 OK, možemo do vsehoj sešnji sešnji konferencij. Zato sem vsešnji za to, ker sem vsešnji sešnji sešnji zorganizacji in sem vsešnji sešnji sešnji sešnji. In je to, da sem vsezaj, da sem sezaj, da sem tudi svoj izgledal o konstantnimi zeloči, tudi za broj, z vsem z tudi in Petar Magratz je počkaj to tega, da je. Because these are very ambitious goals and they have a lot to do with science. These are the continuation of the Millennium Development Goals that were launched in 2000. In tako, da je mi to zazvalo, prejšlo, da je tudi da so poživali, da bi so prišli, in tako, da je to, da so poživali, 15-jera toga zelo, da je težko veliko. Jel je ta veliko tren, kaj je mnogo se neko mislili. In je tudi, da neko se se imeli, da se je tudi tega obok, je to zelo in dobro, da se priče, kako se priče, in vseh pričelujem in izgledaj, ki je zelo sezvodil in vzelo sezvodil in jah nekakaj. So ja imam počet, da bi so sezvodil, da bi sezvodil, da so sezvodil, da bi sezvodil izgovoril, Kaj je tukaj v Adriatiku, da je tukaj tukaj. Tako, da je kandrega ljuda. Čakaj. Vse možeš tukaj na mikrofonu. Čakaj, Mateo. Znamo, da so tukaj na tukaj. Tukaj je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj, da je tukaj. In zelo počujem, da imam čest, da Mateo bolj začnevam, da boš mi tudi prijelit. Zelo počujem, da je prezentacija tudi, ali da se svoje vlačim, začnevam, kako pa je max Pauli, kaj je, in kaj je, in kaj je, kaj je počaj, počajS. Zelo počajS pa ja počajS, kako je dno svoj, da je to počajS, In vse možno je, da je karban fotprin. Našli všeč naši ekonomiji izgleda na foslfjulji in karban. Vse možno vidimo, da v U.S. in Čina, in v nekaj različnih različnih različnih različnih različnih foslfjulji. V nekaj europejskih kraj, in v italii, Neremi, Spaja, in Spaj, v Kontaktu iskih, v Olnih, tudi bolj odličen in imen. Remo, da je zelo se načinuje, že v Afrie, kot v svačenih lati, zelo se k konomi, ali časovak, iz Japani. Tako strutilji, ali imemo se, da se najrej povah lahko nekaj vibre skครadičnega v personaljama, programov. Po kapitej, vidimo, da je zelo zelo zelo in v Ethiopia, in v Bangladesh, Nigeria, in tudi Afrika, in zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo, da je zelo zelo zelo, zelo in v Europej, in zelo v USA. Po kapitej, da je zelo zelo zelo zelo, da je zelo zelo zelo, da je zelo. zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo zelo z je to ne Browna buža gorečnike, z kaj pravi in nekajčinite je prvesi, kar ne se kako je počulto, včest, da ovo bo zeneon. Mati vseh, ki dozvojez. Kaj so prednoпаšanje. Mati na del delivnje in del vsočnije. Način od vsočnije, da je zelo vsočnje boža na dojanje in milenijalno dopoje vsočnije. Zelo to, da so otvoreš Snagbolja, da so učiti tudi na 2015, po pomeč sniperne otvorešče, nekaj razilj, da jih zelo sa in srečjega zovečske organizacije svega, in od deltavne predladke bilo odprodovati malem movitem golu, vse je, da je pravduzštje, začala na 2015, 2015 scholar je veliko postaval出 actionable international agreements that have sort of science atmosphere base. If anybody has an idea what they might have been. Well, the STGs I've mentioned, the two others were the sender framework for disaster risk reduction Games after Sendai in Japan In to je početil 10-jih JoGo framework, JoGo in otroj town v Japani, za obvijasnje, v Japani je zelo však v reduzivnih rizkih delovih, in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však in zelo však. v sej delošnjih. Tudi v december, v Pariz, ki se naredi, da se zelo izgledali vzaj, da imaš dobrovacje in nekaj nekaj slah, prijez, nekaj zelo zapejnjali počkehovorj, in prihladali in izgledali zelo sece, svoj je zelo, počko, zelo sece呀 на дуigsу на Mount Гра. Ну, economy These events and other events. I think this is the year. Those were the hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, and then the Japanese tsunami here. So that was the on the vyspeš anyway, and then So nami here. So you'll see trillions of dollars worth of damage. And if you think the aid that goes into recovering post disaster has is aid that is taken away from all the other the goals that that we're talking about, you see that the challenges we have and why these different frameworks on climate change, on natural disasters and on the sustainable development goals so modno in tako se osedali. Zelo v čedku tudi mi je k bakery, nači sem ne tudi nadal s tebeni, ali je do taj prikladev Jelija VICTORIYA MERI, k dolješenja v teblike, obješel Ohhh3 v UUN frameworku, še so poslontila v težnju tekst v frameworku, kako se jelimo v ljade, so v semak rečenj v sebej v tehnologiji, vENERSES, in izveženje v sebej från tehnologiji was important in the Sendai framework. And I just want to focus on this point G, which reads that the country should enhance the scientific and technical work on disaster risk reduction and its mobilization through the coordination of existing networks and scientific research institutions at all levels and regions with the support of this scientific and technical advisory group. And over here at ICTP, for example, we have Earth System Physics that works very much on earthquakes and other disasters and so on. Point G continues strengthening the evidence base. This is science, promote scientific research of risk patterns, causes, effects, disseminate risk information using geospatial information technology, promote and support the availability and application of science and technology in decision making. Science is embedded in the Sendai framework. Science for decision making. And we'll come back to this point also. The second framework, the climate change, agreed in Paris the end of last year and on Earth Day this year, it became formally legally binding when more than 55, in fact 174 countries signed it straight away. Climate change, so it's due largely to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but not only, and we need to start reducing the amount that we have in the atmosphere. We need to sort of get our climate back under control to avoid possible runaway greenhouse conditions, as well as the sort of the more slower paced effects that we have on the adaptability of organisms, shifting ecosystems, biodiversity changes and so on. Just here, I'm going to try and run a small video instead of showing you this slide. This is just, you'll see the coldest years, or I think it doesn't make me pointing, the coldest years are in green, and you'll see them showing up in the years, about 1880, up to 1900, 1910, and then you see it running through as we come up to the pre-war years. A lot of these temperatures are sort of average, it's not, they're hitting around the average mark around the 1900 to sort of 1940, coldest years, 1910, coming to the, between the two world wars, you see they're pretty much still cold, colder than the 20th century average, then about 1940, the industrialization starts really kicking in on a worldwide scale and the global average temperatures are increasing, and then we should see the first red line coming soon, I think it's about 1990, and the 10 warmest years are marked in red, they're 99, so, and then you see the years 2000, 2000, and to the current one, all the 10 warmest years, for example, are from 1999 to the present day, and actually this year already, every month has been the warmest month on record, but I think that sort of shows sort of more graphically than I can explain the situation with global climate change at the moment. Climate change, of course, also impacts on storms and floods, and you can again see the increase, from 1980, increasing effects of floods and storms, these things, they wipe out agriculture, they wipe out infrastructure, they destroy people's lives, people have to sort of rebuild everything from the beginning again, so you'll see that if we can mitigate against the risks of disasters such as these, then we can really start to focus on sort of the energies of the sustainable development goals. SDGs themselves, they were signed into action on the 25th of September, last year, and there are 17 of them. Again, if you look at these, there is science rooted in all of them, science in combating poverty, in developing agriculture, better methods of, better agronomical techniques, higher yielding crops, protection against pests and diseases, obviously science in good health and well-being, in medicine, vaccines, preventative medicine, good science education, gender equality will come to clean water, energy, infrastructure, inequality, sustainable cities, economy is reusing waste materials and responsible consumption, climate we've just mentioned, life below water, life on land, and partnerships. I'll stress that to achieve any of these, partnerships between international organizations, national organizations, national government system, the UN system, national governments, regional governments, it's important for everybody to get engaged, but particularly the scientists, I think. They run from 15 to 230, another 15-year period, so those of you who are just perhaps starting out with your PhD, your post-doc careers, a large part of your scientific career will overlap with trying to achieve the sustainable development goals. In fact, a large part of research funding, development funding, if your area of science touches on them, then considering the sustainable development goals in your proposals and in your career, your research path can also be a huge benefit to yourselves. And then, they're also very interlinked, as you'll probably guess, so just an example, the goal for health is this, the green one number three, which you'll see from this leaflet, I've scanned here that health touches on all the others, essentially, and it goes on, down, and down, I just picked out this as an example. OK, so we do the science, we have great results, we want to ensure that these results are utilized, we want them to be taken up, we want to convince governments, so look, this can solve your situation, I have the answer to whatever problem it might be, I can purify water in the desert, or I can put an electric system, renewable energy system in a remote village, how do you get your research to the public, to the people that need it? And we like to think that we can provide scientific advice and we can affect this policy cycle, formulation, decision-making, implementation, monitoring, and that circles around, but science isn't the only voice out there, public opinion, no politician in the world that would not take probably public opinions ahead of scientific advice, there's a classic case, for example, of genetically modified crops in Europe, the science shows they're safe to grow, they're safe to eat, public opinion says we don't want them, and so there's more or less zero genetically modified crops in Europe, again, public opinion feeds into all the different parts of the policy cycle, we have political input, of course, your party, your political party, your political beliefs, they impact on the different parts of the system, analysts, they'll have this, they too, the private sector, oh, you don't want to go against big business and so on, and of course, there's lobbyists, there's environmental groups, there's others that all want to persuade governments that they have the answer, so not only the scientific input have to compete with all these other inputs, but the decision-making part, the policy implementation, it's left to the governments and they have to really decide which bits to take and which bits to take forward, so it's a bit of a nightmare, if you like. Let's take one example of water and how science can help and perhaps how science struggles to help. Thirsty, I'd like a drink of water, I can go to the tap, I can go to the bottle here, it's very simple, I can take a drink, it's not difficult. I want to take a pipeline of water that have a reservoir, I want to give it a little town, small village water, so everybody has in their homes enough water to wash, to cook, to water their vegetable patch, whatever. It's complicated, but we can do it. A few engineers, a few technicians, a little bit of science, we can do that. What we're not so good at is modeling really complex systems. OK, we have rainfall, we have mountains, we have melting ice caps, we have rivers, rivers that may pass through different countries, different regions, we have aquifers underneath, we have people that want to use the water for industry, for household use, for agriculture, maybe there's people quite happy polluting this water with runoff from agriculture, maybe there's people that want to fish and eat the fish there, maybe there's people that like to go sailing and would like to keep a nice pristine environment for them and their children. There's a whole host of scientific factors, of social factors, political factors that go in just a single watershed. This is where science is not so good at explaining what is going on. In fact, they call these things wicked problems. This sort of cartoon illustrates what's going on. There is a disconnect sometimes between the scientific community and the political community. Even back in 1973, just to explain this paper, I Rital and Weber, the search for the scientific basis of confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, very pessimistic, because of the nature of the problems. They are wicked problems, whereas science has developed to deal with tame problems. Tame problems are those simple and complicated, but not the complex wicked problems. This is where we have to sort of try and move forward and break down some of these barriers and move our input into the political debate, if you like. OK, so moving on, I said I would talk about some of these organizations that are based here. We're hosted at ICTP, these three organizations. Let me talk first about IAP. But all three organizations are really interested in developing science, developing science in developing countries, and really getting science to be used more and more in the development process. Vest, the idea is if we invest in science and technology at a sort of grassroots level across the board in all the countries, the country can sort of boost its own economic growth and national development, and we will reduce poverty, have food security for all. If we remove poverty, educate everybody, we'll have more equitable society as a fairer society. IAP itself is a network of more than 130 academies of science, or we have, for example, the Royal Society in the UK, we have the US National Academy, we have the Chinese Academy of Sciences, but we have those also. We miss a few, especially in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, but pretty much a global network. We also work with four regional networks based on each of the continents and regions, and we have a dedicated subset of these academies and medical academies involved, really addressing global health worldwide and the Sustainable Development Goal No. 3. Academies are considered because they have the top scientists in the country, they are credible, and they are also independent, usually they're funded by governments, but given independence from the government so that the advice they give is not sort of along political lines or anything like this. So, and this is one of the main reasons each academy in their own country is dealing with national issues and so on, but coming together as IAP, we can also deal with global issues, with regional issues. We like to take the latest evidence, the latest scientific information and sort of put that together in reports and so on and with recommendations that we can give to the politicians, to the decision makers. An example of some of the ways that we do it, short two or three page statements on topical issues. This one on hearing loss in healthcare and this was released in 2015 on International Ear Care Day, so we really tried to make a join with the World Health Organization and make a splash on that day. Synthetic biology and antimicrobial resistance, so all issues that are sort of topical at the forefront of some of the discussions going on in the World Health Organization and in the cases in synthetic biology, there was discussions in the Convention on Biological Diversity, should there be a moratorium on this, these new techniques in biotechnology. Had also a parallel paper in nature sort of explaining what was in the statement and why we'd done it and so on. I'm saying that this was the main course, but I can say that the Convention on Biological Diversity did not enforce a moratorium on synthetic biology and they preferred to go ahead with sort of a responsible attitude to research that it could be dual use as well. This could be used for good and it could be used for not so good purposes, if you like. And this is also one of the ideas of IAP, you see, we've been doing this longer, like thick volumes, 200, 300 pages. In this case, we were commissioned by the UN itself to review the processes of the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They themselves produced these reports every five years. The one, two reports ago, they were quite heavily criticized of their review process, so the IAC Interacademy Council, it's part of the IAP now, did a whole review of the process and we touch on how research should be carried out, what are the ethical issues that need to be taken and so on. So this is how we try and strengthen the global research enterprise and get science moving in the right direction together. To, like I've mentioned, our regions, the second year of Nasek in Africa, Yanas in Latin America, these are all producing regional reports, much more topical, much more focused for different parts of the world and touching on food security, touching on life below water, safe drinking water and sanitation and all the issues that are there in the sustainable development goals. We've also engaged, as I've mentioned, most of these international frameworks, conventions, study of biology, has also touched into this convention on biological and toxin weapons based at the United Nations in Geneva. We have even a working group that sort of provides sort of expert input into these meetings of the biological and the biological meetings of the biological and toxin weapons convention. And as a follow-up to our responsible conduct in the research enterprise, last, earlier this year, actually, we produced this book. It's a teaching guide of responsible science. So you can download this from the site here. You can buy hard copies also. And it's a guide for students, for lecturers, for teachers on the dual-use research and on how to get the best benefits from the research that is being done and feed into those sustainable development goals. It's not so bad. Okay. Let's come back to TWAZ then. That's TWAZ, stands for the World Academy of Sciences. Then they're focused very much on capacity building in science in the developing countries. They really want to boost the research base in those countries, get more scientists, working, living in those countries and working on indigenous, on national problems, national challenges. Focus, some of their, not all of them, most of their programs are focused across the board on developing countries. Some of them are focused on a subset of 81 so-called science and technology lagging countries. There are also 48 least-developed countries that are a special target and a special concern. A lot of these are in Africa. 34 out of the 48 are in Africa. Many of the others are just small islands in the Pacific and so on. Africa itself has its own challenges. It has 14% of the world's population, more than a billion people. It's going to double by 2050 so, during our lifetimes, I hope, that population of Africa is going to double. The population of Africa is going to need double the food, double the water, double the jobs. Everything is going to be increased by 100% in the next 34 years. It also has a very large youth population that is also going to double or more than double by 2050. It's already locked into the system, more or less. These are an amazing resource. Young persons are resourceful, they're inventive, they can be entrepreneurs. But in order to do that, in order to make, allow them to contribute, they're going to need teachers, teachers in universities, teachers in high schools. More scientists coming through the system to be those teachers. They're going to need teachers in primary schools. You can see already at the current snapshot, some countries have a 60-to-one pupil to teacher ratio, others more than 40-to-one in large parts of Africa. Imagine what kind of education, only very few kids probably will survive and sort of start flying if they're coming through this kind of schooling. We're also, through IAP, one of our projects is to promote this idea of inquiry-based science education, trying to improve school curricula, so science isn't learned by road, science is learned by getting your hands dirty, by figuring out things for yourselves, by working in teams. And companies more and more are saying, these are the kinds of skills that they need for their employees to have in the future, problem-solving, teamwork, and so on. So we think improved science education can help develop these talents that the businesses and big companies are working for. The current situation of PhDs in Africa, less than 100 per million population, see there is a bottleneck, if you like, for teaching the next generation of students coming through. We want these people to be teaching, we want them to be doing research, we want them to be growing the research community, but we really need to start trying to help these countries get more and more people into the system. Africa, I said, had 14% of the global population, but only 2.4% of research publications. So you can see that this sort of deficit, the challenge that Africa has. And of course, any of these publications are joint research, not necessarily focused directly on African problems, African challenges that are needed to tackle the development goals. Abdu Salaam a quote that he says, he talks about the underrepresentation of scientists, the underutilization of scientists in developing countries. But here, the goal, he says, must be to increase their numbers, the number of scientists, because a world divided between haves and have-nots of science and technology cannot endure in equilibrium. It is our duty to reduce this inequity. So this is why he founded ICTP. He was also responsible for founding TWAS, and it was his sort of lifelong goal to work on. He felt it really was his duty to redress this inequity. TWAS itself has a number of programs aimed at reducing these inequalities, sustainable goal 10, PhD training, human capital mobility. So this is another broad range of exchange programs. I hope you'll take a look at their website. I'm sure there's at least one of the programs here that will suit you. Research supports, research grants, money provided for equipment, for opposable materials and so on, chemicals, everything you need for your research project, and then honoring excellence, a series of prizes and so on. So all these programs, funding available for scientists in developing countries. One to touch on, one of the largest one is our PhD fellowships program, South-South. Some 600 fellowships available a year, and they're hosted in countries with excellent laboratories in China, in India, in Malaysia. You see, South Africa is just come on board in Brazil, Mexico. So you can, you or your students can travel to these countries, do a PhD, come back home and really start to contribute to your country. Women, we have the OST organization also here at ICTP, Organization of Women in Science for the Developing World. A large part of what they do is also PhD fellowships for women scientists, largely from the least developing countries, but also the other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. And one of the problems is, fewer and fewer women, as we go along up the Korea ladder, women get sort of less and less representative, representation at each step, we call it the leaky pipeline. So we can fewer and fewer women rising up to reach for professors, to reach decision-making positions, to reach head of faculty. And if you recall the sustainable development goals, there was gender equality in there and more equitable societies. So the OST is really trying to contribute to this. Do it, this is one remarkable lady from Nigeria who had to defer on her fellowship to go to China because she got pregnant. OST allowed her to take her time, so just, you see, four months, the baby was born in May and four months later in September she was heading off to China to resume her PhD studies. Even possible, it certainly happened before, I don't know with this particular lady, but they leave their baby with their grandmother and they go away for three years to their PhD, they come back and carry on their family lives. There's some incredible stories from OST. This is last year's data, so now they're approaching 200 graduates, they have maybe 150 people right now in different countries and they're taking their PhDs. The countries, they're from all the countries in blue, but they're hosted largely in South Africa, but also China, India, Brazil and so on. So again, a South-South system had fellowships to people from a whole range of countries, obviously trying to focus more and more on these countries here and the LDCs in particular. One graduate, they're joining with a class of Chinese fellow students on graduation day, so it's a nice positive image. Last thing I want to talk about now is this thing called Science Diplomacy. It's another program of TWAZ. We all know science diplomacy. I presume we all practice it at least at home, if not elsewhere. We're familiar with international relations. Is anyone familiar with the term science diplomacy as two words together? No. I don't think probably that's been going on for hundreds if not thousands of years. Countries have been talking to each other. Countries have been sharing resources, making deals, science technology, whatever has been at the basis of some of that. But it was really in 2009 with this sort of Royal Society report that the modern day definition, if you like, was concretized. And it's a sort of three-legged definition. Science in diplomacy, they talk about informing foreign policy objectives with science advice. So that's always like the climate change science feeding into your delegation that's at the climate change negotiations in Paris, for example. Diplomacy for science. This is where countries come together, agree diplomatically, politically, to help science. ICTP is a great example of this. It's set up by Italy, but with support from other nations. You can think of the CERN, the synchrotrons and so on, the square kilometer array that's being built in South Africa and Australia right now. These are all diplomacy for science. And then there is science for diplomacy. And this is perhaps where international relations between two countries are not as strong as they might be. Perhaps they're even broken, but scientists at the more grassroots level are still working with each other, still talking to each other, still developing sort of joint collaborative programs. And perhaps there are still scientific visits. One example is a delegation in USA went to Iran and came back with examples of how healthcare in Texas could be improved, for example. In Cuba, before relations were sort of bumped up to the sort of the level that they are since just the last few months, there's been frequent delegations of American scientists going to Cuba to talk about sort of marine biology, oceanography, some of the sort of shared issues that the two countries have, but we're not sort of on the high political radar at the time because of the severe rupture in diplomatic relations that's been there for 50 years or so. So that's where science can ease sort of higher level diplomatic relations. Topics for science diplomacy are all those transborder issues, transboundary issues, climate change, nozno boundaries, pollution often goes out of one country and into the next. Biodiversity, including fisheries, water management rivers often flow through different countries. Immunicable diseases, we can think now of the border outbreak in West Africa where countries needed to come together, coordinate responses and so on. The Zika virus outbreak, we need mechanisms of sharing information of working together collaboratively to try and find solutions. There are other sort of transboundary issues as well. Science has been hosting workshops on these issues even before the SDGs were put in place in the last few years. Each of these four workshops has targeted a particular sustainable development goal, whether it's clean energy, sustainable fisheries talking about life below water, climate change and agriculture, life on land and sustainable water management, number six, clean water and sanitation. Of course the SDGs are all interlinked so you can talk about responsible consumption, zero hunger and so on. Nadian guy, Darryl Copeland, he was speaking at one of our science diplomacy workshops that we hold in Trieste. A quote from him is that despite many countries massive expenditure on military resources, the major challenges facing the world today are climate change, emerging diseases, poverty. They can't be solved by military intervention and science diplomacy has to be part of the answer. Getting countries, getting people, getting scientists and politicians and diplomats working together to solve the different issues that are there in the sustainable development goals. I think partnerships for the goals, I hope I've demonstrated that here at ICTP, IEP, TWAZ, other international organizations we are working together to try and tackle these. I think for me number 12 is a critical one responsible consumption and production and if we can tackle this and address no poverty then because of the interlink nature of all the others we'll get to a point where we're really making progress over the next 15 years on all these goals. Like I said, science has an important role to play on this and I hope that during your careers you will all contribute in one way or another.