 The laser shock peening, LSP, process using a Q-switched pulsed laser beam for surface modification was reviewed. LSP has numerous advantages over conventional shock peening, SP, such as better surface finish, higher depths of residual stress and uniform distribution of intensity. The generation of shock waves, processing parameters, and characterization of LSP-treated specimens were described. However, more fundamental understanding is needed when selecting optimized LSP processing parameters and substrate conditions. Enhancements in the surface micro and nano hardness, elastic modulus, tensile yield strength and refinement of microstructure which translates to increased fatigue life, fretting fatigue life, stress corrosion cracking, SCC, and corrosion resistance were addressed. Research gaps related to inconsistencies in the literature were identified. The current status, developments, and challenges of the LSP technique were discussed. This article was offered by Abdulahi K. Gujba and Maman Medrach. We are article.tv, links in the description below.