already built three prototype projects. And as you can see, there are three parts. It is not an accident tree because apparently the location project is already in three parts of Indonesia. Because Indonesia, we have three parts of time zone, so it's already in three parts. So because we are working as a ministry, we want to show maybe the consultor and the academics there to get to know this new technology that we can apply. So when they want to see people from the west part, you can see just maybe in Cikara where, but people from the east part can obviously be the nearest one is the delay where. So yeah. So the first prototype is built in 2013, right before I came to YZ, actually. And until now, it's still working, it's still functioning well as a irrigation supply to irrigation. But actually, it's not really big, just maybe 50 hectares or something. But the last one, the delay where is quite large area of irrigation is about 3,300 hectares. So it's growing. And it's distributed for the weirs right now. And yeah, this is just to show you that the first time we built in 2013, the condition. And in February, a couple months ago, I visited them again and it's in 2019. It's already five years and it's still there. Yeah, two things. Yeah, we also are still doing the monitoring for the prototype because we still want to see what we can improve. So if you, this is what I want to show you, from the first prototype, that we still have that, what you call, the deep going up. But then in the second and the third part, we made it more flat because it somehow stuck with maybe the garbage or something in the river. So it is better to have a flat press, top press. And yeah, this is the latest prototype we are implemented in Morotai Island. It finished in 2018, in the end of 2018. But yeah, the width is 30 meters. And the river discharge is only 100 meter cooling per second. And yeah, it irrigates 300 irrigation area. And yeah, we finish it. We can generalize it. If we can show it, the time limit is we finish it in just maybe six to seven months, where usually conventional construction used to be maybe nearly one year. And the cost is also reduced really significantly because the need of concrete is also reduced. Also the time limit is also reduced. And then the need of the concrete is also reduced. And I see that there is some fluids between the concretes that they are reducing the. So what's next? So we're still doing the monitoring to the structure, especially the new one, because it held 30 meters wide. And we want to see the effectiveness of taking water for the irrigations. And yeah, we also collaborate with people from the environment because we want to see whether the irrigation can really make a huge impact to the downstream because they say it's already adding more oxygen and everything with the turbulence and irrigation, which means the quality of the river downstream is better than the first one. Also, yeah, still following the seminar and conference, just to show and have some feedback to improve this one. And yeah, right now, right next year, we also will improve this modular way again in Japan in a more larger area. It's in 90 meters wide. So it's actually three times larger than the previous one. But for that, we also need a modification with our model that we use the same system, the same shape, but different weight and dimensions. So we scale up the weight and dimensions. Because we also need the gravity and for the interlocking and things to hold the force and everything. So yeah, I think this is my decision to do the model. Thank you so much. OK, do you have questions? OK, Mario, you have the first one. I have a few, but maybe students. Do you have a question? I have a blog. I have a blog. Here. My question is how much water is going through the structure instead of over? And does that have any effect on the hydraulics? How much water flow in? Like you talked about the voids and each of them are different pieces. So does any water go through this? OK. Should I answer? Yes, of course. I thought it was a very good question. OK, so yeah, I'm going to have to mention that because it is functioned for wires. We actually have two kinds of types of wires. First is wires for irrigation that we take water through intakes and we need some levels of water. And we also have a check done. These basically are the same, but we don't need any intakes structure. So for the wires for the irrigation that we need some sort of level to be taken to intake, we have a small, we call it like a cut-off wall to have like an impermeable water. So the water will not get into the main structure but also will always overflow. But for the check dams, we don't need the kind of what you call the walls. It's the thin walls. But we just use pure, the concrete blocks. So our research shows that in just one or two months, it's already like settled by sedimentation and everything, so it's already stabilized. But for the wires, we used a thin, very thin walls. Yeah. Somebody else? No, I think you were... Thank you, James. Well, I have a similar question, so it's answered. And then the second, how are the foundations of this you didn't show? Yes, so it's basically... We're having two parts of research versus a more hydraulic approach. And the other one is to the geotechnic team, the foundation and things. So the foundation basically is the same like any other structure in the river. So we really want to have a good... I mean, it's based on... It depends on the location. So for the first project in 2013, we used like several foundation things. Because in geological perspective, the team said it's already stabilized. So it already needs the hard soil things. So it depends. We treat differently, depends on the locations and just use the geological engineering like the rest of the structures, like the usual structures. And for this one, the one that in the second part, the second project in the center of Indonesia, we don't use any foundation because it's already like a rock-based thing. And for this one, the latest one, the third one, in Maruti, we use only like a... Yeah, several foundation, but it is not like a board file, but more like a... You have to call and then you put it... And the fourth? Files? Files? Files? Yeah, but not really deep. Yeah, these files. And just to start, guys, how do you design these things hydraulically or for stability? How do you design them? So do you have any guidelines for design of this already? Yeah, so we also use many references. Like in Indonesia, we also have our lawyers call it design. And we are like a modifier because we adapt with the modular technology. And then there are some coefficients that we change. Like for the digital coefficient and everything, it will be different. So we are now developing guidelines for this modular thing also. But the difference is still with the same old conventional wheels design. More questions? Yes, following to this question. Thanks, it was very nice. How do you design... What is the strength between the blocks? How do you define the strength? Have you made any tests to see what is the... For example, shear strength for the rear structure or compressive strength is compressive strength of the concrete I would expect. But the shear strength would be interesting. Interlocked. Yeah, so for the strength of the concrete models, it's concrete. So I have an example that we are doing the applied research. So what we are doing in our lab is we try one by one the module concrete that we put in the room. And then we see this side, for example. And then we see how or when is the concrete module start to move and everything. And then if it's two blocks, and if it's three, four, or five, until it becomes structure, until we also have the criteria for this kind of discharge, we made like a graphic. For this kind of discharge, this kind of layers of blocks. So we are not really into the strength of the concrete yet. But I will put it on my nose. I have one additional question. It's the construction. How you make the diversion of the water? In the water or you have to divert? Yes. Or have you tried both methods? I tried both. So the interesting is the one, so this one, the last one, is located in both areas. So that we can diverse the water first. We make a kind of small dams. We cover them. So it's easier to work in the dry place. But then this one, because it's located inside the city, so it's already, we cannot just make cover dams and just make a diversion channel. So for this one, we do it in wet conditions. But still, we choose at the right time when the water is very dry. In the summer things still. And of course, because this one, we don't need any conditions. So it's basically just in the rocks land. And we also use the geotextile for the cover map below. And then we put the blocks there. And you also, I have a question. Thank you. Well, thanks for the presentation. I guess this is following Mario's question. You're trying now to use this approach in wider sections, as you said. What about higher sections? Is there any sort of head limit that you can handle with this approach? Have you studied hydraulic criteria to determine where you could? Yeah. So actually we also have some kind of criteria for this based on our room research and three-dimensional model in the hydraulic lab. So for this type with 170 kilos, the height is only 70 centimeters, the height of the model, and 170 kilograms. So when they are set up and built up where we divided the maximum of the... We did not divide the maximum discharge or the maximum width of river, because sometimes we have river smaller than the discharge is higher and everything. So we make categories on the head above the press. So the head of both the press, the maximum, based on our laboratory, is four meters. So still this one, the highest one is still just two meters for this case. But in the lab it can hold until four meters above the press, the head. And can you guess how high you could go with this approach? Like the head of the wheel itself, not the... Yes, so the interesting thing is, using this technique that the system you can always use, but then if you have higher discharge and higher head, you can just scale up also the concrete models that it will also make the head or the limit is higher again. Because for the next project that we are going to implement next year, it already leads more than the four meters they had, but because we're making more the weight, we are in the weight, and also the dimension and other things, but still using the same interlocking system, it can hold up. Can you shout? Before I leave somebody... No, no, it's okay. Sorry about that. So, thanks for the presentation. Thanks. You mentioned the seniors of construction and maintenance, but also the people who are directing that are not professionals, these pieces are 170 kilograms heavy. If it's people like me moving that, you need 10 people. I wonder if you had any accident during construction, is there any troubles? For this case, fortunately not, because we are really... of course, if you can see the pictures that we are not using very safety rules and everything, because we use the local participants. There's a reason that you get the fingers stuck and lose a finger. As far as I know, I was there, because it's heavy. But at least I only use the rules because they always need to use shoes. Big shoes? Yeah, the big shoes. Because the shoes is very heavy, only maybe 15 shoes that we are having to work on more than 30 months. So we've been making a group, because it's quite heavy and we have layers. So three or four people only move these parts. We use the A, B, C, D in the wide section, and then some people only work on these sides. So the 3,000 models is only moved by these four people now. But apparently there's no accident, as far as I know. Because we are very... The first month, the first one of two months, is for learning how to... where to put and how to put. And all of it is already... I can believe them, and they already... And you also mentioned easiness of maintenance to conventional wheels. Which type of maintenance does this extraction require? And why is it easier than conventional concrete wheels? I think, yeah. Because the first time we get focused on is in 2013. So I only have five years in the process, yeah. So based on that, first, because you can just go down to the city basin with a step of stairs, and then if... I think if there are some... maybe because of the strength of the boulder, and then it cracks the first, like the top concrete, then you can just move them out and they put in the new one, like if you already have it. So I also, yeah, encouraged the... We still have some red over the concrete. So it's like maybe $20 or $30, and we just put it in the... like the local citizens' shift things, yeah. So and then when something happens, they can just move it and yeah. Thank you. Thank you. In some places, we have a personal material base. We use rocks. So how is this one efficient? How can you compare the earth and material base? Or material gravel and waste? Yeah, I actually haven't compared to that one. I mean, like economically, you know, naturally, I only compare with the conventional ways, like because we are also building many wares with the same... with conventional wares. So we try to make it like comparison economically and by time bringing it and also how the workers did because still, if we put like the particularly the contract things, because there are no contractors, because it's still new and who wants to build it? Who can build it? So yeah, I mean, we also... because it's still new and we also still in charge in the projects. And yeah, still only compare with conventional. Sir, just a session. Why do you use only wares and you do not also protect the banks with the same modular thing? You could do more. Yes. Naturally. Okay, next. Okay, your question. Hello. As you have mentioned that... and soon that it is used mostly in the flat land. And I am from Nepal. And there are like three reasons like Himalayan, High Himalayan, Hilly and that's like... Can it be used or implemented where there is a steep gradient or heavy bonds to sustain the future? Yeah. How steep that can... or can it be implemented in hydro projects? In hydro projects like... Yeah, like... Okay, so the first question is it can be implemented in the upper stream? Yes. So in... in Indonesia, but I don't know how... how... what is solved exactly. But the thing is the... this one, the... Chikara Ware is placed in the quite upper stream. Like... near the mountain. In the mountains area. I mean... in Indonesia. But this Kali-Saluware is in the urban... city. So... and this one is near the... like near the coast. It's just two kilometers away. It's already the coast. It is... I mean, we already tried to do different... different river streams. Yeah. Different... division of river. But... Yeah, I don't know. Maybe if it's too steep because if you set up the... the blocks, it will... because it's already different and it will like... you need 45 degrees of the... the slope of the... of the structures. So I think if it's... you know that... or I think it's possible. But I haven't tried in very steep... slope. And the sentiment for hydropower, yeah, I haven't... also a lot of... feedbacks about the hydropower project. If it's still applicable, for me it's... possible because if you can see... the main structure, the cracks and everything you still have and we only need to put additional part for the... we need intakes, right, to the hydropower things and you need like a... head. Different head. But I think it's... applicable.