 We are here today with Jan Knodl, our extension entomologist and then Anita who is out of Langdon at the Langdon Research Center as our cropping system specialist for our area. And I guess I just wanted to do a quick recording so that way you guys have an easy access to this video. So you can just jump on and listen to it for any of your flea beetle questions. So I'm just gonna let Jan go ahead and take it over. Okay, well, thank you very much for the invite to talk about one of my favorite insects, the canola flea beetle. I did my PhD research on this insect, so I know quite a bit. And then also I have a PhD graduate student whom you all know, Leslie Rubinow, who is doing some work and trying to finish her PhD this year. So there's two main species of flea beetles that we have that infest canola, the main one is the crucifer flea beetle phylotreta cruciferate and then the striped flea beetle phylotreta striolata. And we'll talk a little bit about the difference between these two species, but they're very tiny beetles, only about two millimeters, eighth of an inch and they're easy to identify the crucifer flea beetle has those shiny black metallic sheen on the elitra or wing covers and then the striped flea beetle has two longitudinal orange lines going over the wing covers and they hop that's how they got the name flea beetle. So they have enlarged hind legs that allow them to hop around from plant to plant and in the field. So for a distribution of the two different species, so this is the last year 2018 that we actually did the flea beetle survey in the fall during the swapping time. And now it's hard to find swath fields, but back 15 years ago, you know everybody swath. And it was a good survey to do, but as we get more direct combine it's harder to sweep the fields for flea beetles, so we kind of decided that it's time to not do the survey anymore. But you can see over here on the left for the crucifer flea beetle very high numbers, if you look at the scale here, this is per 100 sweeps over 1000 and this is so we have very high numbers of the species throughout all the major canola producing areas. And for the striped flea beetle, you can see the scale is quite a bit lower, less than 75, and it's mainly been found here in the northeast, but I've also got several complaints here on the northern areas of the north central region. But it is widespread, as you can see in the state and also in Fargo recently we've had very high populations of striped flea beetles right here on campus. I've received a lot of complaints so that's why and we're actually doing flea beetle insecticide trials here because of the high number of flea beetles. There's a lot of different hosts of the phyletreta flea beetles, they're mainly specific though to the family, but PCA. And the major agriculture host are Argentine canola which isn't grown very much oh yeah that's our main species right now it's the Polish one, which has the smaller seeds that are grown very much anymore in North Dakota. For garden hose it's also a big problem in gardens we always get a lot of complaints, especially late in the season and they go to all these different gardens plants that you may enjoy eating. Lots of weed hose as well, this is a picture of the flick sweet. Phil Pennycrest wild mustard and of course any volunteer canola as well, so it's pretty has a lot of different hosts that it can feed on. And that's why it's doing so well in North Dakota besides the canola. For the life cycle there's only one generation per year and let's start in the winter here with the adult flea beetle it over winters and the shelter belt and leaf debris so it moves out of the canola field. And then once the temperatures warm up to about 57 degrees Fahrenheit, some of the adults will start to emerge and eventually you get more and more coming out as the warmer the temperatures get and then the will meet and then the females will lay eggs in the soil, usually in the canola field close to its host. And it lays about 25 eggs per female they hatch in 12 days about. And then they did form larvae which chew on the secondary root hairs of the canola plant and that takes about 24 to 34 days depending on temperature. And they pupate in the soil kind of looks like a adult as it gets ready to emerge in seven to 10 days. And then we get the next generation often called the summer generation and late July through the fall and these are the ones that feed on the. pods and the leaves of the canola that is maturing so this new generation can be quite high in numbers. So I get a lot of calls from growers who are concerned. They see the flea beetles as you can see here the pods are just covered with them and they're eating the green epidermis layer. But the threshold work that's been done up in Canada is quite high so you need more than 100 to 300 flea beetles per plant. And it kind of they found it dependent on the variety. However, they're usually in the top pods and we get our yield mainly from the lower pods. So usually it hasn't cost a significant. yield loss, however, in drought when the plant is stressed, you know, it may be more of a problem, but we definitely need more research in this area. There is large numbers in the summers will correlate to large overwintering populations, but not always to large spring populations and that's because the weather can have a big impact on how the spring populations do and we'll talk more about that. So the damages from their chewing mouth parts and they have pitting and chewing in the leaves causing defoliation. As you can see in the top picture where there's no insecticide seed treatment. In the bottom picture where we do have a insecticide seed treatment for leaves are pretty good. I still have to remember with insecticide seed treatment, they still need to take a bite out of that plant to get before they get the toxin into their system, so there's still maybe a little bit of chewing on an insecticide seed treatment. So there's really three different types of feeding injury caused by flea beetles the spring one is the most significant on the feed lanes and that's overwintering adults. And then there's the root damage from the larval feeding, however, that's not secondary root here so usually you know they don't feel that causes enough concern. For yield loss. And apparently the seed treatments. I don't know how they work against the larvae I know the Canadian researchers are we looking at this to see if there is maybe potentially more yield loss than the 5%. And then we get the mid summer feeding of that new or summer generation of adults that damage the pods and the main damage of seeds shattering pod drying. And also the potential for diseases to get in there and cause some problems. And usually they're on the top part feeding on those younger pots that are not going to develop anyway. So the main yield impact is stand reduction in the seedling stage here you can see a protected stand here's on protected. So we do stand is going to translate into reduce yield. We also get uneven and delayed maturity which causes problems later when we go to harvest the canola. So overall, it will cause field losses and economic problem. There's a lot of different ways we can monitor for free beetle population, she can visually. field scout and look for the free beetles early you know hopping around. Sweep dining doesn't work very well because the plants are too small when we need to be out there scouting. And then we've used yellow sticky traps throughout the you can use them throughout the year to monitor different population levels. This is attractive though to a lot of different insects so you're going to capture leaf hoppers and flies and other insects on the trap, so you need to be able to identify them. And also there's more than just these two species of free beetles there's probably 10 or more in canola so. I know when I did a short study on that I found more than 10 different species of free beetle present in canola and then we have mustard oil, this is a plant caramel that is a very attractive. to both species, so we put that into a handmade trap to attract live free beetles for Leslie's work. And then also we are involved with some research on aggregation pheromone and sex pheromone for the different species. The threshold for foliar insecticides is runs from the ceiling to six true leaf stages and it's 20 to 25% defoliation. So that would be this picture over here, and this is in the extension publication on free beetles. So it's easy to overestimate the damage and defoliation, so this is just a general guide. And you need to get on, if you're going to spray the foliar you need to be quick about it because the free beetles if they're moving in in large numbers, they can completely defoliate the small plants in 24 hours. So some of the foliar insecticides registered for free beetle and canola are mainly paris solids, which we have relied on over the last 20 years for control, and newer is the diamine group 28. It's mainly for black past, but Alexial does have some potential for controlling free beetles will be testing it. It's fairly new only been out for a couple years. And then there's pre mixes here available. Ridge back is new for 2022. However, I would recommend a pre mix because they're a lower AI active ingredient, because you have two different insecticides. So you're less likely to control it, especially since the other component here may not control free beetles like this is the flux of forest transform, which is for events. And this one here is for mainly left pass like the caterpillars. So you're going to be relying on warrior here lambda cell history, and by thanks for it. And it's a half, essentially a half rate. It's so you're not going to get as much bang for your insecticide. If you use these pre mixes other probably work. But we are concerned about the development of her rethrait resistance. And if you use a lower rate you're more likely to get resistance. So again, we're pretty dependent on our pro rethraits for free beetle control I wish we had more full year insecticides. But we rely primarily on our insecticide C treatments for control of free beetles and wire worms and other soil insects. And the main group we've used over the past decade has been the neo nicotine lights. And the methoxin which is he leaks extra he leaks vibrance and close the antidote prosper ever glow is the two key ones that are used. And most of the canola receives the insecticide C treatment on it. And it depends where you buy your seed from, which one you get and which company you're going with. Diamines is Luma Derm. That one also is very effective against free beetles and cat worms. So newer one, syringotrinilapril. And then this one is new for this year, butanolids for these. And this one doesn't control any other soil insect. It's not. It's systemic but it's not going to work on anything else. And it's a new deal start. So what we've been looking at is insecticide C treatment susceptibility between the two different species of free beetle. Leslie saw a PhD project was run in the and the issue greenhouses here in Fargo, and we tested all the two standards the prosper and he leaks that these are at the standard rates. And then the Luma Derm. And this is the high rate of the Luma Derm and so forth for each one. And then we rated things to determine the damage levels. And we use a rating scale of zero to six, zero, meaning no pets and plant death. The threshold is about right here, three. So if we take a look at the data, this is adjusted mortality for natural mortality. And here is untreated thymothoxin, both the anodine and then syringotrinilapril. And we did a seven days after planting introduction into the cups. And then a 14 day after planting and the oranges crucifer and the blue is the striped flea beetle. So you can see we had excellent survival here in the untreated. So if we look at the thymothoxin, we can see that there was significantly higher survival, or higher mortality in the striped higher survival and crucifer flea beetle. So if we look at the same thing and these little stars indicates a significant level. And then here for syringotrinilapril. So if we look at the trend line, we can see that we were getting pretty good control with the crucifer flea beetles with mortality, you know, 80 and above. With the striped, you can see it's significantly lower, you know, we're only getting 40 to maybe 50%. For the feeding rating, it's kind of the reverse trend. So again, we had significant feeding almost killed the plant in the untreated check. However, here you can see that the crucifer flea beetle has significantly lower feeding injury compared to the striped flea beetles, it was much higher. If you look at the trend lines, we had one treatment where it wasn't significantly different, but all the others were. Really quick. I can't remember if you said it or not, but can you cover which one is more generally in our area? Is there one more than the other? Oh yeah, the crucifer flea beetle is still the dominant species of flea beetle, and the striped flea beetle is increasing in the state. And it's mainly due to this issue that we're seeing here, which is most likely increased tolerance of the striped flea beetle against some of the insecticide seed treatments. And so the stripe definitely has reduced susceptibility. We don't really have a lab colony of flea beetles that we can compare it to to say that it's resistant for sure, but it's what I would call definitely resistance. We, as you as mentioned, we had decreased mortality and increased feeding injury from the stripe compared to the crucifer. And they found something similar up in Canada in 2008 between Pymothox and Eclothianidin. And if we just take a look at the mortality on observation day seven, you can see that the striped flea beetle had significantly lower mortality compared to the crucifer flea beetle for each insecticide seed treatment. So this was rather alarming, so we're probably going to be seeing an increase in striped flea beetle, you know, due to this factor. And we did test the new insecticide seed treatment, the mutaeo start. It is systemic and wherever it's read indicates highest levels of the active ingredient. And you can see it has fairly good residual up to 20 days and flea beetles love to feed on the codlin leaves or the seedling leaves. You can see that's where the active ingredient is concentrated. So we tested this out in the field and in the greenhouse. I'm just going to show the field research. And as I mentioned, our main species was the striped flea beetle here in Fargo, you could hardly find the crucifer one. So we had four treatments. This is a prosper everglow and but a little start at a high rate 16 full analysis per hundred weight. And then the standard rate of prosper everglow and but a little start at the low rate. And again, you're not going to be able to get the tail start by itself. I don't believe the company is going to sell it as combo with the prosper everglow. And here's prosper everglow alone number three, I'm treated check. So you can see we had to these we did evaluation seven and 14 days after emergence. And here's the untreated check almost the dead plant prosper ever go by itself again. The plant that's not going to do very well. And then here's the low rate. And but here's the high rate which obviously did the best. So there was a trend with increasing rate. And then we had to go and spray on top of this trial because we wanted to yield. So we did a fuller application with my friends on high rate to save it. Because we had just high strike three needles. And then here's the plant population. Again, this is treatment one the high rate low rate. As you would expect, it did much better with significant from treatment three and four and for yield. We saw the same thing. The high rate did the best. And then the low rate was was okay, but significant from the untreated check. So both of them work. So the nice thing about retail starters that's an active ingredient that will control the strike flea needle. Because we did see good control in our bio assay with the strike flea needles for the two ectanoids and the diameter. So here's some work from Canada just to give you a visual. Here's the, let's just work with this, this rep here. Here's the untreated. And this half was sprayed with warrior on June 5 they call it thesis up with Canada. And you can see the different city dates as well. And you can see the prosper ever glow was pretty bad. We did get the foliar but the beauty all added in with the prosper ever glow was great and the desisting to make much difference. And you can see the difference between seating date definitely for controlling flea needle. You know, going early is an advantage because the flea needles haven't emerged in high numbers. So getting that seedling as far advanced as we possibly can. Once you get past the sixth stage, it could tolerate quite a bit of a deflation. You can see the later also look better than the May 20th date which was key for they must have hit the peak emergence of flea beetle. And there is I don't want you to think there's nothing we can't use other than chemicals because there is a lot of bio control with flea beetles. And here's some that have been listed in the literature. And there's a parasitic loss. But the problem is the flea beetles just emerge so quickly and high numbers and population density set. It's a very short window. So they tend to overwhelm even though these good insects are out there in the field. They're just overwhelmed and they can't keep up with the flea beetles. So what do we do for management while plant early? You know, soon as you can once the soil temperatures are 38 degrees Fahrenheit. And then use good quality seed that's very vigorous growing. Some of the newer seed is much better. However, there isn't any resistance post plant resistance that has been found in canola. Although Harry, there's been a couple varieties that were Harry leaves that did reduce defoliation a bit. But I don't see these varieties being promoted in the market. No till systems usually have fewer flea beetles because of the micro environment is cooler. So it's less favorable for the flea beetles. They like it very warm and hot. And then use insecticide seed tree that were pretty much needed up in our canola production area. Because we have a fairly reliable flea beetle population that will infest every year. And especially if high populations were observed last season. We're at higher risk. So whether it does affect plant growth. So when it's hot and dry. You're going to maybe see reduce growth of the plant as well as more stand loss because it's not growing as fast. And when it's cool and wet, this is if we could get into the ground and plant the canola would love the temperatures were experiencing right now. It was faster. And it can tolerate, you know, higher levels of feeding because flea beetle does not like it cool and wet. So, when we have these cool web springs we're seeing right now, it really is not favorable for flea beetle. They don't fly as readily. And they will just infest oftentimes the field margins, and they don't feed as much either. But when it's so warm spring, they move around throughout their excellent fliers, and they can find, you know, canola fields wherever they're planted. And you can really have a feeding frenzy when we have hot dry conditions like we did last year. The rain is always good. Even if you use an insecticide seed treatment. Last year. We had a dry year and hot and the insecticide seed treatments be moisture to wash the active ingredient off into the soil, where it's systemically taken up then throughout the plant for protection. And that doesn't happen when we have dry soils. So you need to watch those seed treatments make sure that they're taking up the insecticide and that they're protected, you know, and go out there several times a week because they can move in and large numbers quickly. Especially go out during the warm sunny part of the day. That's the best time to scout. And look to see which species you have. I know you've already made your decision on your insecticide seed treatments, but we need to have this knowledge now moving forward, because the straight flea beetles are power it. And here's the fact sheets that are available on flea beetle and diamond back boss and birth army worm and canola and they're all being updated this year if you look at the date it was printed so especially the flea beetle I have a lot of new information to put into that one. And we are working on a canola insect and disease diagnostic series these are the cards you can throw in your truck, and it will have information on scouting and all the different past, even ones that are key past. So we'll also have information on some of the newer past in there and the natural enemies, as well as pollinators called canola is very attractive to honey bees and other pollinators. So it's important not to spray it at all during flowering. I would encourage people to delay any insecticide sprays, if you can, if the past population is too high, then you can spray at night. So that's all I have and I'll answer any questions though. And I don't know, Anita and I see it Lindsay. I have some observations. Okay, I can share. You want me to quit the PowerPoint or just leave it on. No, that's fine. Okay, fine. Yeah. Over the years, with my experience in Cavalier County, I've always noticed that everybody knows that Cavalier County is a hot bed for canola flea beetles. So there is no way that you won't have flea beetles in county. There are every year you can expect them. You can expect that there couldn't be any good crop in a season but you can expect the flea beetles every year. So, most often are every year I have noticed is like the early planted the most early planted canola gets the gets it very badly. And this is because I think that's the perfect time the coincidence of flea beetles emerging and there is no the food available and this is like the first source of food they have available and they'll just crowd to those fields and I've heard complaints from growers always like they had to, even though they had the seed treatment they had to go and do the foliar spray. And then the second question is, I always every year I used to get the farmers saying like oh we use the seed treatment but still we had to go and do the foliar spray. And then they'll ask like are these seed treatments even working or is it even worth spending money on treating our seed. And that is a valid question and the frustration I can understand from growers. But in our area, which is hard bed for flea beetles, I think it is very, very tough to get by if you don't have the seed treatments. Seed treatments do give us the first line of defense for the crop in our area. However, however, if you notice the higher populations and the feeding continued, you have to go for foliar spraying and that is the only way in our area. You can't, you can get away without using seed treatments if you have the time and you, if that's the only crop you're growing and if you're ready with your spray right the next day when it's out, when it poked out of the ground, the seedling. So you might, you might have a chance with your foliar spray but then just not one spray you have to go. At least two times until the crop grows out of that susceptible stage of seedling, caught lead into six leaves. So there's always the chance but then the seed seed treatments, I've known some growers who just got away with just seed treatments they didn't have to go for foliar spray. It always depends on the timing of your planting and the peak emergence of the flea beetles that you would either go with just a seed treatment or you have to go with the seed treatment and foliar spray. That depends that varies every year and some, some years you can get away with just a seed treatment some years you have to go for both. That's just a life here. Then the other common question I get from growers is, okay, the fall beetle for populations or the late summer populations, they would ask me, what if we spray those populations, would we have a fewer number of beetles the following year. I never understood how to answer that question, but I, this is my kind of guessing on that is like just because you had a heavy infested. Everybody will have these late summer flea beetles crowding in some parts of their fields during late summer, every field, every canola field will have. However, if you just go and treat just your field, it's not going to help to reduce the flea beetle populations the following year in your field because you are surrounded by several fields that are not sprayed and the flea beetles can find refuge there and there are plenty of beetles that survived because they weren't sprayed. So there's always a chance that those beetles can attack your field next year. There is no wall that is protecting your field just because you sprayed last fall because these beetles are strong flyers and they can, they can fly. And they can find your field. However, if that is like a widespread phenomenon, I don't know, Jan, if you could, you could correct me if that is a widespread phenomenon of everybody treating in the fall, would that help, would that have an effect on populations? I don't think so because we have the neighbor of Canada who have populations that can import, we can import from them. Yeah, no, I don't, I agree with you because spraying in the fall, first of all, we got to do it by air and it's going to be expensive and because you don't want to trample your canola and then also the spring temperature and weather, the overwintering mortality is usually significant every year. I mean, it may not seem like it but there's a lot of natural mortality that occurs and then the spring weather like I was talking about impact populations as well. So we want to take advantage of the natural mortality that's occurring from overwintering in addition to the spring weather like we're having now the cool wet springs. It's not only delaying emergence but also causing some disease problems with the flea beetle. Sure, yeah, as those spring and fall, it doesn't add up budget-wise, it doesn't give you the, it's not economically worth and then I don't know whether there are any, it collides with the pre-harvest intervals or like I don't know that about that too much, however, that might be a problem as the crop is maturing. Yeah, the pre-harvest interval for some of the parythritis is I think 28 days but usually it's there's between the time the flea beetles are in there and peaking and harvest would be more than 30 days, so. But yeah, the thing, I did a small study when I was in Minot on flea beetles and swath canola and I found that they weren't in there very long. They were in there for a short period, maybe one week to two weeks. But once it starts to dry down, they move out of there and look for greener fields. So they're actually not in there. You know, once they're in there, they're not going to stay in there. They move out once it starts to dry down, which usually takes about two weeks. So yeah, some of the fall populations are not our enemy. Yeah, they're generally not economic and they don't cause much yield loss. They tried and tried to get them to show yield loss up in Canada where they have higher pressures than what we have and they weren't able to show any yield loss. Yeah, because they do try to stay at the field edges and they kind of like crowd or tend to crowd only on few patchy. It's not evenly spread out the entire feed. So there is no point of spraying. If you can just treat that patch, you go ahead and waste your money on that. But it's not going to help any way for your next crop because they will be there. Yeah, because like you said, they're long distance flyers. No one's really studied how far they can go, but I bet they can move long distance. I've had comments and maybe you have to where after planting there might be two fields right next to each other. And they may have done the same thing. And if had growers say, well, they didn't have to apply a full year, but I did. And would you take that to the overwintering population or I don't know, or maybe it's just probably more than timing with the peak emergence. And once the flea beetles get to a field, they produce an aggregation pheromone, which attracts more flea beetles. So if that's like the first or like Ibiza was saying, if it's one of the earlier fields that was first infested, and you just happen to plant it, the window when the peak emergence occurred, you know, you're going to get more flea beetles than your neighbor. Yeah, and I also I think like I've heard from many growers saying like the fields that have shelter builds are most often hit heavily because that's their overwintering site. Yeah, that's their first entry point is like from the edges of the crop from the ditches or shelter birds, that's, that's where they get heavily hit. And maybe that could make a difference too. Yeah, and I do have a degree model that I worked on for my PhD, but I haven't published it yet. And Leslie was kind of that field validating that. She hasn't had time really to look at that data. So on the other observation, not observation, but I heard this from a testimonial from a grower. He said like, he let he had cereal rye and as a car crop in his field. And he said like he planted the canola into it and he said like he didn't have to spray. The beetle population was very low in his field. And I remember reading about that kind of research in Canada when I attended the canola producer. One year that they were doing research on what's the effect of cover crops on flea beetle populations. They found that there are some a little pathetic effect of rye and other crops on flea beetles and I didn't follow up with what happened with that research but Jan you might have an idea or like you know. But there's definitely the flea beetles are not able to find the tiny seedlings in the mix of other grasses. That's definitely the, or even that could be one of the reason or the other one is the effect of microclimate when there is another crop but it's much cooler in that environment right there. That would go in sync with what they saw in the no tail as well. Mm hmm. Yeah, so I think those two are the reasons that it's like finding their, it's their it's difficult for them to find the chemical cues that are drawn by the canola plant in the mix of grasses and everything or and microclimate is not allowing them to move fast. It's unfavorable for them so they find a site that's more desirable, hot and dry. And they're, they're easy Jan, if they're trying to plan they'll stay there. Yeah. Yeah, and they just love black dirt. That's what we plant on here and farm on. And they, the, the contrast between the little canola plant and the black dirt and, you know, no weeds as giving out plant caramones. And once the flea beetles find it, they release an application for them on so. Come on, friends. Yeah. You can totally see, you know, the frustration, you know, because yeah, like you said, when you get that economic threshold within 24 hours, it's going to spray over and just come in so fast. Yes, there's not much time, especially, especially when the planting season is delayed now they'll be in such a rush to because they're not just going to plant just canola that's not their only crop they have to plant weed they have to plant soybeans. And this is a peak period for them to do go, go, go, go planting. And they don't have time to come back and check on this one. I know. Yes, late, late seasons like this is not good. But yeah, my PhD research looked at different C treatment strategies and one of them was C treatment plus a full layer application at day 21. And because that's usually when most of the C treatment start to give out this day 21 the research is pretty much gone. So, um, I, I did head to Linden may not have like three years of data, said like close to 10 years of data. And the always found wherever I did the foliar on top. It didn't make any difference which insecticide C treatment was was always the highest yield. But it could be due to, I didn't see other insects in there but I think it's just due to the flea beetles, you know, and it's hard to predict when they're going to come out. Especially in canola there is no other insect during that time that was a major effect on the crop. It's just the flea beetles, the only ones active around that time. Yeah, I didn't get that information published but it is. And then I did an economic analysis to and even though you had that extra application of the bifensin. It was still the most economical you still recoup that and had higher yields, even though you had to do the additional spray on top of the seed treatment. The pressure was so high. The slide you put on bears slide like the planting dates. Yeah, the May 20th and May 27th plant planting dates you will, they can get away just with the seed treatments because by that time the peak emergencies are done, and you're catching the tail end populations of the that are coming out so if they for them, the seed treatment would be enough. Yeah, the early ones. Yeah, those are the timing. It's the planting time and the peak emergence if those two coincide. Yes. Yeah. Yeah, reiterating that again. As far as the planting and the early planting and that peak emergence, there really isn't much to it. It's hard to know, like you said, you can't predict it. So, because, like we were saying, you know, earlier the better but at the same time, and if you were saying the early ones were still hit really hard. And so, does it really make that much of a difference. I mean, when you're talking early planting. Yeah, I have a paper too on that. Yeah, the early, the mid planting dates were the worst. Sleepy, it was pretty predictable. You know, most years is going to peak around the end of May. So if you can get it in the ground, you know, the first couple of weeks of May and get it up there and growing, that's beneficial for it. And late, I found actually late planting worked really well for flea beetles, but problem is when the canola flowers during July, it's very sensitive to heat, and that causes flower abortion. So then you ended up, end up with less yield if you plant late because of the heat in July. Yeah, that's what I was about to mention is like you will even though we have a high beetle pressure in the early planted, planted canola, it is still the yields in the early planted crop are always the compensate. Yeah, that was flowering before it gets super hot canola loves this cold temperatures. Yes, yes. It's been great and like I said, it's, you know, for our smaller area up here that is dealing with this. This has been really great. So I don't know if you guys have any last minute questions but I think we kind of covered it all. I have one question though, the Lumiderm or the scientific problem. Is it available on its own or is it in combination with the different. Usually, it's in combination to like the detail start. Yeah, you'll see it listed in the insect guide as combination and again it depends on the company and where you get your seed from. It is available on its own in Canada but not US. Well, that's because we're using the lower rates here up in Canada to use that high rate which works. Yeah. But here, I don't know why but we're using a lower rate so we need the combo combination. I think that I don't know how much the cost difference is but like, we definitely know that the neonics are losing their efficacy. Why do you want to combine them and I know, you know, it's not. That's a chemical company question. I would not recommend that. But definitely that's a good step forward that we are having two new groups. Before we just had the neonics as a sole group and then now we have two more groups so it's a good switch from switching the mode of action and getting away from the auto slow slowing the process of resistance. All right. Well, I appreciate it. I'm going to go ahead and stop the recording. Thanks, Anita. Oh, thank you, Jen.