 Hello everyone. In the previous part, I discussed the fundamentals of Newton activation analysis technique, very powerful technique for determination of concentration of elements and nearly 70 percent of the elements in the periodic table are amenable to differential analysis. Different elements have different sensitivity, different detection limits because of their nuclear data. In this part, I will discuss some of the applications of Newton activation analysis. So, Newton activation analysis has found applications in large variety of fields, starting from geology to biology, food and nutrition, environmental sciences, nuclear technology, chemical sciences, even in healthcare, archaeology, forensic sciences and material sciences. So, you can see whenever, where in any area where it is required to find out the concentration of elements, you will find Newton activation analysis is one of the important techniques worth considering. And particularly in those areas like nuclear forensic science, archaeology or even the geology, where you may like to retain the samples for any future investigation, then this technique scores over other techniques. If the idea is only to determine concentration, there may be techniques like chemical science, material science. You may have other techniques like spectroscopic based techniques but those samples which are mixed samples and you may have, you know, you are to preserve the sample and you are looking for a particular element, then you will find that if that element happens to be sensitive to next analysis, then so people working in different fields have taken NAA for their studies in R&D area. So, I will not be able to cover all of them. I will cover some of them like archaeology, forensic science, geology, food and nutrition and healthcare. So, let me see how much justice I can do. Okay. So, archaeology, archaeology, you know, there are excavations to know the past civilization but there are many, you know, many areas where archaeologists want to find out what is the, you know, the composition of a particular artifact which is found out in some excavations. So, for example, like, you know, I was telling you that you can do dating of the fossils. So, archaeologists would like to know how old the particular place is. For example, there is a temple and you want to find out when this temple was built, you just take a fossil sample, the wood sample from that and you can find out the age of that temple. Similarly, you have then the ancient pottery samples from like, for example, Mohan Juzaro in Harappa, you get some pottery and you want to know the concentration, you want to understand that kind of technology people had at that time. And nowadays, you know, somebody may claim that this is of that origin. So, it is Harappan time. How do you make sure this is of Harappan time, which is not a fake? These days, there is not an iteration in many things. So, even suppose somebody is selling a archaeological artifact and earning money, one would like to know scientifically whether it is of that time. So, you need to characterize that artifact, need to find out what is the origin of this. So, the ancient pottery, they had well characterized concentration of different elements. There is a signature concentration of elements. So, you can do analysis of this pottery and find out that this is Jannibi or not. Obsidian type of igneous rocks. So, you can try to understand the volcanic eruptions that happened, what kind of rocks were generated in the volcanic eruption. The shards is the sedimentary rocks or the sedimentary process took place over a period of time. The basal and the limestone type of the clays, different geological and archaeological samples you can analyze as a data research and development or to characterize and do some reasons of this artifacts. So, this is the particular gamma spectrum of an ancient pottery sample. A sample was irradiated for let us say 5 seconds, the Ti irradiates in 5 seconds. After the irradiation, they waited for 25 minutes to cool the sample. Cooling means it is to manage this lambda TC. So, cooling may be required because it makes some time time to take the sample out of the reactor to your laboratory that may take some time. And sometimes you may produce some shorter lived activity which you have not of your interest. And then it was counted for 12 minutes. So, I have taken this from the reference of Michael Blassov, Blassov. And you can see here the interesting aspect of this is a typical gamma spectrum of a HPG detector. You have to write up to 3 MeV, 3000 KeV. So, you can see a large number of elements, the isotope have amenable to gamma ray, dysportium, barium, titanium, magnesium, magnesium, sodium, aluminum, vanadium, potassium and all elements. So, sodium and calcium. Sometimes one isotope may have several gamma rays like sodium. So, like that in one shot, one spectrum you can analyze, you can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, about 8, 10, sometimes even it can be more. So, a single gamma spectrum, one count of a one counting of the sample, you can analyze multiple elements in the sample. So, that is the beauty of this and the archaeological samples of very tight, varied sources can be analyzed to find out the source of that particular artifact or you can even do research, how the evolution took place, you can understand by different activation analysis. Another classes of this, like sometimes you can do the provenance study of archaeological samples. Again, this is the kind of pottery, large size potteries, some, there was some, sometimes when you are doing the search, archaeologists may like to do some investigation of ancient potteries and to establish their source, what were from the cave and so, for such samples, in fact, in my department one of our colleagues is an expert in the Newton activation analysis. So, he has supplied me this data, Dr. Acharya. So, he has used these samples and these samples now you can take a small sample of this artifact and do the Newton activation analysis and as I mentioned that in these samples, it is not known what are the elements. We cannot have the standards for this reference materials are not available. So, at that time the internal mono standard. That means, this sample make one of the elements in the sample may be used as a reference material isotope like Scandium. So, Scandium has got decay characteristics, we can use them. So, all elements with respect to Scandium you can determine their concentration. So, Scandium has good geochemical properties, nuclear properties, decay characteristics and Scandium is in the family of rarex, so Scandium, Petrium and then below is the Lentenites coming. So, they typically know they are similar to Lentenites. So, this is a typical efficiency graph because what you require is a good efficiency data relative efficiency. So, efficiency of detection depends upon the gamma ray energy and so, the uncertainties are introduced because suppose you have this Scandium gamma one here, you are using the other gamma here. So, ratio of efficiencies becomes important. If you do not have a good efficiency data, then your analysis may be wrong. So, in situ relative efficiency of the what is from the same sample to generate efficiency data because that standard is also in the same some like Scandium. And so, you require to have the gamma rays, multiple gamma rays in the same sample and internally you can generate the efficiency data with respect to that standard like Scandium you can determine the concentration of all other elements. And so, you can now do the provenance study, you can generate the data of the concentration of certain group of elements which will characterize the particular pottery. And then this is the kind of study you can do, you do not need any external standards because initially you do not know what are the elements present in that. So, this is the kind of research one can do to characterize the samples of ancient origin in archeology. Another is the geology, apart from earthly objects you can do the meteorites that are coming from the planets. So, this meteorites this meteors that are coming to earth and you would like to know from which planet or from there it is come from some other place what is the source of this meteorite. So, our the geology people they are they are trying to characterize the different meteorites present and you can even compare with other meteorites. So, one of the studies was analysis of meteorites by internal monostandards from gamma neutron eclipse analysis. Suppose you have a big chunk of meteorite, so in proper gamma as I mentioned when you neutron beam is out of the reactor building reactor hall and then you can expose the entire sample to the neutrons and then the gamma ray are detected by the sample unit. So, in Orisha in September 27, 2003 a meteorite was held on the earth and that is named as Jagannath meteorite. So, this Jagannath meteorite was reprised by by police at ARC and it is published in journal. So, I have taken the data from Charya and you can see here the elements that are present iron, silicon, chromium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, nickel, Jagannath meteorite concentrations you can see in terms of the percentage. All of them are in percentage 27 percent between 0.1, 0.39, 0.18, 11.6 and so on. And you can also compare them with other meteorites elsewhere published by other police, other researchers to obey meteorites, check meteorites and then you can do whether it is that you know where it is an authentic meteorite or what is the origin of this, whether it is different from this meteorite. So, what was found that the elemental concentration of this meteorite was found to be different from that of the earth's crust and it was found to be close to these other meteorites. So, essentially these they wanted to confirm first about that it is an authentic meteorite. It is not know somebody may say it takes a rock and say this is the meteorite. So, sometimes people may do business also they just sell this meteorite which is from other planet. So, to make sure that it is an authentic meteorite and also to compare it with other meteorites and you can do R and D. So, what are the source of this meteorites? So, this kind of study one can do you know R and D. Then one of the most important area where in the Newton exhibition finds lot of techniques. So, I will just do one of the a story from not a story the actual research that happened in the case of investigating the death of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was the French dictator in the 19th century and he was actually defeated in the War of Waterloo by the British army in 1815. And then he was exiled to a place called Saint Helena and there in exile Napoleon died. So, there were a lot of speculations about know how Napoleon died whether he was Vincent or not. And so, you see 1851 is a long time past but still you know and he was a butter and so some scientists wanted to investigate that died of poisoning or he died on the natural death because he was not very old at that time. So, then in 1952 the hair sample of Napoleon were collected on that place Saint Helena and this hair sample was subjected to neutron activation analysis by neutron capture reaction on arsenic 75 arsenic is mono isotropic. So, you get arsenic 76 by N gamma reaction and what was found that the activity of arsenic 76 in this Napoleon's hair sample was found to be 7 to 38 times higher than what you get in the normal hair. So, it was no doubt that Napoleon's hair had very high concentration of arsenic than in the normal hair. The question was whether Napoleon was poisoned with arsenic or not. In 1987, this investigation was going on. They wanted to investigate where from the arsenic came into the hair and so they found that there was a wallpaper in Napoleon's house in Saint Helena and that pigment in that wallpaper was in some pigment it contained arsenic and arsenic is known to form volatile compounds. So, the green pigment contained arsenic and it is possible that under the conditions atmospheric environmental conditions arsenic might get airborne and arsenic is known to complex with organic molecules and then it could be inhaled by Elena at this Napoleon and might have killed. So, there was a theory going on in that time that arsenic Napoleon was poisoned slowly by giving him arsenic laden food but it was not known who killed Napoleon and of course, what was the motivation for killing Napoleon because he was already in exile but it generated a lot of interest among the community historians they wanted to know what is the high pie Napoleon one whether it was he was really poisoned by arsenic you don't know but that of research went and the Newton activation played an important role in coming to this conclusion that Napoleon's hair contain large percentage arsenic than what is present in normal people. You can see here this is the gamma spectrum of arsenic 76 by 59 and 60 to 70 gamma rate. So, we can really know selectively you can find out p-carrier of these peaks and find out the concentration of the arsenic in the cell. Another area in the forensic science where Newton activation analysis is used in the gunshot residue in the crime investigation. Somebody fires a bullet and the gun is recovered from the site but then you want to know who fired that bullet. So, the culprit you have to and I'm going to prove. So, see in many places now you go by the witness the witness says I have seen this person firing but the witness may turn hostile after some time. So, the statement of a witness it can vary and you cannot rely on the witnesses for the final judgment. So, always forensic science relies on the scientific evidence of the culprit. So, you have to correlate with the weapon and the culprit. So, how do you do that? What was found that this gunshot residue you know if somebody fires a gun then that person's hand contains the residue of the powder gun powder. So, you can analyze the gun powder from the hands of the culprit. Of course, by the time if the culprit has washed the hands then you cannot do anything. But if you can catch the culprit and you can get some sample from that hand of the culprit. So, the alleged culprit and analyze that samples for the particular component. So, in this case, barium and antimony are the two elements which are not very common in the soil samples or dust samples at our you know suppose you get some dust so it may also contain. So, these are not very commonly available like commonly you will get iron, scandium, aluminum and so on, magnesium and so on. So, what was found that this gunshot you know gun powder and gunshot residue contained barium and antimony and they were actually taken as signatures of the bullets that are the gun powder that is used and so if the person's hand was found to be contaminated with these elements he is a perspective. So, gunshot residues GSR to be abbreviated left with the hand of the individual after firing can be used as a scientific evidence for correlating with the person who would get the gun. The barium and antimony are present in these residues and so what essentially do the different types of the guns you know you can collect the data the kind of concentration ratios of barium and scandium in the guns of different types of firing guns and the different individuals and you can generate a database and then you can pinpoint that suppose you recover the gun that was from the prime scene and you have 10 people who are suspects. So, you can analyze the sample from the persons and correlate this is the person whose sample is matching with the gun cover from the site. So, that is the kind of scientific evidence generated that scientifically you can nail the culprit then one cannot escape they have to accept this is the kind of analysis people do in the forensic investigations. Then in food and nutrition there are lot of applications and the people who are doing research in this area you will find NAA is very very popular. So, there are many elements which at trace level play vital role in our biochemical system for the enzymatic processes. They are actually like they are micro nutrients in the there are many elements which are beneficial to our health and those elements you know see there there is a deficiency of these elements you get sick if there is excess of this element then you become toxic and there is optimum level of concentration of these elements they are required for a food health. So, the deficiency or excess of certain elements in our body leads to disorders and diseases and therefore you know we need to have a balanced diet very controlled diet containing those elements. Certain elements are toxic they are not needed by our body like you know arsenic, mercury, chromium, lead and above out of them certain elements like selenium in fact arsenic has got the medicinal value some of the you know some people used to recommend this mercury lead and asthma as you know also contains they had some medicinal value. So, but in terms of the nutritional elements selenium and iodine are nutritional elements they are required for the body. For example, selenium actually I will discuss more on the selenium NAA selenium this is present in organo selenium is useful for the body and the selenium can also lead to normalities in the humans and animals. So, it is essential for the body at low concentration but at high concentration it becomes toxic. So, we will discuss the NAA of arsenic, selenium and iodine. In arsenic and selenium there are no limits prescribed by the WHO World Health Organization that any drinking water should not contain arsenic or selenium less more than this concentration like 10 ppb. So, and then since these elements are useful for our body they will require them there are highly recommended daily intake values for example for iodine we have 52-150 mpg per day for selenium people have been taking this kind of concentrations and so these are the elements you know either they are in deficiency in our body they can lead to problem there is an excess they become toxic they can even like thyroid disorders are due to iodine problem. So, these all the three elements are amenable to different nutritional analysis arsenic 75 n gamma iodine 127 n gamma selenium 76 n gamma. So, they are I will give you some examples of activation analysis again for these elements. So, arsenic in environment there are same limits for drinking water less than 10 nanogram microgram per liter ppb. So, it has the good and the bad part of it arsenic in trivalent state has shown remarkable arsenic oxide not trivalent not arsenous acid but arsenic oxide arsenous oxide has found to be therapeutic efficacy patients which are suffering from acute, bromelactic, leukemia and methylated organic arsenic has been known to have anticancer activity. The bad part of it that arsenic can induce arsenogenicity in the human beings and there are many areas in the world including some part in the our country they have about more than 40 countries in the world have drinking water concentrations more than 10 microgram per liter and that leads to arsenic toxicity. Excess of high concentration of arsenic affects organs causing to dysfunction of some many organs damaging the organs and so on. So, arsenic can become airborne because it has a tendency to bind with the organic molecules in drinking water and so on. So, many people are susceptible to arsenic poisoning. As a species arsenic to present if it is arsenic, arsenic in pentavalent state it is less toxic than arsenous acid which is in the trivalent. So, trivalent arsenic is absorbed by the body and it can lead to altrux. Organic arsenides they are considered to be less toxic and so you know some of them in fact have some for therapeutic application they are being utilized. As I was telling that oxygen state of arsenic is important the trivalent arsenic arsenous acid is more toxic than pentavalent acid and so people are doing this speciation that means you separate the elements depending upon their oxidation state and for inorganic arsenic one can use a cation exchanger now anion exchanger dow x1 cross 8 in assisted form. So, one of the columns will retain arsenic 5 and elute arsenic 3 and then the retained arsenic 5 can be eluted by some of them. So, a lot of you know people who do research in food and nutrition they need to also separate arsenic in different of this state. So, this is one of the study of our colleagues at VARC and they found that you can separate more than 95 percent of arsenic with a good radiochemical yield using ion exchange and sound extraction. So, the speciation in neuroendotanical analysis in combination with speciation becomes a very important tool to study the toxicity associated with different oxygen states of iodine. Iodine is another important element which is required for the body our body like thyroid hormones contain iodine like there are three thyroid hormones T3, T4 and TSH and what is the source of iodine that we have the it is important to know the content of iodine in different food samples. So, we have milk powders. So, this group did actually the the neutral analysis of different milk powders baby foods different baby foods low fat milk powder and so on and found out the concentration of iodine in milligram per EG and the gamma ray spectrum of iodine 127 iodine and gamma 128 iodine you can see the 443 keV gamma ray highly selective. So, you do not have any doubt there is no interference in that PK. So, this is the kind of study people do to find out iodine in different. So, you can just irradiate the powder without doing any chemistry irradiate seal it in a you know container aluminum file irradiate and count for gamma activity you can find out the iodine selenium is another important element it has got both the aspect boot and the bag low selenium content there can be selenium deficiency selenium is required for our body selenium deficiency can lead to diseases for example there is a skin disease called keratosis pelaris it leads to cracking of the skin skin become very rough because of the selenium deficiency excess of selenium in our body leads to allow in animals cracking of their boobs and cracking of the nails can take place if we have excess of selenium. So, normal range of selenium so selenium can be picked up by different plants and when we consume those plants our body will accumulate selenium. So, in soil selenium content is an important parameter if there is a selenium rich soil then the people living in that area people eating the vegetation in that area are prone to getting selenium problem. So, normal concentration is 0.03 to 0.08 macogram per gram Ppb and selenium concentrations can go to very high in fact very very high concentrations are also seen in the world. So, while selenium in excess concentration is toxic and low concentration is also not desirable as in low concentration their deficiency of selenium can lead to diseases there are the good part of selenium because it is essential. So, selenium proteins are required for generating thyroid hormone T3 from T4. So, to convert to T4 to T3 requires selenium proteins and selenium is believed to play important role in the brain development. So, you will find that it is again the story where an element is good for health at the same time and when there is a deficiency or an excess then it can lead to disease. So, these are the results of a selenium determination by different mixing analysis and you can see mustard a particular mustard you know from the particular area was found to contain very high concentration of selenium. So, people who are consuming that mustard might be getting excess of and this also shows that selenium can be localized particularly you know the mustard contains some sulphur compound and wherever there is sulphur, sulphur and selenium are homologous of each other. So, sulphur selenium will go along with sulphur. So, any plant containing excess of sulphur will enrich the selenium. Therefore, it is important to study the concentration of selenium different plants so that one can understand whether there is a selenium related diseases in the population. So, lastly, these are the another area of study was this coal fly ash. There are thermal power stations emitting lot of flue gases and this flue gases cause pollution in the area around the thermal power plant you will find lot of dust settled everywhere and there are the people who are exposed to this dust they get diseases. So, it is important to convince ourselves that people living in that area are safe. So, that dust the coal fly ash was analyzed in our laboratory for the concentration of this metal. So, you can see sodium, magnesium, aluminium, potassium, silkscandium. So, whatever is percentage is percentage rest are in PPM values and you can see here different samples, the concentrations of the different say hundreds of PPM, strontium, cerium, niadrinium, thorium and uranium. So, this coal fly ash can be used as a rich source of certain elements. Whereas, at the same time high concentration of certain elements can lead to diseases in the area and so, in the environmental differences of certain plants you know these are the data utilized or seeing that the plant is working in the proper. So, that is all I had to convey. There are many many more applications of NAA, but in the short time span of time when you can always go and literature and see what are the kind of different applications in different area. So, I will stop here and the next lecture I will take the INB analysis under a nuclear analytical technique. Thank you very much.