 to improve his lot. Along with his requirements of food and shelter have been the deep-rooted desires to reduce drudgery and to move freely beyond the horizons of his limited domain. Time and space have always presented their challenge. Early recognized that energy must be found, furnished, and properly applied to help him. But throughout many centuries, man was unprepared to see the potential servant in a substance that occasionally seeps from the earth's crust. Oil and kind, aware of its unusual burning characteristics, the Babylonians dipped their ceremonial torches in oil and pitch. In drilling wells for water and brine, the Chinese came upon oil 600 years ago. Their energy and power facilities remained, however, limited and primitive. Little did they know that oil such as they encountered would someday be a source of freedom from toil and drudgery. The American Indians used the oil that they found as a medicine and ointment. And even in the 1800s, petroleum recovered as a nuisance byproduct of brine well drilling was sold as a cure all. But now the progress of civilization had set the stage for an awakened interest in petroleum. Animal fats and tallow could no longer supply the ever-growing need for candles and lubricants. Whale oil, which had long been the chief illuminant, was becoming scarce. Yet the demand for artificial light was increasing. In 1850, a lamp capable of efficiently burning a refined product of petroleum was invented. Petroleum, it seemed, might supply the growing need for lubricants and light. But digging for it at seeps could not supply it in sufficient quantities. The fact that some oil had been found while drilling brine wells suggested the interesting possibility of drilling for oil itself. In 1859, a derrick was constructed near oil seeps at Titusville, Pennsylvania. This was accomplished under the direction of a retired railroad conductor, Edwin L. Drake. With the assistance of an experienced brine well driller, Uncle Billy Smith, operations finally got underway. Crude handmade tools and the primitive steam engine enabled them to drill at a rate of only three feet per day. 69 and 1 half feet had been attained with no encouraging signs. When one Sunday morning, Uncle Billy took a look around. Drake and his associates ushered in a new era. It had now been shown that oil in substantial quantities could be obtained by drilling. With the rapid spread of the news came a fantastic migration of those who saw in this development a possible source of new wealth. Towns and derrick sprang up almost overnight in the vicinity of Drake's discovery. For lack of engines and drilling equipment, many crude but ingenious drilling methods were devised. Strong backs and legs and infinite patience supplied the power to drill only a few feet per day. The realization that many drillings resulted in expensive and disappointing dry holes, so-called experts with defining rods, luck, and intuition were much in demand. Yet the combined efforts of these pioneers resulted in rapidly increasing oil production. Waiting for slow and inadequate transportation, oil piled up at the well sites. Storage became a vital problem. Anything that could hold oil was pressed into service. Thousands of wagons and teams became regularly engaged in hauling the oil to the nearest shipping points. When possible, barges and wraps were employed to carry the oil. Such transportation proved inadequate in supplying the fast growing market. But so in 1865, the first oil pipeline was laid over a five-mile distance from Pithole City to the railroad. In nine years, a 60-mile trunk line of four-inch pipe stretched from the oil region to Pittsburgh. Seeing the rapid loss of their revenue to the successful pipelines, the teamsters fought hard and bitterly, could not stop the growing momentum of the industry's progress. Crude refining plants into the two items in demand, kerosene for illumination, and heavy lubricants, an undesired product considered dangerous and unusable, was discarded in great quantities. The product was gasoline, the very portion of crude oil that was soon to change the economic and social status of the industry and the country. These refineries were, however, supplying illumination and heat for many homes and through lubricants were freeing the wheels of a fast-growing industrial machine age. At the turn of the century, a momentous change in the course of the industry was in the offing. The use of oil for light seemed doomed to rapid oblivion. This critical stage appeared the invention that was to revolutionize the oil industry's course of progress and change the living habits of the nation. No longer was gasoline destined to be a useless byproduct. Instead, with the swift popularity of the automobile, gasoline quickly assumed the position of prime demand. With the development of the internal combustion engine, a long unrecognized potential use of oil had at last been revealed to mankind. The recognition of oil as an economical and easily handled liquid source of power was the springboard for a new era of magnificent progress. Inspired by the American system of possible reward for risk, discovery and expansion swept westward to the Pacific, the Mid-Connect, the Gulf Coast, and the Rocky Mountains. The oil industry quickly found its stride in the suddenly stepped up temple of progress. It kept pace with invention and even forced it to proceed at a rapid rate. Through enterprise and the accumulation of knowledge, it has now reached a stage of maturity undreamed of even a generation ago. Millions of years since the Earth's formation, constant heaving, buckling and erosion have changed many portions of the Earth's surface. By shallow seas, countless billions of tiny organisms died and settled to the bottom, where they became buried under sand and silt. There, it is believed, the entombed organisms were transformed into oil. Accumulated pressures of gases, water and earth sometimes drove the oil through the porous sand and sedimentary rock, and often it migrated to underground reservoirs sealed by non-porous formations where the oil was trapped. It is from these reservoirs that oil is now most likely to be recovered in commercial quantities. Thus today, the oil geologist searches both for locations where oil may have been formed and locations where oil may have been trapped. Conditions that were favorable to the formation of oil may be indicated by traces of ancient seas and fossilized remains of long extinct organic material. Underground formations where oil may have been trapped may be indicated by surface structures. Stereoscopic photographs are a great aid in the study of surface indications. Another method of search for oil is through chemical analysis of soil samples for minute evidence of seepage of the lightest hydrocarbons. The economy of this method permits blanketing large areas and promising indications are then verified by more expensive detailed geophysical methods. In the far flung search for oil, modern geologists and geophysicists often make use of the helicopter and the marsh buggy, a special vehicle which can take them into almost inaccessible swamp land. Subterranean oil traps may be found by mapping underground formations. The gravity meter gives clues to the nature and depth of these formations by measuring the gravitational pull. The magnetometer is another instrument that can help plot underground formations by measurement of the Earth's magnetic fields. One of the most important of all methods of search is the seismograph. A shallow hole is drilled for a small explosive charge and special microphones are strategically placed around the shot. The detectors will pick up the explosion and the shock waves reflected from far underground. This will give information as to the shape and depth of the underground strata. The shock waves are reflected by the various rock layers underground and are recorded at the surface. The time it takes for the waves to make this round trip varies with the distance they travel. The recorded measurement of this time lapse indicates the depth. Thus, through a series of shots, the shape and depth of underground formations are mapped with accuracy. The seismograph is even used to detect potential drilling sites several miles out at sea. Special sensitive geophones are lowered into the water to predetermine depths and positions. Explosives are detonated under the water. As on the land, the recordings of reflected shock waves reveal variations in the ground strata under the seabed. Actual drilling is still the only conclusive step in finding oil. Even today, in new field drilling, only about one well in nine becomes a producer. Costs of drilling a well will average about $77,000, but some wells have cost as much as a million. The older cable tool method is still generally used in drilling formations hard enough to stand up well and where low costs, rather than speed, is the principal consideration. The rotary drilling method developed since the turn of the century is now used more extensively. Although more expensive, it is speedier and enables drilling through loose, unconsolidated formations to far greater depths. In drilling to depths of two or even three miles, the repeated raising, lowering, and handling of the drill pipe to replace the bits is a difficult time-consuming function. Steel pipe or casing is used to line the well walls and give them strength to prevent caving in of the hole. Cement, pumped around successive strings of casing, seals the holes against leakage of oil, gas, or water. As the drill passes through various types of formations, weight on the drill bit must be suitably adjusted. This retards wandering of the drill from its course and possible buckling or bending from the accumulating weight of added drill pipe. Chemically treated muds are pumped through the hollow drill pipe to cool and lubricate the bit and carry the rock cut away by the drill back to the surface. It also plasters the walls of the hole to help prevent cave ends. A screening device called a shaker removes the rock particles from the mud, preparing it for reuse. Samples of the cuttings are examined to determine the kind of strata being drilled through. Even the senses of taste and smell are used as an occasional quick test when it is suspected that oil-bearing formations are being approached. Core samples are taken with a special drill bit at some drilling locations. These are sent to field and central laboratories which test them for porosity or the volume of small cavities that may contain oil, permeability, or the potential rate of flow through the rock pores and the oil content of the sample. Still another method of estimating underground conditions is through measurement of electrical resistances at various drilling depths. This process is known as electric logging. During the process of drilling, a special valve at the top of the hole may be closed off in the event of unexpected blowouts. When an oil-bearing formation is reached, the drill is pulled. Heavy muds are used to hold back the flow of oil from natural pressures. Wells are no longer permitted to blow in as dangerous wasteful gushers. A final string of casing is set. Some wells are shot with explosives, permitting the oil to flow into the well. When the glass enclosed charges of this perforator are detonated in the hole, powerful jet explosions penetrate the casing and surrounding rock. A small diameter tubing through which the oil will come to the surface is installed. At the surface, a system of valves called a Christmas tree is installed. This controls the flow of oil. Sometimes wells are treated with chemicals or acidized to open up passages in the limestone for the oil to flow through. Other chemicals may be used to stimulate oil flow and prevent water migration to the well. When natural bottom hole pressures are not enough to force the oil to the surface, the well is put on the pump. In many locations, ingenious centralized power systems work a number of well pumps, bringing the oil to the surface and sending it to the storage tanks. In the present day application of scientific production methods, the industry is wisely trying to conserve reservoir energy by maintaining subsurface pressures. No longer are wells drilled without regard for adequate spacing. The production of individual wells is carefully regulated to prevent waste or depletion of reservoir energy. However, in many fields, reservoir pressures have been lowered to a point where oil does not flow naturally to the wells. In many such locations, natural gas, usually associated with oil production, is first piped to cycling plants where liquid products are extracted. The gas is then pumped into the oil-producing zones where the pressure helps the oil to flow through the sands and porous rock toward the wells. In other locations, water instead of gas is employed to drive the oil. These are a few of the many ways in which oil is now recovered that would otherwise have been lost forever. Oil production on land has been augmented in recent years through drilling at sea. Oil producers are thus opening vast new production potentials to bring more oil to the nation. Today's oil scientists know the crude oil as a complex chemical mixture of molecules of many different kinds. It is a liquid treasure chest from which hundreds of finished products may be derived through refining. The industry's complex research is constantly disclosing new products from oil, as well as developing processing techniques designed to produce them efficiently and economically. In the initial stages of modern refining, the flowing oil is heated in a pipe still to about 800 degrees Fahrenheit. This superheated oil then enters a fractionating tower. Upon release from the confinement of the pipes, all but the heaviest portions of the hot oil flash into vapors and start to rise in the tower. Various components of the crude oil vapors condense or change back to their liquid state at different temperatures. As the vapors rise to successively cooler levels, the heavier fractions condense on lower trays and the lighter components collect on the higher trays. Thus, products or fractions ranging from asphalt and heavy oils on up to light oils, kerosene and gasoline may be drawn off independently. While fractionating or distillation is a process of separating oil components, cracking is a term applied to the process of breaking big molecules of oil into smaller ones to make more of some fractions than would be obtained by ordinary distillation. Through cracking, twice as much gasoline can now be produced from a barrel of oil than with distillation alone. While this may be done through heat and pressure alone, a more modern and efficient method is with the use of a catalyst. Oil vapors are passed to a reactor together with the catalyst. This is a substance that has the ability to change the molecular or chemical structure of the vapors. The mixture of cracked vapors is then sent to a fractionating tower for distillation or separation of the newly formed components. The used catalyst is sent to a regenerator that prepares it for reuse in the system. A number of other ingenious processes are now employed to take apart, put together, or rearrange the molecules up petroleum. Through a carefully controlled production balance of refinery products, the oil industry now supplies not only fuels and lubricants, but the basic ingredients for a limitless variety of chemicals. These in themselves are the foundation of gigantic new industries. Petroleum-derived plastics found in many of our modern fabrics are made in plants such as this. The manufacture of soaps and detergents is another large enterprise using petroleum products. The synthetic rubber industry is still another based upon petroleum-derived chemicals. Recent times have seen a tremendous increase in the uses of a variety of synthetic rubber. Today the distribution of petroleum in its by-products has in itself become a tremendous enterprise. A network of pipelines is an essential part of this undertaking. Modern machines have greatly eased and speeded the task of digging the trenches and preparing the thousands of miles of pipe required. Pipes were formally screwed together, but modern welding techniques helped produce a continuous and unbroken artery of steel. Before they are buried, the pipes are thoroughly cleaned. They are next covered with a special compound that resists the corrosive action of the chemicals in the soil. Further protection is given by a smooth spiral wrapping. Thus the life and service ability of the lines are prolonged. Nearly 140,000 miles of pipe now carry crude oil to United States refineries. Another 23,000 miles of pipe carry finished products of petroleum. A gigantic system of pumping stations forces petroleum in its products over and through all kinds of terrain. Under modern methods, various oil products are pumped through the same line in adjacent sections or units. Modern oil tankers and barges account for a large percentage of the bulk transportation of oil and oil products. Tankers are indispensable for the overseas movement of oil. Railroad tank cars have also kept pace with oil development, many of them having specially prepared compartments. They daily carry millions of gallons of various oil products. More than 100,000 tank trucks are in service today. They represent an efficient and flexible means of oil distribution. Through such trucks, there is an ever increasing trend toward distribution of oil products from the refinery to the service station and the consumer. The automobile service station itself represents a high degree of friendly competitive efficiency in modern petroleum distribution. Through petroleum, Americans now travel with efficient economical power while the complex machinery that carries them is protected and lubricated with oil. Beauty and efficiency surround them in the synthetic leather and fabrics made from petroleum and in the plastics from the same source. The rye synthetic rubber cushions their ride and seals out noise and weather. The safe, long-lasting tires on which they ride may be made from oil. Eighty-five percent of the roads on which they travel are paved with petroleum products. Through petroleum energy, people and products are now transported speedily and economically throughout the nation and the world. Man's desire for freedom of movement has been fulfilled with petroleum. What three gallons of gasoline did 25 years ago, two gallons will do today. Machines powered by oil now enable the farmer to produce three times as much as he could before oil became his faithful ally. Heaps the farmer's home as well as his brooders. It protects his fruit trees from killing frosts and oil products are used to spray his trees. No longer a slave to the soil, the farmer has been freed to enjoy a fuller life and an ever-improving standard of living. Our nation's defenses are maintained with a speedy mobile army as well as a fast, hard-hitting air force. Our flexible, long-range navy and merchant marine now move with oil. It has been estimated that the energy available from our current output of petroleum would be equivalent to the labor of about ten times as many people as there are in the world. The modern $30 billion oil industry is a large factor in the support of our national economy through wide-scale direct and indirect employment. And through a limitless variety of products and uses, it is contributing to nearly every phase of American living. In the relatively few years since the oil industry's inception, traditions of progressive service and responsibility have been established, which will be the foundation for even greater contributions to the welfare of the nation and the world. And may now look with grateful pride at his short but spectacular history of development and use of petroleum. Through truly American enterprise and ever-increasing knowledge, our lives will be yet further enriched through the wise and efficient utilization of this bountiful resource, oil.