 Methods of asexual reproduction, parthenogenesis, first the contents, advantages of parthenogenesis, disadvantages of parthenogenesis, then parthenogenesis in insects and parthenogenesis in reptiles. So, what are the advantages of parthenogenesis? First of all, parthenogenesis, as we know, is an egg without fertilization. A new one is developed in animals and produces a new young one. One important benefit of it is that if there is no male available in the population, if there is no male available in the population, then what can the egg do without sperm in the male's absence? It can continue the population. So, this means that in a population where there are no males, the only method of surviving the population is parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis means that they will continue their life. It means that the species will continue and the population will survive. Second one, environment is very stable. In some invertebrates, as you know, there are 1-watt animals. They give a huge number of eggs. In a huge number of eggs, there are only a few eggs that are fertilized. They are in a low amount that are fertilized. So, if there are parthenogenesis in those animals, it means that if there are 5,000 eggs, then only 5,000 new animals will be formed. Because every egg will start developing. So, when the environment is very stable, then parthenogenesis is very helpful. Third one, parthenogenesis is also responsible for social organization. Simply look at the honeybees. Honeybees have coins, workers and male drones. The males that are in a male population, they are in a male population. So, if the male has coins, workers and male drones, the males are born through parthenogenesis. If the male of the honeybees is responsible for the parthenogenesis process, then it becomes a stop in nature. If the male of the honeybees is responsible for the parthenogenesis, then the coins cannot fertilize the eggs, and the workers cannot be born. Another reason is that social structure is also possible due to parthenogenesis. If the parthenogenesis was not present in the honeybees, then their males would not have been formed. If their males were not there, then no worker could have been born. These are three advantages. It is important to have a stable environment for social setup, and a population where there are only females and no males, parthenogenesis is also a useful process. What are the disadvantages? Disadvantages, because parthenogenesis is an asexual method, then there will be less genetic variability in it. The first disadvantage of parthenogenesis is the low genetic variability. It means that we will not get diversity in animals. Second one, when they are genetically the same, it means that they will respond equally to environmental changes. If environmental changes are taking place, then it will be difficult for them to adapt to the new environment due to low genetic variability. When they cannot adapt to the new environment, then ultimately they will be extinct. Third one, because of parthenogenesis, there is no genetic variability, because of which new genetic combinations, new gene combinations cannot be formed that can help the new environment. Parthenogenesis in insects. For example, we have taken an example of insects and reptiles. In insects, especially in wasps, honeybees and ants, this is a very common method of asexual reproduction of parthenogenesis. In these animals, we usually call them queens. So the queen will take the eggs. Now those eggs will get fertilized. They will produce workers. If they are honeybees, then every worker will be honeybees. And those eggs that cannot be fertilized, they will be converted into drones. What will happen to drones? They are male honeybees. So both of them have their own jobs. Now the drones, the eggs that are produced later, they have to be fertilized. And what workers have to do is to provide the care of the entire honeybees, to feed the young ones, to protect all of them, Parthenogenesis reptiles. In reptiles, we have a group of vertebrates. So in reptiles, we have some lizards and some snake species where eggs without fertilization are produced by the young ones. So eggs start their development without fertilization process. Now we have the example that we have taken. New Mexico Wipetail Lizard. Since New Mexico has a Wipetail Lizard, New Mexico also has a Wipetail Lizard. So this Wipetail Lizard has a total population of only females. There is no single male in this population. Now how did Kudrat survive this? The eggs themselves start their development and then they make new female lizards. So from this, the eggs will take the female eggs and the eggs will start their development through Parthenogenesis and make a new female lizard. You can see in this diagram, this is the Wipetail Lizard. New Mexico Wipetail Lizard which has a total population of only females. There is no single male in this population. And the eggs will take the eggs and convert them into young ones.