 Thank you very much for inviting me to present. It's very kind and I think there's some useful connections here. So as as introduced, I'm going to be talking about the Scout to Hydro GNSS micro satellite mission. And I will kick off now. So the European Space Agency scout program is a it's a new initiative from ESA's Earth Observation Directorate. It covers small satellite missions demonstrating science with small budget and rapid schedule. And the missions are fully funded by ESA characterized by an agile and low cost development process to prove new concepts for future ESA endeavors. And the aim is to tap into new space approach. And it's aimed to achieve a launch within 36 months after kickoff budget less than 30 million. And it's accepting the higher risks and use of COTS components, reuse of existing designs that are used on small satellites. And the data will be free, full and open and delivered using a service based approach and Hydro GNSS was selected as one of the first two scout missions in February 2021. So just a bit about how the path to selection so ESA solicited the scout bids in 2019 and we met together at a GNSS reflectometry workshop and put together the team and the first concept in May 2019. And ESA received either 16 or 17 varied proposals in August 2019 these were large proposals hours was about 800 pages so there was a lot to sort through and they were in all kinds of different subjects. Four of these concepts were down selected including our Hydro GNSS. And then there was a study run for those four concepts from January to August in 2020. And we presented to the ACHIO advisory committee of scientists in October. And then the scout missions were announced. Scout one announced in December 2020 and scout to announce February 2021. Hydro GNSS was selected as the scout to. We have quite a large team in Hydro GNSS and we're working closely with European Space Agency who have their own range of experts and program management as well. SSTL, most of you will have heard of us with small satellite company been going for a long time, and we are providing the payload platform and ground segment. In this team Sapienza University of Rome, working in soil moisture end to end simulator, IEC on working on the GNSS signal processing and the inundation, finished meteorological Institute, working on the freeze Thor state tour of Agata University is working closely with Sapienza on the simulator and the surface interaction simulation. The GNSS is working on the CNR is working on the forest biomass. And we also have partners, National Oceanography Center, who have experienced ocean based calibration, University of Nottingham, helping with the GNSS instrumentation and signal processing. And joining us later will be technical University of Vienna participating in the data fusion study and we also have a science advisory committee that brings further expertise. The best reflectometry is, it's using reusing signals that transmitted by navigation satellite systems, including GPS and Galileo. There's over 100 sources of these L band signals in orbit. And what we're doing is we're picking up the forward reflection so it's kind of by static radar. And early concepts led to key in orbit demonstration on tech demos at one with COI and UK SA funding. And then after that we started receiving support from ESA, and the work on TDS showed the sensitivity to ocean wind and wave sensing see ice extent ISIS concentration, and now land which is being addressed by hydro GNSS. In early work. The key demonstrations were UK DMC, which first showed that it was possible TDS carried many carried it actually started processing on board. And then that enabled the NASA sickness where we provided the payloads to eight satellites. And that really has paved the way for GNSS reflectometry. There's a small demonstrator called one that we're operating at the moment and then hydro GNSS will be going up in 2024. So astrological knowledge as as everyone realizes is very important to humans. It's a vital for climate, weather, life on Earth, and is present on or in the land and form of soil moisture wetlands rivers snow and ice and vegetation. The World Economic Forum identifies land water related issues as amongst the greatest challenges facing the population for the future. And this research is vital for soil moisture for permafrost to do with emissions biomass carbon stock and wetlands for methane emissions again and biodiversity. And models need measurements for understanding and predictions and planning for the future and tackling climate change. For climate, often Earth system models are used and for weather forecasting numerical weather prediction, all benefit from assimilating real measurements. Scout Hydrogen SS targets, land parameters linked to essential climate variables. So the global climate observing system specifies 54 essential climate variables for observation for climate and 60% of these can be addressed by satellite data. And so the, the targets that we're going for soil and moisture biomass permafrost and inundation are very closely linked to ECVs. And the mission uses GNSS reflect on a tree which is a novel complementary and unique sensing technique. And it addresses a shortage in L band measurements. And now I'll show a video which gives the concept. Apologize if it's a little bit stuttery but I'll give you the idea. So this is taking measurements off permafrost the active layer biomass soil moisture and wetlands and taking measurements of all these things. And it's done as the signals come from GPS and Galileo constellations as towards 30. And these signals are being broadcast and we're able to pick up reflections and they manifest as delay Doppler maps as shown in the bottom right hand corner and it works over all weather it works over clouds. And it we can pick up signals over land of ice over water and the targets that for hydrogen is going for is soil moisture wetlands biomass. And the freeze thrall layer the active layer above permafrost in particular. But it can also be used for measuring ice extent and wind speed over the ocean as secondary products. So the original concept was two satellites and when the two satellites build up their measurements over time, it gradually covers in a quasi random way with the reflections cover the earth in quite densely over every every 15 days. So this is a video representation of hydrogen SS, and then back to the slides. So looking at each of these four variables that we're targeting, and looking at the evidence. This is soil moisture. We're really lucky to have the the sickness measurements that have provided the basis for the evidence. So if you look in this plot on the left you've got the measurements from the SMAP satellite, NASA SMAP soil moisture satellite, and then you got the measurements from the Cygnus and Cygnus was designed to target hurricanes over the ocean, but they found that it could take measurements over land and it's been used. You can see here to compare against SMAP and it compares very favorably. It's around 1.5 dB sensitivity for 10% soil moisture resolution is around tense two to seven kilometers resolution gets finer as the signal becomes more coherent or flatter surfaces. And it's, they have been developing a soil moisture based on just on the low latitudes that Cygnus can access using GNSS reflectometry measurements. Now they need higher latitude coverage and dual polarization would help detangle the different effects. Here's the evidence for inundation wetlands. So on the right, you can see the plots being made by the SMAP passive measurements. This is a passive microwave radiometer L band, and then the active measurements and much higher resolution but you can see with the Cygnus measurements the GNSS reflectometry. It actually penetrates the, the vegetation. And so it can pick out the flat surfaces because it's forward scatter, rather than back scatter, reflect radar in effect. It's able to pick out the flat surface that kind of amplified. And so you can see all the tributaries of the Amazon basin, which are visible in with other techniques. And we are planning to add a coherent channel that include increases the resolution and allows greater amplification of these weak signals. So this could be valuable for river width, lake altimetry and bank inundation overflowing under forest canopies and mangrove forests can be measured, the water content can be measured underneath jungles. This is just biomass. So when you have a reflection of a signal then the vegetation attenuates the signal. So it's difficult to separate it out, but that information is there. And it's been shown that it doesn't saturate as L band backscatter does. So by using longer integration times it highlights that dependence. By using artificial neural networks people have been able to recover the, the biomass maps. Quite well across the globe. Well, only not across the globe because we've only got sickness, lower latitudes, but it's it hydrogen SS will cover the whole globe. We've been getting respectable results from the biomass. And then the evidence for soil freeze Thor, and this is something that sickness was unable to reach because of the lower latitudes but TDS was able to reach the high latitudes and so we have evidence there. And what happens is the frozen soil changes the permittivity. And so you get a very different reflection once when it freezes and thaws. And it seems to give a high similarity to smack measurements so you can see the plot there on the right that the, the TDS measurements are in green, and the smack freeze Thor product is in red. So, very closely correlated. So the science objectives of hydrogen SS are to exploit L band satellite navigation signals to monitor earth's water systems to a final resolution and derive measurements linked to ECVs defined by G cost. And so the parameters that we target are borrowing from the ECV requirements. And so the soil moisture. We're aiming for 0.04 meter cube per meter cube inundation 90% class classification soil free store 90% classification accuracy, and forest biomass we're aiming for 20%. And the resolution is is is maybe not as high as biomass once but it's, it's valuable for. It's the, it hits the requirements for soil moisture inundation soil free store. We get we have a sort of requirement 25 kilometers but as I said when the surface that you're measuring goes flatter than you see a final resolution. And so we can see as good as one kilometer under certain circumstances. And we're also targeting ocean wind speed and ice extent which has been demonstrated with TDS and sickness. And we will also make the delay Doppler maps available at level one timeliness is 31 days standard and then we're aiming for seven days goal for faster service. And for the longer term we have a view towards less than 24 hours. The coverage is 80% of the globe in 30 days. And we've captured this information in the mission requirements document. Sorry to interrupt. Is there one of those zoom closed caption notifications on your screen many charts. Oh, is it blocking out the top. I wonder if I can make it disappear. There isn't a next I've moved. I might be able to move it. Is that better if I do that. It is a little better it's just cutting off the very top of the title. I think it's probably done now I think it's gone. Thank you dragged it out the way which means that I can no longer control my sharing. But anyway, good. It's good to have feedback that you're still there and listening to me. So hydrogen assess addresses the niche in applications. So here's a plot showing the temporal and the spatial resolution. And you can see the different areas where soil moisture is valuable. And hydrogen assess a single satellite is getting resolution maybe around 10 kilometers maybe slightly better. And then we can improve the resolution by including the coherent resolution where we get down to maybe as good as one kilometer. And then by adding more satellites, it improves the temporal. And so the hydrogen assess plus would be where we have a number of satellites will get down to daily coverage. That's the context for hydrogen assess with respect to other satellites so I think many people will not be aware of SMAP and SMOS. Isis Moss mission and NASA SMAP mission have been highly valued satellites for measuring soil moisture and ocean salinity in the case of SMOS. But both of them are past their design lifetime. And we, we don't know how long they're going to last SMOS has been up since 2009. So there isn't a direct replacement for them. So people are valuing them very well and long may they last but there may come a time when they're no longer around. So there is a plan for a satellite in the, in the further future. One of the components high priority missions is called Sima and there's also Roselle. But that's 2026 and realistically, it could be quite a bit later than that. So there is a gap coming up potentially in soil moisture. So I think technologies I think part of the reason why there aren't follow ones for SMOS and SMAP is because they're quite big and expensive and they are highly valued as I said, but SMAP was one ton and $1 billion. And so it's not quick to justify more of those. So when you compare GNSS reflectometry technology, the hydro GNSS satellite 65 kilograms, and the budget 30 million is, is covered to craft, and probably you'd need about a craft to cover the match the SMOS coverage. So we're talking about much, much cheaper approach. And it's much more sustainable it's something that could be topped up and continued. If, if larger satellites can't be justified if it can be justified it's a very complimentary measurement. It's different technique to these other radiometry and radar methods. So the GNSS are measurements. UK DMC three was a secondary experiment we stuck it on the satellite was an optical satellite. We just grabbed intermediate frequency sample data, 20 seconds at a time, and we got about 60 collections. So it really wasn't very much data but it was enough to show that reflectometry work that the signals were strong enough. And these incredibly weak signals bounced off the surface of the earth, and then picked up from space, they could actually be used to detect geophysical imprint. And so that led on to TDS one, which was funded by instruments funded by CUI and UK space agency funded put funding in towards tech demos at one. And that led to an instrument development that was able to generate these measurements on board in real time. And for reflections at once. And that TDS generated this data for continuous delayed op-la maps and we did raw data collection at two minutes and dot one is a very small opportunistic experiment that's running at the moment and that is running the delayed op-la map on the new technology. And it's got less capability for storing raw data. And then we have Hydro GNSS. And that's going to be an upgraded version of the SGR Resi it's going to have 16 channels. It will be able to do dual frequency to your polarization and delayed op-la maps plus coherent channels running at the fast rate, and typically 60 seconds will be sample of raw data. And it will have capacity of up to 15 minutes. So the established GNSS reflectometry approach as used on TDS and sickness was using reflected power diffuse unipolarized measurements for soil moisture, but then when we add these other capabilities we're adding Galileo signals. We're adding polarization information, and we're adding the coherent channel, and then we're adding the second frequency. All helps to separate out these different parameters, the soil moisture wetlands, and the roughness vegetation can be used these new measurements to help separate them out. So in terms of measurements in this diagram the ones with the bread asterisk are the ones which have been measured before by TDS. And the green ones are the ones which are being added to with Hydro GNSS. So you can see we're adding Galileo we're adding coherent channel we're adding L five we're adding the opposite polarization. And we'll have the data to support that that and we'll have a raw sample data typically 60 seconds for research purposes at both frequency bands so there's a lot more data available. But it should be recognized that the fundamental science cases based on the left hand circular GPS and Galileo reflections. So, the approach that we're using is to target those using a zoom transform correlator to generate delay diplomats that's the same way we did with TDS and sickness. But we're adding Galileo signals and increasing signal to noise by combining and experimenting with longer integration times, counting for secondary and database so that we'll get better signals and noise. So we're adding a coherent channel, where we have a single pixel which is sampled much much faster, and it gives a complex value so we've got the amplitude in the phase as well. And so that will give the that will exploit the resolution potential. And then we have dual frequency and dual polarization which are a bit more adventurous. So we're picking up a wide band signals and the dual polarization. So that calls for higher sampling rates. We're using the same set TC approach. We're optimizing the delay Doppler map settings, according to the code. And then operational mode, we will normally collect delay Doppler maps for occasional collections of level one a. So these are going to feed into the data levels. So the level one a and B are going to be delay Doppler maps and then level two other products that people, the users will want, which is soil moisture is etc. And then there will be some integration into grid and monthly maps for level three. So few words about calibration I won't go into great detail in this but what we're doing is we're measuring the amplitude of the reflection of the surface. And what we're trying to do is to measure the reflection coefficient at a specular point. Or we're measuring the radar cross section if, if it's a diffuse scattering area, which is a Sigma so it's gamma or Sigma, they're very closely related. And so we need to be able to measure a reflected signal but we also need to know what the incident signal is so there's two halves to it. And the calibration is addressing those to try and make sure that we are measuring the reflected signal. And we know what the incident signal is. And so there's different techniques and we have different calibration activities we have a black body load that allows you to measure what the noise gain gives you. And then we have targets over the ocean and over the Antarctic that we can use to help calibrate. And the other thing we're trying to calibrate is the antenna patterns because that affects the measurement, the antennas patterns both on our receive side, and on the transmits GPS or Galileo transmit antenna patterns. And if, as people have found that the more they spend on trying to correct these things, the better and better the measurements get. So in terms of the receiver power, we check against the black body load and Antarctic target. And then we look at some of the second order effects such a bit distribution. We apply that to the coherent and dual frequency. And then for the transmit power, we can either use a model or we can use ocean reflected signals, or we can use direct signals picked up by hydrogen assess itself, and then adjust for that to retrieve the particular point vector. And there's new challenges though because the second frequency we won't necessarily have the direct and ocean reflections, and the opposite polarization. Again, we won't, it won't be so easy to use these techniques so we do have challenges ahead of us with the calibration. And then it this leads on to the inversion techniques the ATB days are being developed algorithms are ethical baseline that describe how the level two products are being generated. I won't go into detail here this just to say there's a baseline inversion using the measurements we know and then advanced techniques that are using the techniques that the measurements that are brand new. So we have the process of going through the measurement, the calibration, the validation, and then the passing to the users. And so we have to start thinking about how we're going to validate these, the test sites, the simulations, and the data sources. The best approach to calibrate. We have a target to try and achieve preliminary validation within six months after launch. Yeah, just mentioning again the challenges that we face with the new measurements. We've got good confidence with the L1E1 LHCP, but the new measurements L5E5 and the opposite polarization. We expect challenges and we will continue to work on these and collaborate with land and air campaigns to validate our approaches. So just a couple of words on the end to end simulator it's an important part of the project is taking a lot of our time up, but it's, it's already showing its rewards. ESA's approach is to make sure that we're able to show what's called scientific readiness level five. And that means that we have an end to end simulator in place, and the models can be used to model the reflections and it helps us understand the error terms. It's allowing us to develop and test our payload ground segment PDGS, which is quite complex because we have all these processes. And we can either use data that simulated from the HSA the simulator, or we've got data from TDS one and dot one which we can use to pass through the system. And the level two processes are provided by our science partners, and we're also working with science partners on the level one with some of the calibration activities. And then moving on to actually how do we implement this, this mission, and we've talked about the data. So how do we implement as a mission. So we have a payloads that's a new instrument that's based on the ones that we flew on TDS one and sickness. We got a 13 dbi dual polarized dual frequency antenna, and it's compatible with GPS and Galileo it's reconfigurable in orbit so it will support new GNSS our measurements. It comes about 65 kilograms. It's being designed for a two and a half year operational life plus a two year extension. So it's, it's designed for five years plus. It's an agile platform it's got star tracker attitude accuracy and Zenon propulsion so we can phase satellites. Dual redundant expand 200 megabits per second, downlinked via Svalbard so we have ample capability to download data we can. We've got much more than we need in terms of that capability. We have payload data ground segment in in Guilford based upon the processing that we did for TDS one which is presented to users at the merbis website. SSTL is the prime but we're working closely with science team members. And SSTL will be opera running the operations and data product service delivery. We're running the launch and managing launch campaign. And there is an option for an identical second satellite to enhance the scientific return. We're making the case for that at the moment. The pictorial guide to the steps the way that the program is broken down into reviews. And so we are going through the key program gate reviews. At the moment we're sort of in the middle of a chart around PDR and we're working on the end to end simulator SRL five, and we're beginning to produce hardware. So come February we start integrating the satellite and then August next year. The satellite goes through environmental testing. So EMC and thermal vacuum vibration. And then we do the final end to end testing of the of the satellite before it's shipped out for the launch campaign. We haven't got the launch date agreed but we are working to around the August 2024 timeframe August September. We could be slightly earlier. So we're in launch negotiations at the moment. And then launch roughly September 2024 and then commissioning six months. And then we released the data under an operational service six months after launch. We're just to show some of the progress that's going on that the hardware is beginning to appear. We've got detailed designs for the antenna panel being manufactured now. We've got low noise amplifiers that arriving the building literally today. The engineering models. And the SGR Resi engineering model has been operated. The last two or three weeks. And we're beginning to get delayed up the maps using our new signal processing techniques as well. So to I'm coming towards the end of the presentation now, and just something that we have been learning as we interact with the scientists our team members. And the science advisory group is just that there is a pressing need for soil moisture sensing scientists meteorologists and others are increasingly using global soil soil moisture measurements from space. So accurate weather forecasts are increasingly dependent on soil moisture measurements, particularly over large land masses. And soil moisture is needed for flood warning services and agriculture subsidence permafrost sensing climate modeling. And ESA SMOS and NASA SMAP satellites are already providing soil moisture through passive L band radiometry measurements and these measurements are widely used. But both satellites are past the end of their design life. And there's no immediate replacements. The large satellites in particular SMAP had a six meter antenna, which makes it quite vulnerable up in space, and the mission cost $1 billion. So they are hard technologies to sustain for the future. And so, but there is a recognized urgent need for continuity of their services and GNSS reflect on three years increasingly recognizes an alternative technology to microwave or idiometer. It's lower cost to achieve the same coverage, and it is achieving higher resolution, but the measurements are different. They are forward scatter measurements. Different to radar different to radiometry says providing some unique benefits in including the ability to sense under vegetation. So, the ESA scout mission currently we're building one satellite and that's proving the technology and the delivery of the science. But a follow on constellation would provide the global temporal coverage as equivalent to SMOS around update every three days, but hasn't improved resolution of better than 25 kilometers. So we see the future is to ease a scout missions we are working on the argument for the second scout mission. And augmented by a follow on constellation of six satellites which will give eight satellites covering the whole globe. We had a workshop in February in 2022, just just a couple of months ago, and we presented the mission, and our scientists presented the, the level two processes, but we also had participation from the data users. People from Met Office, ECMWF Copernicus climate change service and the ESA CCI there's a video available of the workshop online. And the users identified hydrogen assessors, potentially filling a valuable role of providing continuity for SMOS map and offering new forwards scatter measurements, valuable for a central climate variables. It was in particular Met Office that highlighted the importance of fast delivery of data. Obviously for weather forecast and flood sensing, but also pointed out that if, if it can be adopted by the meteorological users then it will be adopted for climate sensing as well. And GNSS reflectometry it has the lower cost robust robust technology it's a sustainable approach, and it addresses the future soil moisture needs. So the original science approval from the advisory committee at you in 2020 was for two hydrogen assess satellites. But we have funding for what single hydrogen assessed light, and that enables the GNSS offer than sensing. It enables all these innovations that I've been talking about and it's, it's good for capturing the slow dynamic hydrological and biomass processes, especially at the higher latitudes which are obviously very important. And but there is this option for a second hydrogen assess satellite, which actually fits within the scout envelope. And if that is enabled that we can build this efficiently using two satellites, which can be launched together phase at 180 degrees, and, and this can be done very efficiently we've we've already ordered the parts. It's possible to do this at a relatively low cost delta to what we are building at the moment. And two satellites offer significant advantages it sets the framework for the constellation, the orbit phasing cross satellite calibration of measurements. It doubles the coverage the second satellite improves the coverage from 30 days to 15 days and, in fact, statistically the the the mean revisit time is a lot better it's 3.8 days for one satellite but then it improves to better than three days for two satellites. The overall monitoring resolution of the dynamic processes improves significantly soil moisture inundation pre store transition in permafrost forest disturbances ice, all better sample with two satellites and improves the scientific return. So concluding my presentation. This uses GNSS reflectometry to target key variables soil moisture inundation free store and biomass and hydrogen assess observes a high latitude forests and disturbances where the ether biomass explorer is is unable to operate. So it's a good complement to the biomass mission. And it addresses the identified user needs so WMO has already identified the need for reflectometry in its we got 2040 vision, and the G cost EC, ECVs. And some, there's some urgency because the soil moisture and free store is not adequately measured in the long term so smacks map and smarts are now operating past their design life, and we are facing a potential gap. So, Hydro GNSS is a showcase for GNSS reflectometry and new measurements but it's more than that it's it's also taking measurements of these ECV related variables, and the second satellite operation will double the coverage and improve the return. And it prepares the way for a constellation of eight satellites which could cover the globe every three days. This is a more sustainable approach, compared to other technologies, and it provides immediate benefits for weather forecasting and flood alerting as well as providing measurements for the climate and it links closely to the cop 26 space enabled net zero in UK national space technology, monitoring the climate variables helps as we tackle climate change and see the results of our work. And that's the end of my talk. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Martin fascinating stuff really interesting thank you for that. I have a couple of questions that have come up if I if I may post some of those to you. So there's a couple of a couple of different areas here the first set of questions are really around the sort of future for these kind of missions. So I'll post them together if that's okay. And the first is whether whether these sort of micro satellites are they are these the future of these sorts of missions, they're going to replace the larger missions in your view. I think in a word no, no, I don't think so I think there's always going to be a need for, for some of these missions you know the, I think you know some of the measurements which are taken by the big satellites are incredibly valuable. I think there'll be an uproar if, if people thought that small satellites would take their place I think it's, it's a case by case basis. And I think in this case that there is a strong case I think it's, it's a harder sell in other areas the, the, the, the obvious advantage of small satellites is their low cost which means that you could put up a consolation you get the spatial and temporal resolution. It is very special, but it should be recognized the value that some of these big satellites with the big apertures are taking that they're vital. And so I think probably the future is, is a combination where it makes sense that you have a backbone with these sort of national or international missions. And where it makes sense, they can be augmented by small satellites that are taking higher temporal and spatial resolution at the moment you've got Copernicus with these big missions and I think really they, they, they could do with augmenting with smaller satellites where it makes sense. Great. You mentioned on one of your slides the, the concept of a hydro GNSS plus which was 12 satellites and is that, is that something that you see as a realistic possibility in the future or is that sort of just a concept. Well I think if you, there is a precedent for this, and that is radio occultation where quite definitely you have 12 satellites taking measurements in the atmosphere. That has been very successful. So, so for those people who aren't familiar, it's very similar to what we're doing with the reflectometry. The satellite in orbit picks up the GNSS signals as they go through the atmosphere, measure the bending angle. And from the bending angle you can recover the temperature pressure and humidity of the atmosphere and you can also measure the iron sphere total electron count. And that has been incredibly successful. There are institutional satellites that take measurements of that the grass payload on the metop one. And there are also institutional constellation called the most at seven cosmic two, which is a US Taiwanese constellation, and there's Chinese institutional missions but interestingly they're also commercial satellites that are topping up the earth. So, there's three companies the spire global as geo optics and there's planet IQ that are have commercial measurements and it's, they are able to add to the sort of backbone measurements and that has come up with a model that works where there is a scientific community that agrees to purchase these and but they purchase them on the basis that they are released as public open data so it's kind of a system that works and maybe something like that could work with reflectometry as well. That kind of brings on to the next step questions around the, the access to the data. So there's a question about where, where, where the data generated by the mission to be stored and what are the overall, overall estimated volumes of raw and processed data colleges. Well it's going to be. When we're talking about the full raw data that there's many gigabytes. Then when it's processed down into the level to products which is what we expect most people to use. Then it's quite small, it's, it's, it's small amounts of data. We're making both available we're making level one delay dopler maps available, and we're making level to available it's, it's, this is this is an institutional mission. It's free and open data level nor maybe a bit more control there's some sensitivity to the unprocessed data but that's going to be the minority of the data it's, it's majority is going to be level one and level two. And it's hosted at sstl in Guildford and we're setting up gigabyte links to the internet. The, the data is owned by Issa. And we're still working through all the data access details but it's, it's going to be made available via a web portal. So we've, we've already had a web portal for the TDS one data which has been very successful with hundreds of users. And so we're, we're sort of basing it on that. I think that's answered most of the questions. Yeah, that's great. Thank you. Question about calibration so so are the GNSS for electronic measurements calibrated using Issa SMOS and NASA SMAP data as well as Grand Truth measurements. Certainly, they will be cross compared with a SMOS's map I think that would be the ideal. If they're still operating when 100 NSS goes up I think that would be the plan plan a would be to use SMAP and SMOS as the calibration over the globe, but we also have alternative approaches. And we have one or two calibration sites there's the San Luis Valley in Colorado that Cygnus has been using and I think some of our scientists have worked closely with the Cygnus team. So, and we also got a site in Finland. And we're working closely with Wolfgang Wagner with the international soil moisture network. So that provides a database for the global soil moisture. Biomass is one of the hardest ones because there isn't really such a. I mean there are models but we're we're lacking for us biomass so we're looking at Gabon, which I think is going to be used for the biomass mission as a calibration site, but it probably needs to be expanded to to use for hydrogen SS so there are some challenges ahead. Thank you. So the question about coverage. So you mentioned temporal coverage but what latency are you targeting for actionable data to be available after measurement. Okay well bearing in mind that this is a low cost rapid schedule mission. We haven't put this as our top requirement, but we are aware that the future use is going to be for weather applications in which case it needs to be a matter of hours. So with we've got a requirement 31 days and then we've got a target of less than seven days we may end up layering our data, where we have a fast data delivery that's kind of track based. And then we have a gridded delivery that's going to be a bit longer delay, and there's certain bits of auxiliary data that we can use to improve our measurements. I think we're very conscious that there are there is a large significant user community that wants the data quickly and so we are taking that into account. Thank you. A couple questions about applications of the data so are there some case studies where these data have been used in the environmental applications. There are, there are, there are. I think, again, we're fortunate that the sickness has kind of paved the way so there's, there's quite a bit of, there's quite a bit of usage of sickness and I think there's a lot of references on the web. Accessible via the web from sickness for soil moisture and that there's some people connected with NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory who are looking at the flood response as well. Free store not yet because they don't sickness doesn't cover free so although we're able to do some testing over the Andes and Himalayan plateau. And biomass not yet. So, but the soil moisture yes I think it's an inundation is that there are some applications where they're exploring it. Just just one final question the focus here is on is on sort of natural change and detecting natural changes but is there are there any applications of this kind of data to monitor human activity and changes as a result of human activity. Yes, yes, there are. There's several I mean this is that this is a, in effect, genus has reflectometry is that is a is a is a kind of radar. And you think of all the things that saw can be used for a lot of those things genus has reflectometry can do. Some of them. I mean one of the things that sickness has done is is monitoring the plastic build up in the oceans by seeing the plastic effects the behavior of the surface the ocean. And so it's possible to sort of extrapolate and work out where the plastic is from the behavior. So that's one area I think with hydrogen SS another interesting one is, although biomass is really ECV wants it as a yearly product, you can actually generate it faster. And so it's possible to spot forest disturbance, perhaps from fires, using the measurements from reflectometry. And I think there's, there's, there's other effects which are a bit more tangential like for example we can we can see some man made interference in the hellbound which is less of interest to most of this community but there are other people who are interested in that. And thank you. I think that's that's probably a question so thank you very much for that Martin thank you again for a fascinating talk and for taking time to share that with us. And to remind everybody that we recorded the session, and that will be made available on the YouTube channel and on the website. And please do subscribe to that YouTube channel if you haven't already done so. The next webinar in the series will be on Friday the 10th of June at 11 o'clock, and that'll be presented by Liz Kent on making old data more useful. So please do make a note of that one and book your place now, again via the websites. I think we're probably done so thank you again to Martin, and thank you all for attending, and we will close the session there so enjoy the rest of the day. Thanks. Fantastic thanks very much Martin that's great. Thanks Martin. Thanks Edwin. Thank you. There are lots of applications some of which aren't even properly understood and known yet I guess. There are I didn't mention the Greenland ice melt. People have been using it for that they can measuring ice thickness as well. There's there's there's a there's a whole load of stuff that this can do ocean plastic ones fascinating so that are people actually doing doing that. There's there's papers on the on the web. I mean it's a it's a little bit vicarious but it's better than not having anything. The resolution of these is as you mentioned 25 kilometers as it's, it's very difficult to nail down the resolution and you kind of have to. Take for what the surface is gives you so when you're over the ocean it's it's scattering, and it gives you about 25 kilometers so you're limited by the chip length of the GPS code. But when you go over a you find a flat surface for example a river under a forest or a jungle. It's really flat and it, it actually causes very strong reflections it becomes coherent and then you're down to the Fresnel zone, which for GPS is about 500 meters for L band. So it was that sort of made everyone's jaw drop when we started seeing this in the data. We only sample it once a second which is about six and a half seven kilometer resolution so there's a lot more potential there when you've got the right surface. With the Fresnel zones you get this kind of sink shape you get these side lobes so it's not easy to one entangle but the resolutions there. I noticed in the chat that Andy Turner does it says he's interested in the provenance data data processing does that. The provenance data of the data processing what does that mean exactly. I'm not sure. For reproducibility. Okay. Well, I mean we were publishing. I'm still not quite sure I understood the question but I'll try and answer it and so we, we will be having traceable processes we've got published, we will be publishing the algorithm theoretical baseline documents, and we will be letting people have access to the level one be so I think, hopefully that gives enough visibility that people can reproduce the results and they'll know that when we've reprocessed the level one be. It will be labeled so that there won't be any nasty surprises. We recognize it's quite complex to trace these things and people can waste a lot of time when data has changed when it was reprocessed so we will we will try and make it as traceable as possible.