 In this module, we will discuss about steps in analysis. We must understand the two terms analyte and matrix before starting this module. Analyte is any component of interest that we want to find out in our sample. For example, calcium, magnesium, iron, quantification or identification, or number of colony forming bacteria, we will call them analyte. And matrix with all its variability, in which analyte or component of interest is also present and there is also variability, such as water and soil or blood or urine. In all these things, we can know calcium, a common analyte that can be found out in all these different matrices or in the matrix, there will be a lot of other things that are different in all. Before starting the analysis, we have to capture a sample. A representative sample is dearly needed to perform this analysis. From 100 of kg or 1000 of liters or acres of land, we have to collect a sample. For analysis, we need just 2 to 3 gram of sample or most of the time 100 ml of liquid. But the more the variability, the more we need to increase the quantity of our sample and to composite the sample, we need to use different techniques to change it. Sampling at a particular location, at a particular time is called a grab sample, just to grab a sample. When a specific concentration is mixed in this grab sample, composite samples are prepared. If our matrix is a homogeneous material, like 1000 of liters in a jar, in a one pan, we can use a grab sample for that. But if there is a lot of variability, such as the amount of land, or if you want to take another sample from a mountain, or if you want to do an analysis of waste water, in which there is a variability of different constituents, we need a composite sampling. After sampling, we prepare the sample for analysis. The relationship of this sample preparation is with our instrumental technique. Sometimes we need a liquid sample for analysis, like in atomic absorption, if we want to do an analysis of calcium magnesium, we need a water-based sample. So we first need to digest the soil sample or the blood and urine sample and make it water-based. That is why we use wet digestion or dry ashing for different activities, through which we prepare the sample. Similarly, sometimes we dilute the sample and bring it to a specific concentration. If the concentration of the analyte is very low, then we use a way to concentrate it. In the next module, we will discuss these different techniques. The third thing is selection of analytical methods. An analytical method, a standard method, which are already validated methods, like the standard methods of ISO, or the methods of British Pharmacopia and the United States Pharmacopia, and the methods of laboratory-developed validated methods, which we will use for analysis. Analysis, wet analysis can also be done, like acid-based titrations in the laboratory, or complexometric titrations, or gravimetric analysis, or redox titrations. And at some of the time, we have to perform instrumental analysis, for which the calibration of the instrument, the standard operating procedures of SOPs or the standard testing methods is necessary. In addition, our instrument is being installed and operated under extended conditions. This is also our requirement, which we check along with time to keep our instrumental conditions constant. We work hard and perform. Evaluation of analytical data is the last point, but it is a very important point. After the results you are getting, we evaluate them. Evaluation means that we find out the mean, median mode, or calculate the standard deviation, through which we take help in precision or accuracy. Similarly, how will we use sample or population, their different definitions or significant figures? We will discuss this in detail in the next slides. Now that there is only one introduction, we are discussing these steps. And finally, we have to report our results. In addition to the results, we also write the sample technique, the sample pattern, the specifications, who has performed the analysis, the information is available on our report. We will discuss different logos, which we place on it, etc. These are different steps that we will use in the analysis. In the next module, we will discuss their extraction procedures.