 Well my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is as to how international labour standards are created. International labour standards evolve from a growing international concern that action needs to be taken on a particular issue such as providing working women with maternity protection or ensuring a safe working conditions for agricultural workers. Dear students, the development of international labour standards at ILO is a unique legislative process involving representatives of governments, representatives of workers and representatives of employers from throughout the world. As a first step, ladies and gentlemen, the governing body agrees to put an issue on the agenda of a future international labour conference. The international labour officer prepares a report that analyses the law and practice of member states with regard to the issues. This is the process that is adopted at ILO. My dear students, then this very report which is prepared by labour officers is communicated to the member states and to workers and employers for comments that is then submitted to the international labour conference for a first discussion. A second report is then prepared by the office with the draft instrument which is also sent for comments and submitted for discussion at the following session for discussion at the conference. My dear students, where the draft instrument is discussed, amended as necessary and proposed for adoption, this double discussion procedure gives conference parties spent sufficient time to examine the draft instrument and make comments on it. This is the procedure. Dear students, a two-third majority of votes is required for a standard to be adopted. This is a very important point. Isn't it a democratic process? Yes indeed. My dear students, ILO member states are required to submit any convention or protocol adopted by the international labour conference to their competent authorities, competent national authorities for the enactment of relevant legislation or other action. Dear students, an adopted convention or protocol normally comes into force 12 months after being ratified by two member states. This is the span of time. My dear students, what is ratification? Ratification is a formal procedure whereby a state accepts the convention or protocol as a legally binding instrument. Now, the ratifying state ratifies the international labour standard is a declaration to the Director General of ILO that we will implement it in our country and we will be in consultation and we will develop it so that social justice within our state can be dispensed. My dear students, there are currently 190 conventions and 206 recommendations, some dating back as far as 1990 and six protocols are there. In the trial we offer ILO labour standards. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.