 recording in progress. Online students good morning. So online students please confirm the audio quality. Okay thank you. So online students for any doubts please send your message to co-host send your doubts to co-host. Okay so I am Kanagraj faculty for agriculture. I have been in this field for the last 15 years and I'm teaching agriculture for the last eight years. I have gone to UPS entry for five times three times for Indian high AS and two times for Indian forest service so the agree and the botany optional. Okay and how many of our agree students BSE agree background. Okay good. Alright so non agree graduation BSE mathematics. Plant biotechnology okay. Animal biotechnology. So first basically I will tell you about other choosing of optional and then we can decide okay and if you are convinced to choose agriculture optional then we can proceed further. Okay right. So first I will give you the basic idea regarding the how to choose optional EPSC and you might have seen a lot of videos and all. Okay right. See there are two kinds of options in EPSC. Humanity subjects, pure science and applied science. Right. So here the humanity subjects are the sociology, public administration, anthropology. So these are the very common of the popular options in EPSC. Right. And recently aggregations also one more popular option. It's getting popular recently. So in the top five optionals agrees also one of the optional. Okay. Right. So next to the pure science botany, zoology, physics, chemistry. Okay. They all come under the pure science optional. Then applied science, agriculture, forestry. So these subjects are called applied science. Right. So we apply the basic principles in this science. Okay. For example, agriculture is here applied science of botany. Okay. So we apply the concepts of botany in agriculture. Right. Okay. So it's a mix of both. Okay. It contains, agriculture contains both general subjects as well as technically subjects. Okay. Right. So what is the advantage of the humanity subjects? Okay. We will choosing humanity subjects like sociology, anthropology, public administration, political science. Okay. So in these subjects, the advantage is no need to mug it up. Okay. So if you go through the syllabus, then we can prepare the content based on the syllabus and we have to add a current phase. So for any question, at least you must have some awareness about the topic because most of the topics are the sociology, public administration. You have been studying all these subjects. Okay. Since your childhood, since your school days, you have been studying all these subjects, the sociology, geography, anthropology, everything. Okay. Right. So at least you must have some idea about the topic. So you need to mug it up everything. Right. So based on your understanding, based on your current knowledge, so you can, at least you can manage those questions. Right. But in a pure sense and applied sense, the problem is, unless otherwise, if you don't know the content, you cannot write anything. Okay. If you don't know the particular content, suppose if you're asking DNA or any structure of DNA or DNA replication processing, you carry out. Right. If you don't know the content, then you should not attempt that question. If you try to attempt, you'll get zero mark. Okay. So if you know nothing about the product of it, then just simply we can leave that. Okay. So this is the problem in the pure sense area. But the biggest advantage is when compared to humanity subjects, the humanity subjects, you need to update with the current affairs. Your writing skills is very, very important. If you have very good writing skills, then for, okay, I'm talking about non agree students. See for agree students, clearly I'm saying that without any hesitation, you can choose agree optional. Okay. This is the best optional for the agree students. Okay. I'll tell you the reason why, but for agree students, without any doubt, you can select agree optional. I'm talking about non agree students. You can think about whether to choose agriculture or humanity subjects. It's based on your strength. You can decide. Right. If you are very good at writing skill, then you can choose this up. So subject. Okay. And if you are weak at a mugging up of facts, scientific names, right. And again, in those areas, okay, if you are weak at those areas, then you can choose humanity subjects. Right. And the advantage in agriculture, okay, the applied science and pure science, the subject is static in nature. Right. And every okay, if you see the last 10 years question paper, most of the questions will get repeated every time. If you go through, if you prepare for the last 10 years question paper, then almost 80 90% of questions will be repeated in the next year also. Right. But in the humanity subjects, every year they update with the current affairs. It's the dynamic in nature. That's the problem in the that's why I'm telling that writing skill is more important. You need to relate to all the current events, current happenings in the area. You need to analyze. But in the pure science area, no analytical question. Rarely they ask some analytical questions and direct questions. But most of the questions are very direct questions. Write about the cell theory, write about cell structure and the function, draw any diagram of cell structure. Right. So most of the questions are very direct questions. If you know the answer, we can give the correct answer and we can get full marks. Right. So in the in general, the marking pattern UPC, for a good answer, they will give out of 10 maximum, we can get 6.5 for a good answer. Okay, that is a maximum they will award. Okay, 6.5 maximum that's all. But in agriculture and the pure science, suppose if you're asking this question, DNA structure, the DNA structure model proposed by Watson and Crick. Okay, suppose if you're asking this question, if you give the correct full answer, then there's a chance that we can get even 8 marks out of 10. That's the advantage in the pure science optional. But we need to mug up a lot of facts, scientific names, and you know the content variable and you need to understand the concepts clearly. Okay, most of them are conceptual oriented in the pure science and applied science. Right. So this is the this is about the strength and weakness about the two kind of subjects. Right. Okay. And especially in agriculture, so why we have to choose agriculture? Okay, what are the advantages in agriculture? For both, because it's highly suitable for the agree students, as well as for students with the biology background, they can choose agriculture optional. Right. And many of you are now okay, you don't know about an important fact. See, among the various UPST optionals, the highest success rate is in agriculture for agriculture. Right. And often, okay, you are the facts are misleading, because we are we're actually seeing the actual numbers. But you have to see the proportion. Right. See, mostly the popular optionals like sociology, geography, and other public administration, political science. So these optionals, the number of students, those who are appearing for mains is very high. Okay, so those who take these options are very high. So we have to see the how many students are appearing for his examination and how many students are actually clearing the final result. Right. So for agriculture, every year approximately 100 students, they are appearing for the mains. And out of this and an average 8 to 10 students, they clear in the final examination. So almost 8 to 10 percentage result. Whereas if you see the other optional, the percentage is just to 5 to 6 percentage. In sociology, it is around 8% or 7% in geography, it's very less 5 to 6 percentage. So 5000 candidates appearing for the mains and just 50 to 100 students, they're clearing the final result. So you should not see the actual number you have to see the proportion. Right. So that's why I'm saying this is the option with the highest success rate in UPSC among the major optionals. Okay. So second thing, previously, students, they don't select the pure sense optionals because they don't have any relation with the GS area. So why mostly the students, why these options are getting already they got popular because the sociology, public administration, geography, political science, they have a strong link with the current of the GS area. So many subjects, okay, you don't need to study about, okay, if you're taking public administration option, then you don't need to worry about the quality area. Geography optional, geography GS will be covered. Okay. Political science again, quality area will be covered. Sociology, society area will be covered. Right. But recently, UPSC is giving more importance to agriculture. Right. And the in the prelims, we can expect more than 15 questions. Combined with three subjects. Geography, environmental science, agriculture. These subjects are very important. So combinely, they are asking more than 15 questions from this area, because all the subjects are interlinked. Right. You need the geographical knowledge, you need the environmental science knowledge to understand agriculture. All are interlinked subjects. Okay. Suppose if there is a question about the biodiversity conservation, it comes in environmental science, it comes in geography, and it also comes in the agriculture, consideration of biodiversity. Right. So commonly, we can expect more than 15 questions from this area in the prelims alone. Then, means in the GS paper 3, aggregates one of the important subject, we can expect four questions, two 10 marks, two 15 marks. So, totally 50 marks in the GS paper 3. Right. So, one more advantage, if you prepare for aggregation optional, then we can also use it for our GS preparation. Moreover, the problem is one more issue is, in GS agriculture, they are asking technical questions. That's the problem. Right. Only the students with the aggregation background or agree optional students, they can be able to attempt those questions. The out of four questions they are asking, one or two questions are highly technical nature. We are asking from the subject, agree the subject. So, non in the students, okay, this is very difficult, very difficult for them to answer those type of questions. Okay. Right. Then, just I told you, the syllabus is very definite. Even, okay, so for the entire, okay, the last, we see the go through the last 8, 10 years question paper, not a single question from the out of syllabus. Okay. All you have to do is, just you have to fill, prepare for the entire syllabus. Each and every word in the syllabus is important. So, you need to have proper study material, proper content for each and every topic in the syllabus. Then, we can attempt, you can be able to attempt all the 8 questions. Right. So, in the UPSC, we know the exam pattern. Do you know the exam pattern in UPSC? In the mains, the optional, they will ask 8 questions. Okay. So, it divided into 2 sections, section A and section B. So, section A, 4 questions, audio blocker. So, in the exam pattern in our UPSC mains, divided into 2 sections, section A, section B, there are 250 marks, okay, 500 marks, paper 1, 250 marks, paper 2, 250 marks and each paper divided into 2 sections. Okay. So, in the section A, 4 questions and the section B, 4 questions. Which one? This one. Which area in the, firstly, from starting? Starting level? Okay. So, the exam pattern, okay, section A and section B, there are 8 questions totally. Out of 8 questions, you need to attempt 5 questions. So, choice is there. In GS mains, you do not have any choice. You have to attempt all the questions. But in our optional mains, we have choice. Okay. So, out of 8 questions, you need to attempt 5 questions and there are some conditions. Question number 1 and 5 are compulsory. Question number 1 and 5 are compulsory. So, 2 questions are compulsory. So, you need to attempt remaining the 3 questions. Again, one more condition. We cannot select the 3 questions randomly. Again, one more condition. We have to select apart from the compulsory question, we need to select one more question from either section A or section B. We cannot select all the 3 questions from a single section. Okay. So, this is the exam pattern in our optional mains. Right. So, either you can choose a question, okay, 2 question from section A and, sorry, totally 3 question from section A, 2 question from section B or 2 question from section A, 3 question from section B. This is the exam pattern. Okay. Right. So, in the entire syllabus, the questions are mostly from the, our syllabus point, okay, different syllabus. Okay. Mostly, there is no single question from out of syllabus. Right. So, you need to prepare proper content for each and every topic in the syllabus. Entire syllabus is important. Okay. So, further we need a proper study material. I will tell okay, I will tell about later. Right. Then, one more advantage in the, just when I told you, in the pure science optional, the evaluation is objective nature, not subjective nature. Whereas, in case of our human rights subjects, the evaluation is subjective nature. That is, you have to convince the examiner. Right. So, if you are, okay, if you are asking any analytical question or opinion based question, then the marks will vary. You have to sync with the examiner. Right. But here, if you give the correct content, you will get the marks. There is no question of any subjective nature. Okay. So, for example, if you are asking R and A structure, then if you write the correct answer, then they will give the award of the marks. Okay. There is no, any contradiction between the U and the examiner. Okay. For, okay. Because it is universally accepted to facts. D and A, R and A, cell biology. So, all those areas are universally accepted to models. There is no difference of opinion, okay, in the particular topic. So, the evolution is objective nature. So, if you give the correct answer, you will get maximum marks. Okay. Right. And, one more advantage in choosing aggregate optional. If suppose if you are preparing for Indian forest service, then we have, you are in the, okay, in the students of the aggregate option, they are in highly advantageous position. Because, okay, they have, they can choose botany. Because, in Indian forest service, you have to choose only the science-based optional. These, the human rights are not allowed in the Indian forest. Okay. So, purely technical exam. So, you have to choose, you must have science background. And, you can choose only the science-based optionals. Okay. All right. So, in that case, aggregation to botany are the best combination. Right. So, I have turned the entry with the aggregate and botany combination. So, in our course, after the end of the course, I will also guide you regarding the botany optional. How to prepare for the, the botany area. Okay. Right. Because, these subjects are, many things are common, many subjects are common between aggregation to botany. Especially in the paper too. In aggregation, we study about plant breeding, genetics, cell biology, these areas. And, these subjects are, again, you can, you will study in the botany also. Right. So, for other optional students, it is very difficult for them. Mostly, the engineering graduates, okay, they apply for the Indian forest service. So, the problem is, they choose some other optional, like sociology, geography, in the CEC mains. Again, for Indian forest service, they have to choose forestry geology. That is the best combination. Okay. Actually, in the IFOs, only four optionals are, well, adopted optionals. Okay. Otherwise, okay, we cannot choose other optionals because they are extremely pure science, physics, chemistry, zoology and all that. Okay. But, the four optionals are very common optionals in Indian forest service. Either the students, they can choose forestry geology or Agri botany. These are the four famous options in the Indian forest service. So, they have to study three optionals. The students with the sociology or some other optionals, they have to study three optionals in the Indian forest service. But, we can focus on only the two optionals. So, one more advantage in our forest service. Okay. Right. So, in the highly suitable for, okay, the aggregation optionals, aggregators, without doubt, you can select aggregation optional. It is a best option. Then, for non-agric graduates, usually I recommend the students with the biology background. So, if you have studied the botany, okay, botany zoology in a plus and plus, the higher secondary, then you can choose aggregation optional or students with any science background, science degree, biotechnology, biochemistry, BSc botany, okay. So, those students, okay, they can choose the agree a subject. No need to worry about that, okay. But, students, okay, if you do not studied any biology in your plus and plus two, then it is a little bit difficult. Usually, I do not recommend students with, suppose, okay, if you have studied the science only up to tenth, then from study from plus and plus to many students, okay, they mostly they choose the computer science, other, okay, commerce and other optionals, okay. So, usually I do not recommend for those students, okay. You can think about some other optional, right. If you have studied, if you have any strong science background, then you can choose aggregation optional, okay, right. But, in our class, I will explain everything clearly, okay. So, regarding this course, in our course, okay, regarding our coming July, the course starts from July 27th Thursday. It is a regular course Monday to the weekend, okay, sorry, weekdays, okay, Monday to Friday. So, evening 6.30 to 8.30. But, the timing and all, we will fix later, okay. I will confirm it later, okay, right. So, July 27th, okay, the course starts approximately 4.5 months. By the end of November, we finish the course. The course duration is 4.5 months, okay, right. So, what are the advantages, okay, in our, okay, in our coaching. So, first thing, just when I told you that in agriculture, the pure science optional, you need to, because the questions are completely from the syllabus only, 100% of the questions are completely from syllabus only. So, you need to cover the entire syllabus. For that, you need to have proper study material, whether you are referring the standard reference books or any material, you need to, okay, you need to make notes from the, for entire syllabus and our optional, okay, right. So, our, I have prepared, okay, almost I have worked for 2 years for the preparation of the material. And since 2021, I am distributing materials for our class students, okay. Before that, before 2021, I usually recommend the standard reference books for agriculture. But the problem is, for agriculture, we need to refer more than 10 books. Because for each and every subject, we need to refer the standard reference books, okay. So, we need to refer more than 10 books. The problem is, for many topic in the syllabus, you cannot find the direct content in the book. That's one more problem. Even if you refer standard reference books, for many topic in the syllabus, we cannot find direct answer. So, you need to search a lot of, okay, apart from the 10 reference books, you need to search in the internet also, for many topics in the syllabus. So, that's why I realize that the problem, because I have been in this for the last 15 years. And I am, I was also preparing for the agriculture optional. So, I face a lot of difficulty during my preparation. So, I thought of, okay, preparing one material. So, I worked nearly 2 years for the completion of this material. So, since 2021 batch, I am giving this material, okay. And you are my 21st batch, okay. Because Delhi also, yesterday, I conducted orientation in Delhi, okay. So, simultaneously, we are conducting in a year 3 batches. In July 2 batches, weekday batch in Chennai and a weekend batch in Delhi. Every weekend I will be in Delhi, Saturday, Sunday batch in Delhi. And again, we conduct one more batch in the month of November, okay. So, 3 batches every year, right. So, we are almost, okay, my 21st batch, right. So, you will get this material, okay. I work for the material. And it's a complete material. I can guarantee, I can confidently, I can say that this is the best material in India. You can compare it with any material. This is the best material for you. It's a 2000 page material. You will be given 6 volumes, okay. Paper 1, 3 volume, paper 2, 3 volume, booklet. You will get after the enrollment of the course. Within a week, they will provide the course material. So, 6 volumes. It will come in 6 volumes, okay, right. It covers the entire syllabus. So, simply, you can depend fully on the material. No need to refer any other standard reference books. Just to follow my class notes. And we also conduct a regular class test. Every week, okay, every week we conduct the class, regular class test will be there. So, just to follow my class notes, material and my, the class test questions and answer key. After the completion of every test, I will provide answer key also. You can just follow that, okay. It will cover 100% of the aggregate syllabus, okay. That's the biggest advantage. And I will explain the concepts very clearly. We will see one demo class here, okay, right. So, conceptual clarity. You will get, because in agriculture, many topics that need a conceptual understanding. In the paper 1, especially the soil science, nutrient management. So, these topics, we need the conceptual clarity. And again in paper 2, the cell biology, genetics, plant breeding, plant physiology, seed technology. These areas are concepts, okay, concepts oriented. So, I will explain all the concepts very clearly. Even for non-agric students, with the biology background, they can easily understand my class, okay, right. I will start from the basics only, okay. Don't worry about that. So, directly I won't go to the aggregate subject. First, I will start from the basics, okay. The cell biology, genetics and all, I will start from the basic areas. Then in our coaching, regularly, okay, every week, I will provide a class test. Apart from that, regularly, I will provide a daily exercise. Daily, okay, after the, in our regular class. See, every day, I will give class assignments. Because as I aggregate graduate, you know the content very well. Because you have studied the subject for the four years, okay, course. And you know the content very well. You know aware of the various subjects. But the problem is, the UPSC answer ratings different from our college answer rating. So, I will provide a coaching for the how to write answer for the UPSC, okay. So, we have daily answer rating practice will be there. I will actually after the enrollment of the course, we create a separate channel, telegram channel. And in the channel, you will be, all the information will be given in the telegram channel. So, regularly, daily, I will send the practice questions in the telegram channel. You can practice answer rating in your room and send it to me telegram number, okay. I will provide my personal number, okay, right. So, apart from the weekly test, we can also contact the regular answer rating practice. Then the top of sensor copy, you will get the top of sensor copy. We can match with our answer rating practice, okay. We can enrich our answer rating practice with the top of sensor copy. Almost for agriculture, all the students, those students who are clear with aggregate option are my students. In the entire South India are my students only, okay. Every student cleared from the South India are my students. Hyderabad, Bangalore, Trivandrum, Chennai, okay. And last year also, the top us all for, okay, they are my students. Those who scored highest market agriculture, Harini, 286, and the Devi Puri Ajith from Trivandrum, she scored a 274. So, these are the highest scored aggregate option last year. And before that again, 2021, Swathi Stree, she scored a 303. She's also my student. So, I have answer copies of, okay, the top us. So, we can share in the, okay, in the class, during our class, I will share the top of sensor copy so that you can go through it. So, how to present our answers, how to improve our answers, okay, right. So, and this is the material I told you. This is just one sample copy. So, it consists of, okay, it will come in six volumes. So, all the syllabus topics are properly organized, okay. And I have updated the material recently. In the month of June, I have updated the material. So, it's a revision edition. So, I have updated with the current, the recent happenings, okay, current of phase also. In agriculture, mostly we don't need a current of phase, except a few topics, we don't need to refer the current of phase. It's full of static only, 80% of the subject is full of static only, except a few areas we have to, okay, on the class we will discuss. I will tell you what are the areas you need to refer current of phase, okay. So, current of phase is not necessary for agriculture, right. But still, I have updated the material with the latest events and the happenings, everything, okay, right. You will get the updated material only. And this is our entire syllabus topic in agriculture, the paper one and the paper two. So, paper one is like GS paper. Most of the topics, even non-agriculate students, they can easily understand the paper one area. Basically, the ecology environment, again in the, these areas, anyhow, okay, for even those students who didn't choose the agriculture optional, they have to study agriculture in the, for the GS, GS paper three and for the prelims, okay. So, these concepts are again, you will study in the, your GS also, cropping system, cropping pattern, those areas, okay, right. So, there's the ecology environment part, again, you have to study in the, for your GS also. So, ecology environment part and the agronomy area, the cropping system, cropping pattern, irrigation, these topics, again, you will study in the GS, right. Okay, it will be covered in our optional itself. Then, soil science, forestry, nutrient management, extension and the farm management. So, these are the major, the subjects in our paper one, okay. Then, paper two, it's full of technical. So, many students of the non-agriculate background, they can easily understand the paper one area, okay. But paper two, that's why I'm asking you, you need a minimum, the science knowledge, okay, science background to understand these areas. So, paper two is full of technical, because we cannot skip this area. Moreover, to score high marks, you have to attempt these questions one. We can skip in choice, okay, we cannot do like that. Because, okay, in the section A, mostly, the section A, section B questions are from the first, in a section A, they ask questions from the first two four topics, okay. Then, section B, the remaining four topics in the section B. And similarly, in paper two also, in a section A, in paper two, section A, mostly the questions are from this area. And section B, the questions are from this area, okay. So, here, we can easily skip this part, we can attempt only two questions from section A. And we can attempt the maximum questions from this area, section B. But you won't get enough marks, okay. So, in agriculture, to get high marks, we have to attempt specific questions in a technical questions, right. So, you have to attempt to more questions from the genetics, plan breeding and the seed technology in this area, right. So, our strategy is, our aim is to cross 300 plus, okay. But actually, it varies, okay. Last year, the top score is 284, okay. But, okay, every year, okay, depends upon the current, okay, the prevailing situation. So, in some years, okay, the score is 300 or some years, okay, 280, 290, right. So, based on last year condition, actually in the top 150 rank, only 10 students, they scored more than 300, in the last 150 rank. So, in the last year, the best to score in agriculture is anything, not only agriculture, any optional, anything above 270 is a good scoring optional, last year, okay. But we aim for 300 plus, right, okay. So, the 300 plus, easily, we can score 140 in paper one and 160 in paper two. This is our strategy, because usually, we can score high marks in paper two when compared to paper one. Actually, paper one seems easy. We can easily complete the paper one within one month. It takes a very long time to complete paper two, but scoring is easy in paper two when compared to paper one, because it's technical nature, right. So, they give you maximum marks for the paper two area. So, we can aim for 160 plus in paper two, 140 plus in paper one, okay. So, marking is difficult in paper one, because they are general topics, many topics are like GS topics, climate change, greenhouse effect, global warming. So, we have to address these questions technically, specifically. Otherwise, if you write general points, then we won't get enough marks. That's the problem in the paper one, okay. But you can easily complete this syllabus. So, we have to add a lot of case studies, okay. We'll discuss in the class. I will tell you how to improve, how to do value addition in the paper one, how to score a high marks in the paper one, okay. We have to do a lot of value addition in the paper one. And moreover in material also, it will be covered. The examples, case studies, everything will be covered in the material itself, okay, right. About, okay, the overall syllabus. Any doubts? If you have any doubts, you can ask me. Otherwise, we'll see some two, three topics, okay, demo lecture, concepts, I'll explain. Online students, any doubts regarding course, regarding agriculture optional? And this is my personal number. Still, if you have any doubts regarding the choosing a rich optional or any guidance regarding the optional guidance, you can message me, okay, or call me. So, in our class, not only if, okay, I'm going to teach agriculture only. I have, okay, I have huge experience in this field. Almost, I have, I gave seven mains, okay, around five interviews and there's seven mains, because I never failed in problems. In my first attempt, I cleared the problems, okay. So, I never failed in problems. And I have paid for other exams also, NABOD, RBI, anything, okay. So, IBPS, Group 1, TNPC, okay, in Tamil Nadu State Public Service Commission, Group 1, Group 2. Already, I'm in service, actually, I'm here, Group B officer in Tamil Nadu government. So, okay, I was selected actually for many services, okay, I have selected many services, even Agri officer also, Agri officer also, right. I have huge experience in this field. So, for any doubts, not only agriculture optional, for any preparation, okay, for your preparation, for other exams, okay, for entry guidance, for prelims guidance, okay, we will discuss a lot, okay, in the, in our class also. I will share my entry experience and other students' experience, okay, everything, okay, in the top of experience, everything in the, you will, in the class, okay, we'll discuss, right. But apart further, okay, any, for any guidance, you can call me, no problem, right. Online students, any doubts? Are you going to go there? Online students, please send your doubts to co-host, non-agri students, they have to choose the coaching, okay. And non-agri students now, with the biology background or non-biology background? Say, clearly I told you that non-agri students with the biology background, they can choose agriculture optional, they can manage, okay, no problem. And they have to join the coaching, okay. So, without coaching it's very difficult, okay. For agri students, many agri students, some students are academically very strong, so they go for self-preparation, okay, right. But non-agri students, they cannot go for self-preparation, it's very difficult for them, right. Okay, so because many agri concepts are in the paper and also they need to understand many agri concepts. So, coaching is best for non-agri students with the biology background, and non-agri students with the non-biology background, it's very difficult, okay. But still you have any interest in the agriculture optional, then you can call me, you can talk, okay, we can discuss, right. But my suggestion is usually I don't recommend non-science background students, I don't recommend the agriculture optional, right. So, you can watch, because in the coming week, I have a lot of, okay, the regularly we conduct the optional orientation program. So, you can attend the other optional orientation program also, based on that you can decide. The non-agri and the non-science background students, okay. Paper one on the morning, paper two evening. Single day, okay. At the exam schedule and all, you will get, okay, at the time of clearing problems, and then they give you the exam schedule, then you can watch, okay, the exam schedule, the GS paper one, continuously, okay, the SI paper, Tamil, Long Beach paper will be there, and the GS paper one, paper three, paper four. It will, they will conduct the examination continuously, and they will give one week gap for the optional. Morning, paper one, evening, afternoon, paper two. Yes, okay, for agri students, without doubt, they can choose agri is optional. In the class, I will explain the concepts clearly, you don't need to worry about that. No, class notes, actually, you need to refer to the material only. In the class, I am not going to dictate any notes because I will provide the material, okay. Again, we don't want to waste the time, okay. Actually, I am not, usually I don't dictate, right. I will explain the concepts, okay. I will teach the concepts, and if the class mostly is interactive, the two-way communication, okay. I will ensure that the class should be as interactive as possible, and in the class, I will explain the concepts. We can make short notes in the class. I won't dictate line by line. Students, the science background, they can choose, okay. So, in the course, I will cover the entire syllabus, okay. So, all the topics in the syllabus will be covered in our coaching, okay. I will discuss every topic in the class. See, students with biology subject, if they have studied plus one, plus two, in their plus one, plus two, if you have studied biology, botany biology, then you can choose agri is optional. You know, over tenetri agri agri agri agri agri. We form, padikulama, math padikulama. See, I clearly told you that any students, okay, non-agri students, with the science background, that is plus one, plus two, if you have studied biology, in your plus one, plus two, in your higher secondary, you can choose. I will explain agri concepts very clearly in the class. Yes, scientific names are, okay, that's why I told you. In pure science optionals, we need to mug up some facts, okay. We need to develop the memory sync capacity, okay. So, the scientific names are important, especially in the paper one, weed science. We need to remember the scientific names of the weeds and in paper two, entomology pathology. We need to remember the scientific names of the disease and the pest, okay. But don't worry about entomology and pathology because many agri students, they are hesitant to take agri is optional because of entomology pathology, but don't worry about that. Entomology pathology, maximum they will ask, okay. Pest and disease question, only one question from the, okay, our syllabus. So, we can focus on the remaining areas, okay. Agri students, don't worry about entomology pathology. It's not important in our UPSC, okay. There are some other subjects are there, other syllabus topics are there in entomology pathology. We can focus on other areas. Pest and disease management, we will discuss later. Okay, I will, in the class, I will provide how to cover those areas effectively, okay. So, don't worry about the pest and disease management at all. Yeah, we conduct one more batch in November. You can attend that class, okay. Based on your convenience, you can choose. But the general plan is regarding our, okay. So, most of you, I think most of you are freshers, right. So, you are going to appear for next year, 2024 prelims, right. So, the general, our strategies for optional preparation, for UPSC preparation, this is the correct time, okay. After college, in the month of July, we enter into the preparation. So, from July to December, this is the time for your mains preparation, especially optional. You should complete your optional before December. The month of November, okay, along with our course, the course duration is 4.5 months. So, along with our course, you have to complete the optional preparation. So, we conduct, regularly we conduct the class test, okay, weekly test. So, you can complete the syllabus along with the coaching, okay, the course, right. So, before December, the November, you have to complete the optional preparation. Then, after December, you can exclusively focus on the prelims area. The six months time, okay, for a fresher. The six months time is essential for the prelims preparation. Then, after prelims, in the May, after May, usually they conduct, okay, the examinations, the main examinations in the month of September. So, three months of time gap will be there. So, in the time period, you have enough time to only for revision, because next year, you'll be very busy, okay. So, don't think that we can prepare optional next year. You cannot do that, okay. So, it will be very hectic. So, next year, after clearing prelims, because many students, they are facing the difficulty, right. So, fortunately, they clear the prelims, but the problem is, it's very difficult for them to manage the optional GS, SA, everything, because next year, you will be very busy attending GS test, SA test, and the optional test. Every week, usually we conduct test every week, right. So, every week, you have to attempt all the test, okay. SA test, GS test, and the optional test. So, you have only time for revision. So, you need to complete the optional preparation before December. But many students, the problem is, actually we conduct one more batch in November, but for many students, because of the college duration, okay, so many colleges, they complete the course only in the month of, they give the certificate only in the month of August, September. So, for late joining students, we conduct one more batch in November. But the problem is, when you start an November batch, the course will go up to March, March, April. So, you need to have, okay, you need to maintain the balance. You need to have time for preparation of your prelims also, that's the problem, okay. But those students, mostly the November batch students, they decide 20-25 preparation, okay, optional preparation, the, sorry, prelims appearance, okay. So, my suggestion is, for a, the July batch is the best so that you can prepare well in the, okay, before December or before November, you can complete the, your optional preparation. Because this is the best time for your coaching, okay. So, in agriculture, the two, okay, for agri-students, they know that, see in our syllabus, in the, in our syllabus, in agronomy, the cropping system area, one major topic is there, package of practices, okay. So, don't worry, okay, agri-students, don't worry about the package of practices and the test and disease management. Because they are not important, okay, they are important in our college, okay, in agri, okay, in our, in our college studies, it's important. But they are not important in UPSC. So, we can, we can focus on the, some other topics, okay, in the same entomology pathology, other areas are also there. We can focus on those areas. And I will give you an idea about how to cover package of practices and the test and disease management, because it's highly impossible. In the cropping system package of practices, package of practices is nothing but, they will ask you, write about the various practices for a crop production, particular crop, right. So, in the syllabus, they have given, cereal, pulses, oil seeds, millets, cash crops, there are more than 100 crops are there. So, it's highly impossible to cover for each and every crop, okay, it's very difficult to cover the, what is the seed rate, what is the spacing, what is the weed management practice, what is the irrigation management practice, okay. Again, for horticulture crops also, they give fruits and vegetables. There are more than 50 fruits are there. More than 50 vegetables are there. But don't worry, they are not important in UPSC. Rarely they ask one question, that too we can skip in the, our choice-based question. So, we can attempt the maximum question from the, that's why I'm telling. You need to be very strong in the section A. But I will give you idea, how to cover those areas. Suppose if you're asking the compulsory question also, we can manage, easily we can manage the percentage management and the package of practices. I'll give you a simple idea, how to cover the entire crops, that we will discuss in the class, okay. So, on a simple topic. In nutrient management, some nutrients are essential for crop plants. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, then calcium, iron, there are several, okay, essential nutrients for the crop plants, okay. For the normal growth and development of crop plants, they need the essential nutrients, okay. They are called the essential nutrients. And the three major nutrients for crop plants, NPK, nitrogen, phosphorus and the potassium, okay, right. So, usually these nutrients are called the, they are highly mobile within the plant. Mobile means mobility, movement, okay. So, they are highly mobile within the plant. And these nutrients are the sulfur, calcium, ferrous, they are highly immobile within the plant. Immobile means their mobility, their transport is restricted. Their transport is very slow, okay. That is the immobile nutrients, right. So, usually these nutrients, you will study that in the nutrient management topic. There is one important topic, okay. Important, repeated question in agriculture. Write the role of nutrients in the crop plants. Write the role of the various nutrients in the crop plants, right. So, usually we add one point, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium. These nutrients, they cause symptoms, okay. Why they are essential, right. So, there is one common question, role of nutrients and the deficiencies symptoms they cause. If there is any deficiency of this nitrogen, what are the symptoms they cause in the crop plants, on the crop plants, okay. That is one common question, right. So, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, they cause symptoms on the older leaves. Usually you can see the discoloration of the leaves, yellowing of leaves. You can see the symptoms on the older leaves, right. And the deficiency of these nutrients, sulfur, calcium and iron, they cause symptoms on the younger leaves. The browning of the tips, okay. The browning of the young buds. You can see those symptoms on the younger part of the leaves. That is because of this deficiency of sulfur, calcium and ferrous. See, the entire nutrient management topic, the soils in this area, it's full of concept oriented. If you understand the logic, then without mugging up, you can easily write those points, right. So, this is the basic concept. So, these nutrients are highly mobile in the plant. And these nutrients are highly immobile within the plant. So, there is a strong relation between. So, this concept is important for the, the deficiency symptoms produced on the crop plants, okay. For example, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, they are highly mobile. So, in the soil, when the crop plants, they take nutrients from the soil, right. Since these nutrients are highly mobile, so immediately after absorption by the roots, they are transported to the upper parts of the plants. So, here this translocation, it's called, it's a movement in the vascular system of the plant, xylemphloem, okay. So, they are moved very quickly in the, within the plant system, right. So, immediately after absorption by the roots, they are quickly transported to the upper parts of the leaves. And if the soil contains enough nutrients, then they take nutrients continuously from the soil and they transport the nutrients to various parts of the plant, right. Suppose if the soil is, okay, if there is a deficiency of nutrient in the soil, then after absorption, the entire amount is transported to the upper part of the leaves. For the lower part of the leaves, they will face the deficiency. That's why these nutrients, they cause the deficiency symptoms on the older leaves. Because all the nutrients observed by the plants, the NPK magnesium, they transport, they transport it to the upper parts of the plants. If the soil, if they don't contain enough nutrient, if they don't provide nutrients continuously, then they won't get the nutrients, okay. So, that's why they cause symptoms on the older leaves. So, by default, if they ask this question, okay, out of four nutrients, by default we can write this point. If they ask about, write the role of nitrogen and the deficiency in the form of nitrogen, the default point, nitrogen cause symptoms on the older leaves of the plants. Posporus, same point. Potassium, same point. Magnesium, same point. Whatever the nutrients they ask, we can write the, this point we can, by default we can write this point, okay. And again, if you ask these nutrients, then again by default we can write this point because they are highly immobile, same logic. So, the plants, when they take nutrients from, these nutrients from the soil, because their mobility is very slow, right. So, they move very slowly, right. If the soil doesn't provide enough nutrients for the crop plants, by the time they reach the top, the top portion, already nutrients are depleted. So, mostly these nutrients are utilized for the older part of the leaves. The younger parts of the leaves unable to get nutrients from the, the lower portion. So, that's why they cause symptoms on the older leaves, because of the immobility in nature, within the plants, okay. So, the browning of tissues, the budding problem, okay. Dropping of buds, these symptoms are caused by the, the sulfur, calcium and the ferrous, okay. So, it's full of baser on logic. If you understand the logic, conceptual clarity, then we can easily address, okay. We can avoid the conceptual error, because in the agriculture, one more, okay, the problem, we have to be very careful. We should not make any conceptual mistake, okay. It will give you a bad impression, okay. Examiner, okay. When you see the paper, if you give, if you are writing any wrong information or if you are, okay, if you understand, okay, we don't understand the concept clearly, then it will affect your marks. So, the concept of clarity is very important. That we will discuss in the class. I will clear, okay. I will explain all the concepts very clearly, okay, right. One thing. And one more, the same logic we can apply. For example, this is the immobility, immobility within the plant. In soil, Sonobow, okay. In the class, I will teach you a lot of code words, shortcuts, okay. So, there is no meaning for Sonobow, okay. Just Sonobow, okay, right. Sonobow means sulfate, nitrate, boron, okay. Three nutrients, sulfate, nitrate, boron. So, they are highly mobile in the soil. See, sulfur, boron, boron also come here, okay. So, sulfur, boron, calcium, ferrous, they are highly immobile within the plant. But sulfate, nitrate, boron, they are highly mobile in the soil. There is a difference, okay. And the phosphorus, it is highly mobile within the plant, but the phosphorus is highly immobile in the soil. So, we need to understand these concepts clearly, okay. So, that we can write the answers logically. Without studying elaborately, we can, okay. Based on logic only, we can give answers, right, okay. See, first we are going to complete this, okay. So, sulfate, nitrate, boron. So, nitrate, they are highly mobile within the soil, okay, right. For agri-student, you might have heard, okay, in your college, in the crop production area, usually for rice plant, usually nitrate form of atlasers are not suitable for rice plant. Mostly, we recommend the urea, okay. So, in the nitrogen, there are three different forms of nitrogen, nitrate form of nitrogen, ammonium form of nitrogen, and the one more form is called the amide form of nitrogen, urea, okay. So, usually, the scientists, they recommend, they do not recommend nitrate form of atlaser to rice plant. Usually, they recommend the ammonium form or amide form. Why? There is a logic. Why we cannot apply nitrate form of atlaser for the rice plant? Nitrate form of atlaser means ammonium nitrate. There is one atlaser, okay, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate. These are the various nitrate form of nitrogen atlasers. Usually, we do not apply this atlaser for the rice plant. We should not apply. We do not apply, right, we should not apply. Because that leads to inefficiency of atlaser. That leads to wastage of atlaser. Because this nitrate is, just when I told you that, Sonobho, they are highly mobile within the soil. So, mobile means mobility. They move very freely in the soil. So, in case of, because usually, we grow rice in the standing water, right? Usually, we grow rice in the standing water, in the water-logged condition, right? So, in the water-logged condition, these nutrients are highly mobile, which means the mobility is determined by the solubility. That means they are highly solubility in water. The nitrate is highly solubility in water. So, they are subjected to heavy leaching. Leaching means removal of nutrients from the top layer to bottom layer. There is a leaching process, okay? In agriculture, we use a term called leaching. So, leaching means removal, removal of the metal nutrients from the top layer to bottom layer or somewhere, okay? Transport, okay, from one place to another place. There is a leaching process, right? So, this leaching is mainly concentrated to solubility. When a particular material is highly solubility in water, they are subjected to heavy leaching, right? So, when we apply nitrate form of fertilizer, they are highly solubility in water because they have high mobility. So, they are leached from the soil. They won't be available to the crop plants. So, their efficiency will be affected, okay? If you apply 100 kg of fertilizer, then the crop plants, they can able to take only 20, 30 kg. Remaining 70% will be leached out. Removed from the soil, okay? So, the loss is very high in case of the waterlogged condition, especially in the rice waterlogged condition. That's why we apply, we recommend the urea for the rice plant, amide form of fertilizer, okay? So, these are the logics, okay, in our nutrient management topic, soil science. So, these concepts are very important, okay? To understand the, how the crop plants, they take nutrients from the soil, okay? In plant physics, actually, these concepts are again important for our second paper also. There is a close link between the soil science, nutrient management and the plant physiology. There is a strong relation. So, the understanding of these concepts are important, again, important for our plant physiology area. And in Agri, Agri, Agri calls it paper one, paper two. One topic is common for both paper one, paper two. They ask this question in both paper one, paper two. That is, role of these nutrients. Same syllabus in both paper one, paper two. So, this question we can expect in paper one. At the same time, this question also expect, okay? We can expect in the paper two also, in plant physiology area, okay? Common answer for both topics. And one more concept, again, paper two. Actually, for the entire paper two, in our genetics, there is one basic concept, loss of heredity, loss of heredity. The Mendelian law, okay? Mendel's loss of inheritance. That is the main concept. So, for the entire paper two, up to seed technology, we need to understand the loss of heredity, okay? So, that's the basis for the, to understand the entire plant breeding and the genetics, okay? Right? That we will discuss later. One topic, the ploidy level, ploidy. Ploidy means what is ploidy? Chromosome number, okay? It's called the ploidy. Ploidy means chromosome number, right? So, in the ploidy, there are two types of ploidy. One is deployed. Another one is called polyploid. So, deployed into polyploid, okay? So, deployed, who are diploids? Human beings, okay? We are deployed organisms. Deployed means any individual organism contains two set of chromosomes, okay? Those are called deployed organisms, deployed individuals. And this deployed condition is the normal one, normal case, okay? Right? Normal individuals are called deployed individuals. So, during our, okay, in our, the reproduction, in the sexual reproduction process, okay? In plants and animals. Usually, the male and the female gametes they contain one set of chromosome. They combine together to produce the zygote. So, this is the first to form a cell after the fertilization process, okay? So, the male gametes, they contain half chromosome. Female gametes contain half chromosome. They combine together to produce the full set of chromosome. So, every single, okay? Every individual, they contain two set of chromosomes. One is for a father. Another one is from the mother. Another set from mother. So, in our human beings, we have 46 chromosomes. So, the 2A number equals 46. And the N number equals 23. That is a haploid number, okay? It's called the, one more term, we is haploid. The single set of chromosomes, it's called a haploid, right? So, usually, this haploid is nothing but gametic chromosome number is called a haploid. Usually, individuals, they contain two set of chromosomes. But in the gametes, they contain only, gametes means sex cells. In the male, okay? In the male and the female sex cells, they contain only half chromosome number, okay? N, N number, right? So, this occurs due to the meatic cell division process called a meatic cell division. So, usually, this meatic, meatic process occurs in the sex cells. They divide the full chromosome into half, full chromosome into half set, okay? Right? Haploid number. In case of polyploid individuals, they are the deviations from the diploid cell, okay? So, usually, the diploid organisms are called the normal individuals or human beings. Mostly, animals, we can see the diploid condition, right? The polyploid condition, mostly, you can see in the plants, crop plants, right? And one more diploid individual arise, very common example, 2N equal to 24. Rise is a diploid crop plant, okay? It contains two set of chromosomes, 2N equal to 24. That means, what is the haploid number for rise? That is the haploid number for the rise. That is, in the rise plant, the male and the female gametes, the male anther and the female, the pistil, they contain only half chromosome number, total number, that's all. So, during reproduction, during the fertilization process, they combine together to produce the normal diploid individual, okay? Whereas, in case of polyploidy, they contain multiple sets of chromosomes, more than two set of chromosomes. So, they are the deviation from the diploid individual. For example, banana, our edible banana is a triploid species. Triploid means they contain three set of chromosomes. Our wheat, our commonly cultivated wheat plant. So, wheat is a hexaploid that contains six set of chromosomes. Cotton, cotton is here, tetraploid species. They contain four set of chromosomes, okay? Then a potato, again, it's a tetraploid species. So, most of our normally cultivated crop plants, they are, they contain more than one set of chromosome, more than two set of chromosomes, okay? They are called the polyploid individuals, right? So, these are concept, okay? And we use one more term called a monoploid, monoploid. So, the haploid and the monoploid, it means single set of chromosome, okay? So, normally individuals having two set of chromosomes. And from the two set of chromosomes, the half chromosome number is called a haploid. For example, the rice, sorry, wheat, the chromosome number of wheat is 42. What is the haploid number for wheat? Half chromosome number, that is the haploid number, okay? So, haploid number for wheat is half chromosome number. So, N equal to 21. So, in the wheat plant, in their sex cells, they contain only 21 chromosomes, okay? So, this is called a haploid number. We use one more term called a monoploid, right? So, this monoploid, we apply only for the true deploid species. Why I'm telling this concept? Because often, we get confused regarding, okay? The monoploid and haploid. Because monoploid and haploid both are same, usually we say that monoploid means opposite, half chromosomes, okay? Deploid means die means two. Mono means single. So, half chromosome number of deploid is called a monoploid. So, what is the haploid? Again, half chromosome number of deploid is called a haploid. So, it seems, okay? Both are same, but they are different, okay? So, monoploid is different from haploid. So, the haploid means we apply for both deploid as well as polyploid species. Whatever the species, okay? Simply, the gamete chromosome number is called a haploid, haploid number. For example, cotton, 2 is equal to 52. So, this is the chromosome number of cotton, 2 is equal to 52. So, the haploid number is 26. That is the haploid number for the cotton. So, for any species, whether it is a deploid species or a polyploid species, the half chromosome number is called a haploid number. So, we can apply the concept of haploid for any species, but we apply the concept of monoploid only for the deploid species, not for polyploid species. So, only for the deploid species, we use the term monoploid. So, for a true deploid species like rice, like human beings, the monoploid, haploid, both are same. Okay? So, for rice, the haploid number is 12. Monoploid number is 12. Okay? But we cannot apply the concept of monoploid for the polyploid species. In that case, the half chromosome number is called a haploid number, that's all. So, we'll discuss it later in the class. I will elaborate, we will discuss it later, okay? What are the modifications in this chromosome number? Because this is one of the important topic in our syllabus. Repair the question. Applications of these haploid, application of polyploid in agriculture. Because our normally cultivated fruits, vegetables, everything are polyploid species. You don't know that? Our edible banana is said triploid. Most of our common cultivated plants and their big size fruits are there. They all are polyploid, watermelon. Watermelon is said triploid species. See, again the logic, okay? They contain, so polyploid species, okay? Where we apply this concept in the polyploid? Sometimes we artificially produce these crops. Artificially we develop, okay? Grapes. You are wondering, yeah? Big size grapes are there. Huge size grapes. It's another, it's not a normal diploid species. It's a polyploid species. So, we artificially enlarge the size of the fruits and vegetables by developing polyploid species. Because they contain more chromosome, okay? They contain multiples of chromosomes. Against a normal diploid individual, they contain multiple set of chromosomes. So, we can obtain big size fruits, vegetables from the polyploid species. This is the application. Big size watermelon, big size grapes, okay? Suppose if you want an agriculture, if you want a more leaf yield, in case of fodder crops for livestock, for the fodder crops, then in economic product, okay? For example, tea. In tea, what is economic product? In tea, leaf yield. For these type of crop plants, we develop the polyploid species so that they produce more, more profuse tillering of the vegetable pot. That's the application of the polyplates. So, this is the, okay? In the class, I will teach, okay? The concepts, okay? Every time. So, you can make short notes, okay? From my teaching. And I will give a lot of examples in the class. So, I will give a lot of examples in the class. You can note down. But you have to study from the material. I will provide the material. So, I will explain the concepts. And in your room, you can, in the day, okay? So, when I teach a particular topic, then you can directly, okay? In the room, you can study the particular topic with your material. That's more than sufficient. And you have any doubts, you can message me. In the telegram, in the WhatsApp, you can message me. I will explain the, I will clear the doubts, okay? Any doubts regarding class, coaching course? Online students, any doubts? Please send your doubts to co-host. So, the class is, okay? The session is over. You can leave, okay? If you have any doubts, you can ask me. I will be here only, okay? Otherwise, you can leave. Thank you. Thank you all, okay? All the best. Recording stopped.