 Hypoxia is a common and important feature of many types of cancer, which affects the biology and behavior of cancer cells, as well as the efficacy of treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. It is also strongly correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Nanoparticles and bio-carriers can increase the oxygen concentration in tumor tissue, improving the efficacy of these treatments. Additionally, they can increase the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor environment, leading to improved immunotherapy outcomes. Targeted drugs against hypoxia-related genes and proteins are being developed to visualize and quantify hypoxia levels, as well as to assess the efficacy of cancer treatment. Further research is needed to understand how hypoxia contributes to the development of cancer and its resistance to treatment. This article was authored by Zhu Chen, Fang Fang Han, Yang Du, and others.