 This is a project to find out how much value is added to society and the economy by the availability of works, information and artistic expressions in the public domain. It's important to study the public domain because actually a lot of industries now are facing similar problems to companies which decide to use public domain inputs. For example, as music became digitized and became more widely available for copying and downloading, the music industry adapted new business models to meet the challenge of reaching their customers. In a sense, with Napster, music became non-excludable. It was easy to trade and distribute it online. So the kinds of challenges that these firms that we study face when using non-excludable public domain inputs are similar to challenges that are faced in other industries as well. Well, that was actually an interesting question and we spent a lot of time thinking about what should be included in the public domain for the purposes of our research. So just briefly, we included works where it was free and available for uptake by anybody, regardless of their context of the use, so commercial and non-commercial uptake, and where there was more or less a clear line about what could be used or not used. In our study, we looked at three different kinds of markets, if you like, for public domain material. We looked at uptake and adaptation of public domain works by creative companies in the UK. We looked at how the public domain gets used on Kickstarter, which is a crowdfunding platform. And we looked at public domain images on Wikipedia and whether or not they increase visitorship to pages where public domain images are available. Well, first of all, we found that the public domain is widely used and used in a variety of different and unexpected ways. One of the most interesting findings, I think, is that the public domain work is often combined with other material, which might be the copyright of somebody else. So sometimes a third-party license is obtained and then that license work is combined with public domain material. In terms of the findings on Kickstarter, we found that pitches, which incorporate public domain material, do better. They're more likely to succeed than pitches where the work is the original creation of the author. And we found that quite interesting. On Wikipedia, we found that the availability of public domain images increases the traffic that those sub-pages on Wikipedia receive. So famous people of the past where there's a public domain image of them, those pages receive more traffic than pages without images, suggesting that public domain materials such as illustrations and photographs add a lot of value to Wikipedia. Well, I think that the results of the study point to a variety of different policy outcomes or recommendations. So the first finding is that firms really were crying out for more access to public domain works. They struggled to find high-quality digital copies of public domain material that they could then take up and use in new innovative products. So we're talking about searchability, centralized databases, and availability of work in terms of what firms need. And in broader policy terms, I think it's just important that we introduce into policy debates the value which is generated by having these repositories of open and freely available information and works.