 For whom you are making education investment? And who pays for it? Now when the government make investment in education, say investment in primary education or secondary education or higher education, then they make expenditure and definitely the target group will be benefited. So first you have to find out the benefit series and the person who is contributing towards the fund of the government. For example, if you make some special package for SC-ST student, government is making some special package for SC-ST student or economically poor students, instead of us it is on the basis of the economic status, then those target group will be benefited. A free education is given, maintenance explanation is given, free books is given, then this particular group economically backward classes will be benefited. Now will it lead to equitable distribution in society? Definitely the target group is economically poor, but then who is paying for this education? Is it by the rich people or by the poor people? If it is paid by the poor people, if the expenditure is borne by the poor people, then it will not bring about much equitable distribution. But if the expenditure is borne by the rich people, then there will be transfer of income from rich to poor, so society will have equitable distribution. Suppose for example the government makes expenditures on higher education, higher education you will find that relatively research section of people will come to higher education. Now if the expenditure is made for higher education, basically say 50-60% of the research population will be benefited. Then who be as in, who is being taxed by the government? Is it rich people or poor people? If the poor people pay for the education of rich people, then it will adversely affect the equitable distribution. So here two things, now it depends on who gets the benefit and then who pays. These are the two basic questions based on who is it can does, whether the educational development list, the equitable distribution of income or not. Now for example if you make an investment in primary education in Assam, let us say primary education. Suppose the Assam government has decided to make an investment of say 1,000 crores on primary education, should be 1,000 crores. Then who will be the benefit? Do the senior children to government primary school, particularly in urban areas they don't send in, particularly the, comfortably I don't say rich people, comfortably I say better off people send their children to English medium school. Because of many reasons, good discipline, there may not be good education, but discipline is there. But let us say that good education, good discipline, now we send our children to the private schools and who send the children to the government schools, relatively poor people, relatively poor people, particularly people living in the rural areas, people living in the semi urban areas, they send their children to the primary schools, government primary schools. And when the government makes, expect this are 1,000 crores, and those children will be benefited. Not the children going to the private schools. So the target group we know, that it is economically poor people. So economically poor people will be benefited if government makes an investment of 1,000 crores from primary education. And suppose that this money, government gets through, of course state government cannot impose income tax. Let us say that government impose some taxes, which vitally affect the rich people. Let us say, well tax, well tax. So some government has increased the well tax, and out of the well tax, 1,000 additional crores of rupees has been collected. And this money is spent for the poor people. So who is paying the well tax? Those who are basically rich. They have big amount of wealth. So they have to pay well tax. So when it happens, when well tax is imposed, and is spent on the economically backward people, economically poor people, then there is a transfer of funds. There is a transfer from, there is a transfer of funds from rich to poor. So it will lead to equitable distribution in society. The other way around, let us assume that the government spent say 1,000 crores in higher education. So when the government pays 1,000 crores in higher education, in higher education scenario, what you find that, for rich and poor people are delicate. And suppose the government collects additional funds, 1,000 crores, out of self tax. So out of 1,000 crores of rupees, relatively rich people, relatively better of people as well as poor people will also be benefited because higher education system for rich and poor are there. But these days, I am not talking about 40 years back, these days when we were students, mostly students were poor, but these days most of the students were taking higher education, they are relatively better off. I don't say rich, but they are better off. Now 1,000 crores is spent on higher education for college and universities in Assam. And government imposes additional self tax. Now who is paying self tax? Everybody is paying. Whatever the self tax paid by, say for example, a very rich Marwari in Kansilwazhar, the same self tax is paid by you and me. There is no discrimination. They are not paying higher self tax. Even a beggar is paying the same self tax. Even a daily laborer is paying the same self tax. So the self tax is imposed and additional 1,000 crores is collected. Now whether they are transferred from fund from rich to poor or poor to rich? Poor to rich. So it will lead to just the opposite scenario. It will lead to transfer of fund from poor to rich. So equitable distribution will not take place. So education is such an instrument that it can lead to equitable distribution in society or also it may lead to just opposite situation. It will lead to inequitable distribution in society. So what I mean to say that education can be taken as an instrument to make equitable distribution in society by transferring fund from poor to rich to poor by making educational expenditure for benefiting the poor people and collected the fund from to rich people either in form of taxes or in form of other duties. Again education can also be used as an instrument for equitable distribution. Suppose if the government gives a special scholarship just like the government gives scholarship to the Maritiya students also SC, SC, OBC then economically backward also. Then it will lead to equitable distribution, pre-education or subsidized education to the economically poorer people. Then it will lead to again the equitable distribution of income in society. Now let me come to the fourth point educational planning and metaphor planning. Now as I told you at the very beginning one of the basic problem in our country is the problem of educated and unemployed. There are many reasons for this. I will not spill on all the reasons. Second one may not be up to the expectation of the industry. It is not reflected in any of the society need of the industry. And secondly that the population is increasing at a such a rate that the job created by the industry and agricultural is not enough to absorb the increasing population. And thirdly the most important is that there is no planning. There is no planning in educational level of management or development. So because of the lack of planning we have a gap between demand and supply. Demand and supply are main power. And when the gap is increasing when the supply is more demand is less unemployment is increasing. You cannot make unemployment zero it is very difficult to make it. Even the admins countries also they have some percentage of unemployed persons. But that can be reduced. The gap can be reduced. The gap between demand and supply can be reduced by making appropriated adequate planning. And when you talk about the planning we have two types of planning. One is the manpower planning we are raising educational planning and we are raising the manpower planning. So actually it is the two sides of the same point just like that. Because without manpower planning you cannot have educational planning. Educational planning is adjusted to the manpower planning. So I will tell you how educational planning is adjusted to the manpower planning which is lacking in our country. Not to speak of Assam. In the whole country you don't have well planned manpower planning Suppose for example in a simple example here let us take the case of our state Suppose there is a high drill project state government electricity group for a high drill project new high drill project which requires 500 civil engineers 400 electrical engineers say 1000 junior engineers say 2000 like that various type of technical persons we need for construction of the high drill project for generation electricity the project for say 5 years. The first we have to see whether this manpower will be available in our state and the availability of manpower will depend on availability of educational institutions. Say we have cute technical institutions Jurat Engineering College then Bohak Engineering College then NIT Silser and state 343 private private engineering colleges. So these are institutions available locally where you can produce the engineers and technical persons and also some we have some polytechnics and ideation Now these are polytechnic ideas engineering, junior engineers and technical institutions. Now we have to first see whether these persons are available or not and if they are not available then what we can do then we can ask the engineering colleges to increase the number of seats so in the next 2-3 years or 3 years we need this number of civil engineers electrical engineers some mechanical engineers say 200 mechanical engineers say another 100 electronic engineers like that various categories of engineers we need and these will be supplied by the engineering colleges now to speak of IITs engineering colleges will have to supply and so what the government can do that policymakers can do we can ask the existing engineering colleges both government and private to increase the number of seats and engineering colleges may not be able to increase the number of seats they may say that we can increase just 10 percent 10 percent means they can increase the 26 in this 46 years the 100 seats here or say 80 seats here like that say it is again say 200 seats or maybe these are the number of additional seats they can provide so we cannot get them 100 200, 500, 400, 1000, 2000 so the project will be affected so that proposed ideal project cannot be implemented because of lack of technical personnel so we will have to import people from outside that is also not sensible they will be doing right that outside as I invited to work in Assam but the best thing is to that you have to make a proper planning that we want to utilize our local as an engineer in this power project and so the existing engineering colleges technical institutes can only marginally increase 10 percent seats so when they cannot increase the whole amount of the number of required persons then what we can do that we can go for additional engineering college we can go for additional engineering college because we need more engineers and this process it is not only for 5 years when you go for one engineering college you will think for next 100 years so there is some new project will come after 2, 3 years and there will be continuous demand for engineers from the engineering college so the decision government can take or private policy makers can take that will go for additional engineering college that is called educational planning you have to make planning in such a way that the required number of engineer required number of junior engineer required number of technical assistant will be produced by the new educational institutions you have to make the planning like that so first you have to make the demand for demand for manpower you have to make estimate and then supply of manpower there is 2 sites you have to find out what is the demand for manpower for various types of engineers this is only in case of a particular project but if you take the whole state your demand for manpower will be different engineers, doctors, agricultural then first graduates so many various types of qualified technically academically qualified qualified persons you need to have for the whole economy of the state but this is an example I have taken just for a particular project of hydropower now accordingly you have to find out demand for manpower various types of manpower electrical engineer, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer civil engineer, junior engineer these are the demands you have to find out and then accordingly you have to find out what is the supply coming up from the existing educational institution if the existing educational institution cannot provide the additional requirement then you have to go for additional colleges engineering colleges that is what is called the educational planning so first you have to find out so you have to make the planning in such a way that you have you have some estimation of the requirement of manpower and accordingly the requirement of manpower is adjusted with the expansion of educational institution when these two will be done parallelly then only un-employment they will come and this is totally lacking in our country totally lacking in this part of the country and so we have the basic problem now the question is that how to find out the supply of manpower is very easy to find out you can take the various engineering colleges through this particular project and you can take the state as a whole what is the demand for manpower in 2011, 2010 in that case when you talk about a demand for manpower in 2010 in a particular state at a particular point of time there you have to find out the respect that how many meticulous and how many higher secondary holders again you have to find out science, arts, commerce then jigli, TTC science, then minismen then you can take the TG various subjects science and commerce and some of them are already absorbed after passing either matriculation or higher secondary or BA or MA whatever it is so some of them are already absorbed and some of them are still un-employed so from these institutions so SEBA or higher secondary council or Guantanamo University or some university we know this engineering called medical graduates etc so we have to figure out that these are available manpower at a particular point of time today in 2010 available manpower of the various categories we know and some of them passed this year some of them passed last year some of them passed in 2001 they are still unemployed so they are available with us demand demand for manpower just like if we have a project like this you can know what is demand for manpower particularly in technical jobs say if you take the whole state as a whole how do you find out what is demand for commerce graduate demand for arts graduate demand for science graduate again in science graduate demand for chemistry demand for computer science demand for geological science in post graduate subjects also demand for sociology computer science how do you find out it is very difficult to find out the demand demand depends on expected of proposed economic activity of the activity of the economy the whole thing will depend on proposed economic activity say for example just like the state government has taken a central project or say taken a scheme that there will be a hospital small primary hospital in every block so there are 129 blocks in Assam all 129 blocks there will be one small hospital suppose this is a policy taken by the state government therefore each hospital each hospital there will be say 10 doctors, 20 nurse, 20 technical assistant and say another 20 third grade and fourth grade plus another say 5 3 accountances costs required for each small hospital in each block what is the demand for man power how many doctors you need so 129 blocks into 10 1,290 doctors you need then nurses you need almost 2,500 nurses similarly technical assistant 2,500 then similarly third grade 4 grade employees also so many not the one employee you do not have any problem but the problem will be regarding doctor and nurses you do not have it so what you have to do there this is your demand the scheme is that there will be a hospital in each block and each hospital requires this number of man power doctor, nurses, target program technical assistant accountances etc now these will be available from the educational system but if the existing medical colleges so many doctors because most of the doctors are employed you do not have unemployed doctors may be hardly say 1% 99% are observed now if we need to implement this particular scheme hospital in each block then either you can ask the medical colleges to increase the number of shifts they may increase the shift from 200 so they can go to 220 not more than that then the only alternative is there that is the lifespan of new medical colleges that is logically there but I do not know the government is also having new medical colleges whether they are applying their mind about the demand or not I do not know Bapet, Jurha, Kupraj are may be some political decisions they are taking in without considering their need there may be need but they are not considering it there may not be any need that also they are not considering it so this is not scientifically done first we should find out what is the demand what is the need for medical colleges if there is a need to go for suppose there is no need for medical colleges there is a need for primary school instead of spending 300 crores for 2 medical colleges they spend 300 crores in primary school we have to see the demand where is the need or it may be required to have a science college instead of a medical college or instead of a science college we have to see the demand for men power depending on the demand you go for expansion of education this is not taking place similarly suppose if the government takes a decision say for example say each village will have a primary school now at the moment all the villages do not have primary schools these villages have a primary school there will be about 50,000 primary schools and for 50,000 primary schools in the slima then each primary school suppose have 5 teachers 50,000 in 2 lakhs 50,000 new teachers so whether these will be available or not trained teachers will be available or not if the trained teachers are not available then you go for some educational program and teachers training without training you cannot have good education so instead of going for medical colleges instead of going for one engineering college or for some arts college go for some teacher training college that is the planning, that is the educational planning now this is the segmentation of the whole economy whether you have a scheme about a primary school in a village or a medical college in a hospital, in a block these are some segmentation of the scheme when you take the whole economy you have so many schemes out there health related scheme, education related scheme then school related scheme various type of schemes out there in that case how to find out the manpower requirement so there is a technique developed by one great economist that technique is known as input output technique the technique is known as it was developed by one student Leon T. he is still alive he is about 95 years old so he was awarded the Nobel prize in economics Nobel prize in economics in 86 so he developed a model called input output model and with the help of this model we can find out the manpower requirement at a future date so we noted manpower requirement in 2010 or 2009 but what is the manpower requirement in 2020 that we do not know what is the requirement in 2020 it is a power away to go next 10 years or next 5 years or even 2015 we do not know so you have to find out the technique on the basis of which you can find out what is the manpower requirement at a future date so there is one technique called that projection method you can follow so the manpower requirement in the last 10 years and on the basis of that you can make projection by using some statistical techniques or by using the computer you can make a projection for next 5 years or 10 years what is the manpower requirement various type of manpower earth, science, engineering, medical medical, higher second the earth science various types of categories of manpower you can make projection based on the program in the last 5-10 years that you can do with the statistical method by regression method but that is not very dependable in a dynamic society every day everything is changing but this method developed by Leon T it is more scientific and also more accurate of projection of manpower demand so actually basically the model was developed by Leon T to find out the output production output production output of various industries at a future day at a future day what will be the production of agriculture in 2010 or 2015 or 2020 what will be the production of small scale industries say handicrafts, hand loom production of oil production of tea production of iron and steel what are various categories of goods and services what will be the demand for say banking service in 2020 so these you cannot find out so these you really have to find out in a composite manner so that composite manner that Leon T model help us in finding out the output of production and service production as well as service production means physical goods and service means facilities provided by the institution like banking service educational service public administration these are services now in this particular model once you find out the output or services of various categories of activities then you can easily find out what will be the demand for you can say for example if you know in 2010 2020 the agriculture production will be say for example in a farm they say 20 lakhs ton of rice 20 lakhs ton of rice then you can find out what will be the manpower required for 1 lakh ton of rice to produce 1 lakh ton of rice with the modern technology manpower will be as if you produce a traditional method with say plough and block then you need more people so it depends on the technology also so then you can find out say if for 1 lakh 1 lakh ton of rice you need so many people so accordingly 20 lakhs ton of rice you can find out what will be the manpower requirement once you know the output similarly if you know the tea production will be in 2020 will be double than today then manpower will also be double production of oil will be say suppose that it will increase by 50% or 100% then employment will also increase by 100% so accordingly once you know the output then you can find out the manpower requirement so this model when he developed he was using a lot of mathematics the logic behind this particular model is that whatever output you produce any output that is either used for sale consumption say for example you produce agricultural petty you are producing petty is used for sale consumption a parvati petty is used for sale consumption let us say that whatever output you produce 10% is used as seed then suppose whatever output you produce suppose 80% is used as rice meal as raw material 80% of petty is used as raw material in rice meal and suppose another 10% is used for any management resector as a food for the cows and buffalo so the total production of petty you will see that 10% is used as seed 80% for rice meal for human consumption and another 10% for animal husbandry sector that we know similarly when petty is converted to rice once petty is converted to rice the rice is used in various industries rice is used in where say 10% is in hotel and restaurant then 70% is used as basic food by the families another 10% is used let us say these are used as raw material in food processing industry raw material in food processing industry say another say these are the these are the output distributed for various activities for the home consumption hotel food processing industry and the production of liquor now again when you use rice in the food processing industry and they are showing the link the first that you are producing petty is a part of agriculture petty part 10 part this is the easiest seed this is used as rice meal and this is the animal husbandry the rice meal product also is used in various part and then when you use the food processing industry to produce certain amount of output in food processing industry what are the other inputs you need you need machinery you need electricity then you need diesel also to drive the machine if there is no electricity available you need chemical these are the various type of things you need so even for food processing industry chemical you need machinery you need electricity petroleum product so then again when you need more petroleum product for food processing industry at least certain additional liter of petrol of petroleum production refining is more inputs refining is crude oil electricity generation need if you need additional electricity means you need more diesel you need hydropower petroleum needs crude oil and chemical and machinery now see ultimately everything is linked with petty so in this way the whole economy is interrelated when you produce this particular cloth it is related to agriculture because textile you need it is related to petroleum synthetic fiber is coming from petroleum you need machinery to produce it so many chemical you need dyeing you need so many things you need to produce a particular product so all these sectors of the economy are interrelated so if you want to produce more agricultural product or if you want to produce more food food processing product and definitely you will have more demand for other product say when you want to produce more petty then what are the inputs you need again this is the forward linkage in this various sectors forward what you need in the upcoming production but before production of petty what do you need you need fertilizer you need electricity you need diesel you need powered electricity you need pumps it these are electrical goods then you need irrigation you need so these are the inputs you need you need insecticides so these will be coming from different industries fertilizer will come from the fertilizer industry the fertilizer industry also needs some other inputs say for example namro fertilizer namro fertilizer needs gas and some other fertilizer factory needs some other chemicals so these way the whole economy is interrelated so on the basis of the interrelationship leon did develop this input of the model so this input of the model I just tell you that whatever be the these are the outputs of the economy output X1, X2, X3 suppose this is a agricultural service this is industry this is petroleum this is electricity this is iron ministry suppose this is administration banking service etc these are the various sectors of the economy and the output of this sector this depends on output of it depends on output of all sectors say agricultural production depends on fertilizer electricity diesel banking service you know a loan from the bank and public administration against the government machinery similarly the second sector suppose this is animal husbandry animal husbandry depends on say fertilizer like that it depends on all the sectors similarly Xn also depends on X1, X2 X3 so this is the logic the output of any industry any sector of the economy depends on all other sectors of the economy based on this logic leon did found that I am just giving the matrix form this is the matrix form this we write it as a vector it is denoted by capital X it is a vector it is a column of output X1, X2, X3, Xn in mathematics we call it a vector so this is a vector column vector of output and similarly this is called a identity matrix I will not explain it and this is also called input output coefficient matrix so this is the main thing that interrelationship is shown by this capital A this is called a input output coefficient matrix size is n into n so based on this leon did adopted the technique of finding out the sectoral output output of all the sectors of the economy at the future day our interest is to find out what will be the output at the future day in 2015 or 2020 once you know the output that the economy should produce then you can accordingly find out the manpower for 1 rupee production of how much manpower you need for 1 rupee production of banking service how much manpower you need that you can find out so based on that we can find out the manpower requirement in banking sector what are the different types of manpower in agriculture what are the different types of manpower we need how many agriculture will graduate we need how many agriculture technician we need how many unskilled labor we need and how many skilled labor we need this can be found out how many vector we need and based on that when you find out that this will be the manpower requirement at the future day then you see what is the existing education institutions provide whether the existing education institutions Assam Agriculture University then KC, Bikram, Kendra then engineering colleges, then ITIs then polytechnic whether they will be able to provide the required manpower if they cannot provide the manpower then accordingly you expand education towards that direction if you need more engineers go for another engineering college if you need more commerce graduate go for another two commerce colleges so this is how we should make the planning this is called the educational planning so educational planning initially it depends basically on manpower requirement manpower planning so manpower planning will give you the opportunity to make it manpower requirement once you know the requirement then accordingly you make the planning for production of manpower production of manpower then you will have educational colleges or schools or institutes anyway the other part last one financial education so far this financing is concerned there is a very important component of economic education without financing you cannot have education so far the financing is concerned a cool trick question comes to our mind whether the financing of education is adequate or not is it adequate or is it equitable now whether it is adequate or not there are two views one view is a very traditional view till 1970 the conventional view is that a country spends 20% of the budget on education 20% of the budget on education 20% of budget then it was known as adequate or it was considered to be adequate or if 8% of the 8% of state income or GDP if 8% of the GDP is spent on education that is also considered to be adequate either 20% of the annual budget or 8% of the state income or GDP then it is considered to be adequate but the problem is that when you talk about the adequacy of expenditure actually it may not lead to a divisional development because the money may not be properly a major part of the money may be misuse and that is why World Bank in the late 70s World Bank in the late 70s has indicated certain criteria for deciding whether the expenditure education is adequate or not so the criteria are like this number one are the student-ease ratio student-ease ratio then what is male-female ratio then female enrollment drop out rate these are some of the criteria on the basis of which we can decide whether the educational expenditure education is adequate or not suppose if the student-ease ratio is very high number of teacher is low, student is very high then the educational expenditure education is not adequate similarly suppose the male-female ratio is also very high if the enrollment of the male is less male is very high that means education is not adequately provided particularly the female children or female persons then that is also not adequate if the female enrollment is also low that is also not adequate consider it to be adequate if the drop out rate is high it is also considered that the expenditure education is not adequate so these are some of the criteria developed by the World Bank based on the criteria we can judge whether the educational expenditure is adequate or need to be more now if you consider these criteria particularly in the state of Assam you will find in the primary school some of the schools have large number of teachers and some of the schools have only one or two teachers so from that point of view some schools do not have adequate amount of investment in education there are five classes only two teachers expect good education in a school where two teachers are teaching five classes and again you have to see that infrastructure education infrastructure so whether you have adequate classroom or not whether there is sitting accommodation or not so if you go to the railway you will find the same classroom in the same room two classes are taking place one this side looking this side and another looking this side can you expect good education one this side is sitting that side while other this side is sitting this side so this is education is not adequate because you don't have infrastructure I am not talking about computer and other things but atleast the classroom and decks and benches should be available and in some areas you will find that in rural areas the students going to school carrying two things one bag in hand and another got in his hand in meth they will go to the renail so this is inadequate so atleast you should provide some infrastructure so these are some of the criteria so world bank now says that this is whether you spend 20% or 8% we are not concerned whether it provides this facility or not whether it is adequate number of teachers or not whether it is male to male ratio is adequate or not whether the drop out rate is high or low if drop out rate is very high then educational expenditure is not adequate you have to make more expenditure you have to give more training then infrastructure is not adequate then you have to make more expenditure so these are some of the criteria suggested by the world bank in the post-1970s early at the convention of system when you talk about convention of system 20% expenditure is adequate but who knows whether 20% spend on adequate or 5% nobody knows 15% or only 5% spend remaining 15% may be misused by the officials and the administrators that is why world bank is very form there instead of spending the amount of money they tell us what is the physical criteria whether the student teacher's ratio is high male-female ratio is there drop out rate is high or low infrastructure is available not on DZ criteria on the basis of which you can decide whether educational expenditure is adequate now there is a question whether educational expenditure can increase efficiency in the educational system the question is yes so actually that is the system adopted in UK and USA about 20 years back what happens that you might be knowing that in some of the schools today result is out you might get the report tomorrow in the newspaper that about 20 schools do not have any percentage of percentage percent zero last year also about 20-22 schools did not have any student passing out of matriculation now why it is so the reason is that they will claim that the students are not up to the expectation the teachers are not very serious they are not taking classes regularly they are not giving the proper training to the students that is why the percentage of pass is zero sometimes percentage of pass is 5 percent now in that case in that case the question is whether those schools should continue or close down the same this is the human psychology when you are assured that you will get the salary on the government in the high school or primary school nobody takes care of it but if you just make it related to efficiency then everybody will take care of it now the same thing happened in UK that probably this is the human factor that when the job is assured people become more athletic to the job in UK also the same thing happened that some of the schools their results were very poor in A level, O level and some of the schools are good because the teachers are serious principal is atmosphere taking care of it then results are very good and some schools are very poor in result so what the government did they gave the funding to the schools throughout the county to the state government now what they did that instead of giving funds to the high schools they gave the funds to the students so what they said that they call it a draußen system so when the fund is given to the school they were assured of the fund that we will get the salary instead of giving funds to the schools they give funds to the students they gave a house to each of the students and giving the option that you can take admission anywhere in UK. Then what the student will do? They will go to the best school. They will not go to the best school where percentage of pass is low. They are going to the very good school and best schools and there is a great class of students in the good schools and nobody is coming to the bad school. So when the students are not coming to the relatively bad school or lesser number is coming, then they will get less speed. Everything is coming through the student now. When you take a say for example, there are three schools, A, B, C. There are suppose three schools, A, B, C. So this is very good, this is good, bad. So when you give the house and to the student that this is the guarantee of the money, you go to any school and by showing this particular bowser you will get admission. Fee, the total fee will be paid by the government. Now suppose the very good school say here out of 200 students, say 150 comes here and 40 comes here and 10 comes here. One day the students were given the bowser, the second cheque. 150 come to the school, 40 here and 10 here. 150 students they will get a lot of money and this school will be only 10 students. The money is not even enough for paying to select for one month. So those school teachers will get less salary and here these school teachers will get good salary and they will continue to get more salary next year also if they do not improve the quality. Then what depends on the competition among these three schools? A, B, C. Then the school where the results are bad last year, they will try to improve it. When results improves, more students will come. That is the system, the same amount of money. See UK government did not increase the amount of money. Earlier they directly give to the schools, same amount of money now they are giving to the students. Ultimately competition among these schools improved the quality of education. 78 percent. It has reduced. I think sir the UCC, that is ultimately going through this. Yes and 3.19 percent. So anyway these are the systems adopted in the western country. Now they are getting very good results. They did not spend additional money. The same money instead of giving to the school now they are giving to the school. You go to any school you like. Go to any college you like. I think the same system should be adopted here also. Everything the efficiencies should be tagged with the salary. I am sorry. Salaries should be tagged with the efficiency. If a more efficient teacher, you get more salary. But everything is the same now. University professor and a selection grade lecturer are getting the same scale. Do you know it this time? University professor and a college lecturer. College lecturer in the Dekho book college. Very interior college. College lecturer here somewhere in what is called? Tamilpur. Tamilpur college selection grade lecturer getting basic with 37,400. And a professor of Guwahati university not lecturer either. Professor of Guwahati university getting 37,400 same scale. So this is not justified. Because the service the Tamilpur college, the Dekho book college is giving. Even now one fourth of the service given by the university professor. Anyway let me close it here.