 Thank you very much to UrbanAge for having invited me to this conference. I've been asked to talk about urban interventions in Lima. I've actually reduced the length of my or the extension of my intervention because I think that various of the issues I thought talking about have already been raised. And on the other hand, there are other things which I've heard which I think I would like to incorporate into my presentation. To begin with Lima is a city whose problems are very much like those of Sao Paulo, Bogotá, Medellín, Caracas, that is to say of most Latin American metropolitan cities. So I'm going to just whisk through them to sort of verify for you to see how much alike they are. And from there I would like to go on very quickly to make a few reflections on what I think this means. As you can see in that diagram, Lima on the right hand side as most other Latin American cities has also increased in population dramatically over the last half century. The next one please. As you can see in those graphics from roughly 800,000 in 1960, it has grown to nearly nine million in the present day. Eighty percent of the population of Lima proceeds comes from immigration from the Highland, from the inner parts of Peru. And 77 percent of that population would emigrate, would leave the country if they could. In 1948, the photograph on the left shows 25 percent of the urbanized area of Lima. The photograph on the right shows 2 percent of the urbanized area of Lima. Of course the photograph represents the same area. You can see that the right hand side photograph which shows as the left hand side one, the historic part has shrunk to be only 2 percent of the total area. This very persistent growth has of course generated the same problems we all know. The problems have always been tried to be curtailed through legislation. This sort of document you see here are one of the many laws that have been passed as if through legislation you could actually put a stop to that. In this graphic you can see the laws on the lower part side and the way the population has literally laughed at them by ignoring them and having new laws passed to try and overcome this. A long time ago, 40 years ago, the British architect John Turner, who happened to be in Peru in the 1950s, realized that architecture and planners had to do something about this. The flocking of rural population in Lima was rising dramatically and he made very valuable recommendations to change this. Another English architect Peter Land, who happened to live there in the 1960s, there were no actually professional contact between them, then on account of Turner's reflections decided to do an international competition through the United Nations to try and bring international architectural expertise into the confrontation of this situation. However, none of the recommendations produced by Turner were actually followed. What actually has occurred since then is that the Peruvian ruling class, Peruvian mainly professional class or political class, has tended to ignore these conditions and tended to cope with them by just letting them go and trying to adapt, trying to run the political wave as swiftly as they could. This has caused the process of growth to become gradually more severe. The city has grown to the size you see there now, the total metropolitan, let's say, political area of Lima is nearly 3,000 square kilometers and that has generated its sheer size, and the fact that very little has been done to cope with the problems arising but such a steep growth has generated dramatic problems in terms of service and in terms of transportation. To begin with, Lima does not have a public transport system. All public transportation is private, which accounts for what this figure tries to show at a disastrously inefficient system of transport. This inefficiency can be understood through the way different kinds of moving facilities are concentrated. The extension of Lima has likewise fallen all its rural area, so as you can see in these diagrams. This meaning to say that the Peruvian inhabitant only, Lima only enjoys 1.98 square meters of outdoor space for its life. Water is in great shortage, as you can see here, Peruvians pay $5 for a cubic meter of water as against the other figures you can see at the bottom. Its density is extremely low as a consequence of having spread itself out to its surroundings without any serious control. The municipality of Lima has tried to produce public works on a very shallow dimension as well because they are not only because they lack funds but because they are very, usually mayors are very linked to their political interests. So they try to embark on works which they will be able to finish within their government. So it's mainly roads, interchanges, and in the case of Mayor Casaneda, who is now in charge, he has had this personal idea of building these staircase in the shantytowns which make people climbing the hills, the problem of climbing the hills, and that has made him a very popular political figure. He now enjoys nearly 80% approval amongst Peruvians. On the other hand, the fact that the central part of Lima is clogged has led private investment to develop other centers around the periphery of Lima, which are many shopping centers, shopping centers which are described and highlighted in the graphic on the left-hand side, and which are the usual kind of mall that you can see in any part of the world. These buildings, of course, do not represent any form of architectural, architectural remarkable buildings. However, having shown you this, I don't think any of these buildings are architecturally or urbanistically very relevant due to the overwhelmingly larger presence of self-built housing and commercial buildings in the shantytowns, which we call barreadas, and the less extended but likewise the dominating reality of sprawling middle-class promoter or private neighborhoods, on the other hand. This conference has made very clear to me that beyond the evidence that we may be able to make more or less intelligently or statistically clear, there is a fundamental problem underlying the urban reality we are dealing with, which underlines all the presentations that have been made with regards to other Latin American cities, and that is the issue of poverty. The word poverty, I think, hasn't been mentioned in the conference so far. I think this is true because poverty is an essential aspect of our Latin American metropolis. I think we cannot deal with the issue of contemporary urban growth without making clear distinctions between citizens which have to confront poverty as a central problem and those who don't. I don't want to sound moralistic, but running through everything that has been said these two days, I have the impression that we risk being submerged in our own professional, technological or academic media. Thus, overlooking that beneath our specific concerns looms the question of poverty, which let's face it, constitutes an unbearable situation for those who suffer it. We are concerned with the issues of poverty in urban sprawl, mainly because we cannot avoid recognizing it in its forthcoming somatic dimension. The poor cannot conceal the awful condition in which they live and work. We cannot ignore that expression, but we can overlook its other dimensions, hunger, insecurity, marginalization, fear. Amongst these shortages lies defenselessness, abuse, defenseless in the face of abuse, choice, recognition. I think that in order to be able to provide the poor with better tools to confront defenselessness, not only physical, but also psychological, educational or moral, we have to gear our capacities so that which we may provide towards relieving that burden should be made available in massively efficient ways. I believe that a good antidote to defenselessness that can provide a good background for architecture is leadership. In order to verify this assertion, we have to only to turn to the success of leadership of the past mayors of Bogota, hopefully here, thankfully here, Medellin, Curitiba, and others. By impressing on their task a clear and intelligent sense of purpose and compromise, some of the worst scourges of Shantytowns have started to be overcome. Leadership implies governance, and governance implies political compromise. We both need a form of charisma that can embrace and direct the sense of direction we all need to make of our consensus work.