 Bone regeneration is a complex physiological process that occurs naturally during fracture healing and is also involved in continuous remodeling throughout adulthood. It is also necessary for skeletal reconstruction of large bone defects caused by trauma, infection, tumors and other conditions. Current treatments include autologous bone grafting, free fibula vascularized grafting, allograft implantation, and the use of growth factors, osteoconductive scaffolds, osteopogenitor cells, and distraction osteogenesis. Researchers are investigating improved local strategies, such as tissue engineering and gene therapy, as well as systemic approaches like bone graft substitutes with biomechanical properties similar to normal bone, to accelerate the overall regeneration process and treat systemic conditions like skeletal disorders and osteoporosis. This article was authored by McGonigal Dennis, Jones Elena, Dimitri Rosalia, and others.