 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Aayesh Akrami. These are the news articles chosen for today's discussion. They are given along with the page number of different traditions. Link for the handwritten notes in PDF format and the timestamping for the discussed articles are given in the description box as well as the comment section for the benefit of the mobile viewers. We have come to the doubt clearing session or comments clarification session. Let us take the first comment which was received on 31st May 2021. Can you explain what's the connection between preventive detention and NSC? Last practice question. See, on the day we saw news article about National Security Act. With respect to the discussion, we have framed a practice prelims question. So aspirants are requested to go through the content before going through the practice questions. During the discussion of the news article, we clearly discussed about section 3 of the Act which deals with preventive detention. Subsection 2 of section 3 of this Act clearly states that to preventing a person from acting against security of the state or against maintenance of public order or against the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community both central government and state governments may take an order to detain the person. Since the person is detained to prevent him from performing unlawful act, it is called preventive detention. This is how National Security Act is connected to preventive detention. Also in every law, before the beginning of first section, the purpose of the law is mentioned in brief. So if you take the NSC, you can see the purpose state search. It is an Act to provide for preventive detention in certain cases and for matters connected therewith. So it is in this way preventive detention is connected to National Security Act 1998. We have discussed these points in the article discussion. So aspirants are requested to go through the article discussion before going to the practice prelims questions. Practice prelims questions act as a revision. This will be effective strategy. Now let us move on to the next doubt. The next doubt is regarding MSP. See on 31st May 2021, we discussed two past prelims questions. One was about MSP and other was about broad money supply. An aspirant has posted a doubt regarding MSP. This is a comment posted by the aspirant. The gist of the comment is the aspirant wants to know whether the recommendations of CACP are binding or not on the government. So let us discuss this MSP determination process again. See the MSP is determined by the CACP by going through various factors. We have discussed about the factors in the content discussion. After determining the prices, the CACP recommends the MSP to the government. The keyword here is recommends. So it is not binding on the government to accept the MSP recommended by the CACP. If you go to the official website of CACP, it clearly states that it is mandated to recommend. The keyword here is recommend. It is mandated to recommend minimum support prices to incentivize the cultivators to adopt modern technology and raise productivity and overall grain production in line with the emerging demand patterns in the country. So the recommendation of MSP by CACP is not binding on the government. The final says with the government, we hope the doubt is clear. CACP recommends MSP and the central government takes the final decision on MSP. The recommendations of CACP are not binding on the central government. Now let us move on to the article discussion. Now let us take up this article. It is about RBA's view on cryptocurrency. So in this slide, let us discuss about cryptocurrency. They are working various pros and cons associated with cryptocurrency. Let us also discuss about RBA's view on cryptocurrency. The syllabus for this article is displayed on the screen as friends can go through it. So what are cryptocurrencies? See a cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency. The term crypto in cryptocurrency refers to various encryption algorithms and cryptographic techniques. What is cryptography? See cryptography is a method of storing and transmitting data in a particular phone so that only those for whom it is intended can read and process it. So it is highly secure feature. Due to this feature, it is nearly impossible to counterfeit cryptocurrencies. So we can't manufacture fake cryptocurrencies. It is highly secure. How can we buy cryptocurrencies? Cryptocurrencies can be bought using credit card or through mining. See mining is a process of earning cryptocurrencies without spending money. In mining, cryptocurrencies are gained by solving cryptographic equations through the use of computers. So when you solve the equation, you will be rewarded with cryptocurrency. It is like a reward mechanism. See many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology. We hear the term blockchain technology repeatedly in the news. What is blockchain technology? See blockchain technology is a specific type of database in which data is stored in blocks that are chained together in chronological order. This is the reason why it is called blockchain. Data are in blocks and they are chained together in chronological order. See the blockchain technology uses a decentralized way so that no single person or group has control over it. All users collectively retain control over blockchain technology. This is the beauty of blockchain technology. So cryptocurrencies make use of this blockchain technology. Another important defining feature of cryptocurrencies is that they are generally not issued by any central authority. This is because cryptocurrencies are based on a network that is distributed across a large number of computers. This decentralized structure allows them to exist outside the control of government and central authorities. This is the reason why many people who don't trust their government go for cryptocurrencies. Now let us see some of the advantages of cryptocurrencies. See cryptocurrency can transfer funds directly between two parties without the need of a third party like bank or credit card company. So it is a direct transaction between two parties without the need for a third mediator or third party. Cryptocurrencies makes use of blockchain technology and cryptographic technique. So they are highly secure. It is tough to counterfeit cryptocurrencies. Also the funds transferred using cryptocurrencies are completed with minimal processing fees. So it allows users to avoid steep fees charged by banks and financial institutions for wire transfers. So these are the important advantages of cryptocurrencies. Direct fund transfer, they are secure and they have minimal processing fees. Now let us discuss some disadvantages of cryptocurrency. See cryptocurrencies are semi anonymous in nature. What is the semi anonymous nature? When it comes to cryptocurrency transactions, the transactions and accounts can be traced. But the owner of the account are not usually easily traceable. This is the semi anonymous nature of cryptocurrencies. This untraceable nature may facilitate crimes like drug trafficking, prostitution, terrorism, money laundering, tax evasion and many other illegal undermining activities. This is the reason why many governments fear cryptocurrencies. Another major disadvantage is the cryptocurrencies are not backed by the government. So it does not have the same protection as that of money in a bank account. What does this mean? Suppose if a company goes out of business or is hacked, then there is no guarantee that you may get the money back. When a bank loses money, there is a guarantee that you will get the money back. The same guarantee is not enjoyed by cryptocurrencies because they are not backed by the central government. Also cryptocurrencies are highly volatile in nature. See the market prices for cryptocurrencies are based on supply and demand. So because of this, the rate at which a cryptocurrency can be exchanged for another currency can fluctuate widely. It is highly volatile. And also by design, cryptocurrencies are highly scarce compared to other currencies. All these factors acts against the functioning of cryptocurrencies. These are the major disadvantages of cryptocurrencies. So so far we have discussed about cryptocurrencies, advantages of cryptocurrencies, disadvantages of cryptocurrencies. Now let us discuss about the news in the article. See according to the article, the RBA governor insists that investors to be careful in their efforts on cryptocurrencies. And also according to the RBA governor, RBA stand on cryptocurrencies remains the same as mentioned in the 2018 circular. See in the year 2018, RBA sent a circular to the banks cautioning people against investing in cryptocurrencies because they do not have sovereign character. That is they are not backed by the central government. Also in that circular, RBA barred entities regulated by it from dealing in such instruments. So RBA continues to maintain the same standard. In addition to that, the RBA governor also mentioned about the volatile nature of cryptocurrencies, which has led to erosion of investors wealth. According to the RBA governor, one should make one's own appraisal and do due diligence before taking a call on investing in cryptocurrencies. So these are the statements issued by RBA governor with reference to cryptocurrencies. With this, we have come to the end of this news discussion. In this news discussion, we saw about cryptocurrencies, advantages of cryptocurrencies, disadvantages of cryptocurrencies, RBA's view on cryptocurrencies. Now let us move on to the next article. Look at this news. It is about the launch of a website. See recently a website called goldenbutterflies.in was launched. This website was launched to connect the child patients with caregivers virtually. In this context, let us understand what is palliative care and palliative care in India. See according to WHO, each year 40 million people are in need of palliative care. Of this 40 million, 78% live in low and middle income countries. So what is this palliative care? See palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients who are facing life threatening illness. It tries to address the suffering of the patient. Through palliative care, we are not only treating physical symptoms but we are also providing mental and moral support to the patients. See palliative care improves health care quality in three domains. The relief of physical and emotional suffering. Second domain improvement and strengthening of patient physician communication and decision making. Third domain assurance of continuity of care across multiple health care settings. Hospital, home, hospice and long term care. Now with that understanding, let us look at palliative care in India. India is trying to focus on palliative care and pain management for over two decades. So this is not something new. Now let us look into some of the landmark initiatives to know it better. See there is a palliative care network in Kerala. The Kerala network has more than 60 units of palliative care. This network covers a population of greater than 12 million and is one of the largest networks in the world. Also in April 2008, Kerala became the first state in India to announce a palliative care policy. So Kerala is leading from the front when it comes to palliative care in India. Next let us see about can support in Delhi. See can support in Delhi as love and home care teams. Each team consists of doctors, nurses, counselors trained in palliative care. This network covers different parts of Delhi and national capital region. They visit the homes of approximately 80 to 85 patients with advanced cancer every week. So they are doing a tremendous job. There is also a palliative care network in Assam, North East India. It is called Guwahati Pain Palliative Care Society. GPPCS. It is located in Assam, North East India. So far we saw about palliative care in different states and provinces. Now let us see about palliative care in the national level. At the national level palliative care is trying to catch up. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Government of India constitute an expert group on palliative care. This expert group submitted its report called Proposals of Strategies for Palliative Care in India in November 2012. On the basis of this report separate budget is allocated for the implementation of national palliative care program. See when it comes to the national level palliative care in India is still at an early stage of development and faces numerous problems. Palliative care is a complex program but it is essential to improve the quality of life of patients. So palliative care needs to be adopted better in Indian healthcare policy. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about palliative care and palliative care in India. Now let us move on to the next article. Look at this article. China has banned the vigil on Tiananmen Square incident citing Covid situation in Hong Kong. But there has not been a single positive case in six weeks. See China has always been against holding vigils for this incident. The discussion of the events that took place in Tiananmen Square is highly sensitive in China. In this context let us know about the incident. The syllabus relevant to the article is displayed on the screen as fans can go through it. See the Tiananmen Square incident is also called the June 4th incident. This is because it happened on June 4th 1989. This incident is a series of protest and demonstration in China in the spring of 1989. All these protest and demonstrations culminated on the 9th of June 3rd and 4th with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in the Tiananmen Square in Beijing. A lot of lives were lost in the crackdown. The actual estimates on the lives lost is still controversial in China and all over the world. Now let us see the backstory for this incident. See by the spring of 1989 there was a growing sentiment among university students and others in China for political and economic reform. During that time the country had experienced a decade of remarkable economic growth and liberalization. As a result many Chinese had been exposed to foreign ideas and standard of living. So there was a class of informed citizens who knew about democracy and liberal ideas. Though there were progress and economic advances there were some issues also. China was experiencing price inflation during that period and corruption was running high in the government. Also in the mid 1980s the central government had encouraged some people notably scientists and intellectuals to assume a more active political role. But in the same time student led demonstration called for more individual rights and freedoms in the late 1986 and early 1987. This went against the R-liners stance of China. First R-liners in the government and Chinese Communist Party to suppress this movement. They were against liberal ideas. Another consequence of this tougher stance was resignation of Wu Yabang. See this person was the CCP General Secretary since 1980. He encouraged democratic reforms in China political landscape. In the year 1987 during the month of January he was forced to resign from his post. And this political reformer died in April. His death acted as a catalyst for the protest and demonstrations. See Wu Yabang was made to look like a martyr for the cause of political liberalization. On the day of his funeral tens of thousands of students gathered in Tiananmen Square demanding democratic and political reforms. For the next several weeks students in crowds of varying size gathered in the square. The initial government respond was to issues stern warning but no action was taken. So only warnings were given. There was no violence. Later an intense debate arise between the government and the party officials on how to handle the mounting protest. The moderates in the Chinese government advocated for negotiation with the demonstrators and offering concessions. But this was overruled by the R-liners and Chinese government. This is because they fear anarchy. So they insisted on forcibly suppressing the protest. So during the last two weeks of May in 1989, martial law was declared in Beijing. Army troops were stationed around the city. The army tried to reach Tiananmen Square but they were blocked by thousands of Beijing citizens. Protesters remained in large numbers in Tiananmen Square. Even western journalists were also present. They were providing live coverage of the events. By the beginning of June the government was ready to act again. On the night of June 3rd and 4th, tanks and heavily armed troops advanced towards Tiananmen Square. These tanks opened fire on those protestors. It was a bloodbath. By the morning the area had been clear of protestors. The military also moved infosably against protestors in several other Chinese cities. By June 5th the military had secured the complete control in the country. It was a violent, bloody crackdown by the military of Chinese government. In the aftermath of the crackdown, the United States issued economic and diplomatic sanctions for sometime. And many other foreign governments criticized China's handling of the protestors. The Chinese government's count of those killed was 241 with some 7,000 wounded. Most other estimates have put the dead toll much higher. In the years since the incident, the government generally has attempted to suppress references to it. Public commemoration of the incident is officially banned in China. Now coming back to the news. This is another attempt by China to suppress any reference to the incident. This is the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about Tiananmen Square incident, the back history for that incident, and the consequence for the incident. Now let's move on to the next article. Let us take up this article. According to this article, an elephant named Kusha was released into the wild in the Bandipur Tiger Reserve. In this context, let us discuss in detail about Bandipur National Park and Bandipur Tiger Reserve. First let us see about the National Park. See the Bandipur National Park is a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Bandipur National Park is the largest protected area in the southern India and largest habitat of wild elephants in South Asia. It is located in southern Karnataka. Now let us see about Bandipur Tiger Reserve. See the Bandipur Tiger Reserve is also situated in southern Karnataka. Geographically speaking, it is an ecological confluence of western and eastern guts. So it occupies a unique position and it has a wide range of flora and fauna. For example, this tiger reserve has scrub jungle in its eastern limits. The scrub jungle is full of stunted trees, bushes and open grassy patches. In its northwestern limits, it has open dry deciduous forest, tropical mixed deciduous forest. So the vegetation is very diverse. And this diverse vegetation supports a wide range of flora and fauna. See Bandipur's main inhabitants are tigers and asiatic wild elephants. It also has a number of endangered species like sloth bears, gauze, Indian rock pythons, jackals, muggers and forond antelopes. It also has a wide range of animals like samba deer, mouse deer, chitl, sloth bear and rare flying lizard. So it has a wide range of fauna. See the Bandipur Tiger Reserve is under Project Tiger. It has rich floral and faunal diversity and is recognized as one of the mega biodiversity areas in the country. As we have discussed, this tiger reserve occupies a unique position. It is at the confluence of western and eastern guts. It also occupies a tri-junction area of the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This is a very distinctive position. Bandipur, Nagarol, Vayanad, Mudumalai and Satimangalam Tiger Landscape are spread across states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. When we talk about Karnataka, it has five tiger reserves. Bandipur Tiger Reserve, Badra Tiger Reserve, Dandeli Anshi Tiger Reserve, Nagarol Tiger Reserve and Billigiri Ranganatha Temple Tiger Reserve. So these are the tiger reserves in Karnataka. So that is the end of this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about Bandipur National Park and Tiger Reserve, the wide variety of floral and fauna. And we also saw about other tiger reserves in Karnataka. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Now let us take up this news article. It is about INS Sandayak. See recently, INS Sandayak was decommissioned at the naval dockyard in Vishakhapatnam. INS Sandayak was serving the nation for the past 40 years. Now it has been decommissioned. So in this light, let us see about INS Sandayak. INS Sandayak is the hydrographic survey ship of Indian Navy. See, a hydrographic survey ship is a vessel that is specifically designed to conduct hydrographic research and survey. They also conduct seismic surveys of the seabed under underlying geology. The information provided by these ships will be used to produce nautical charts which will ensure safe navigation by military and civilian shipping. They are also useful for detecting geological features that may contain natural resources like oil or natural gas. See, INS Sandayak is the first of its class to be indigenously designed and built by India. This ship has undertaken approximately 200 major hydrographic surveys and numerous minor surveys. It has surveyed in both east and west coast of India, the Andaman seas and also in the neighboring countries. This ship has also been an active participant in many significant operations. It played a huge role in Operation Pawan, INS Sandayak assisted the India peacekeeping force in Sri Lanka in 1987. It also played a huge role in Operation Sarang and Operation Rainbow. It has rendered humanitarian assistance during tsunami of 2004. INS Sandayak has also participated in India, US Joint Tri-Services humanitarian assistance and disaster relief exercise. It also has participated in Tiger Triumph exercise. So it has played a huge role in Indian Navy. Now it has been officially decommissioned. So these are the information relating to INS Sandayak. With these information and facts in mind, let us move on to the next news article. Now let us take up this editorial. It is about recently released SDG India Index by Nithya Yov. Sustainable Development Goal India Index by Nithya Yov. See this editorial focuses on the issues that are associated with SDG India Index with special focus on its methodology. And this editorial also discusses about the limitation of the index. So let us learn about it. The syllabus relevant to the article is displayed on the screen as friends can go through it. First, let us see about Nithya Yov's SDG Index 2020-21. According to the latest index, India's overall score in Sustainable Development Goals has improved from 60 in 2019 to 66 in 2021. So we have seen an overall improvement, but there is a problem. There is an absence of equal contribution from all 17 Sustainable Development Goals in the improvement of the overall score. So some goals have shown improvement whereas other have not shown improvement. For example, sustainable development goals like clean energy, urban development and health have helped India to improve its overall Sustainable Development Goal. Whereas other important goals like industry, innovation and infrastructure did not improve. So there is an absence of equal contribution of all the Sustainable Development Goals for the overall growth of the index. This is the main point conveyed by the editorial. See, Sustainable Development Goal 8, the number 8, is an important goal. This is because it indicates the work and economic growth of a country. According to the latest index, SDG 8 has shown decline. This could be dangerous. The situation could become even worse by the lockdowns imposed by the governments seeking to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to this, the Sustainable Development Goal 8 showed a sharp difference between the southern and western state on one hand and north-central and eastern state on the other. This is serious because it points to the socio-economic and governance inequality across the country. So far we discussed about the latest findings of the index. Now let us discuss about the issues in methodology of Sustainable Development Goal India Index. See, the Sustainable Development Goal India Index 2021 has made some methodological changes on some Sustainable Development Goals when compared over previous years. Let us see this with an example. For example, Sustainable Development Goal 10 on reducing inequality. Let us take this goal as an example to explain the changes made in the methodology. See, the goal number 10 is on inequality. This goal has shown improvement in 2020 over the year 2019. But there has been a number of changes in the methodology used. For example, they have taken out a lot of indicators which are used to measure this score. The 2020-21 Index drops several economic indicators when compared to the previous edition. By dropping these indicators, the score for 10th goal has increased. So it does not reflect the real scenario. See, in 2021 edition of SDG 10, major indicators like guinea coefficient measures and growth rate for household expenditures per capita among 40% of rural and urban population indicators have been removed. These indicators are very important. For example, guinea coefficient, which was removed from 21 edition, it measures income inequality. So by removing some of the major indicators, the score has improved. It reflects a flaw in the methodology and it does not reflect the reality of the situation. The Sustainable Development Score on inequality is very important because it can capture the impact of pandemic on wealth inequality. It can assess the economic inequality in the society. So by removing these major indicators, we have missed out the opportunity to measure such inequalities and it doesn't reflect the entire picture. So the methodology used by the index has some major flaws. So far we saw the findings of the latest index and the issues in the methodology. Now let's see about the limitations in SDG India Index that are mentioned in the report. First major limitation. The index does not measure indicators of Sustainable Development Goals 17 due to unavailability of suitable data at the state and union territory level. This is a major limitation. Now let's talk about the second limitation. The indicators and data from the state and union territory statistical system and non-government sources have not been included in this index. See when we include data from other sources, we can ensure data comparability and uniformity. So by excluding them, we are at a disadvantage. Speaking of the third limitation, for some indicators, data for all states or union territories are not available. So without data, how can we measure their goals? How can we publish indexes? Data is essential for providing information. Moving on to the fourth limitation. The fourth limitation is about values of the indicators. See when we are speaking about values of the indicators, the index has used values from between 2018 and 2021. So in some cases, latest values of indicators have not been used. This is because due to the unavailability of data at the state and union territory level. So these are the major limitations of the index. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw the latest Sustainable Development Goal India Index. We also discussed about the issues in its methodology and the limitation of the index. Now let's move on to the next article. Now let's take up this news article. It is regarding the new measures proposed by the Airports Authority of India, AAI, to minimize the losses during the COVID pandemic. In this context, let us discuss in detail about the Airports Authority of India. The syllabus for reference is displayed on the screen as friends can go through it. See the Airports Authority of India was constituted by an Act of the Parliament. The name of the Act is Airports Authority of India Act 1994. Airports Authority of India was established by merging National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. AAI is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and airspace in the country. See, Airports Authority of India is a mini Ratna category 1 public sector enterprise. At present, AAI manages 137 airports, which includes 24 international airports, 10 customs airports, 80 domestic airports and 23 domestic civil enclaves at defence airfields. See, civil enclave is an area allotted at an airport belonging to the armed forces. AAI also provides air navigation service over 2.8 million square nautical miles of airspace. Apart from this, Airports Authority of India also provides air traffic management services, ATMS, over entire Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. See, air traffic management comprises of 3 main services. There are air traffic services, ATS, air traffic flow management, ATFM and airspace management, ASM. Now let us see about air traffic services, ATS. See, ATS focus on ensuring safe and orderly traffic flow as well as providing the necessary information to flight crews. ATS is mostly preferred by air traffic controllers. ATS main functions are to prevent collision by applying appropriate separation standards and issue timely clearance and instruction that create orderly flow of air traffic. So this is the main function of ATS. Now let us discuss about ATFM, Air Traffic Flow Management. The primary objective of ATFM is to regulate the flow of traffic as efficiently as possible in order to avoid the congestion of certain control sectors. Now let us see about ASM, Airspace Management. See, airspace management purpose is to manage airspace as efficiently as possible in order to satisfy its many uses both civil and military. I will look at this diagram for better understanding. Finally, let us discuss in brief about the main functions of Airports Authority of India. The main function of AI is designing, development, operation and maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves. AI also controls and manages Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country. It is also involved in construction, modification and management of passenger terminals, development and management of cargo terminals. Complete functions of AI is given below for your reference. Interested aspirants can go through it. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about Airports Authority of India, functions of AI and we also saw about ATMS in brief. That is Air Traffic Management Services. Let us move on to the next discussion. Now let us take up this news article. See, Reserve Bank of India is planning to purchase government securities worth 1.2 lakh crores in the second quarter of financial year 22. This article is a discussion on that. So in this context, let us learn about government securities. See, we know in prelims, lot of conceptual questions based on economic terminologies are regularly asked. So it is prudent we learn about government securities. What are government securities? See, government securities are death instruments. Government securities are issued by the government, as the name says. It is issued by the government to borrow money. That is the main aim of government security. When our government needs funding, it borrows money from people through government securities. Such government securities can be both short term or long term. This is very important. First let us see about short term government securities. An example of short term government security is the Treasury bills. See, Treasury bills are government securities with maturities of less than one year. So the government securities with maturity of less than one year are classified as short term category government securities. The maturity period should be less than one year. This is the key point here. Now let us move on to the long term government security. See, government bonds or dated securities with maturity of one year or more comes under the long term category. The maturity period should be more than one year or more. So if it is less than one year, it is short term government security. If it is one year or more than one year, it comes under long term government securities. Now let us see about government securities in the context of India. See, when it comes to India, the central government issues both the Treasury bills and bonds or dated securities. So it issues both long term as well as short term government securities. When it comes to state governments, they issue only bonds or dated securities. So state governments issue only long term government securities. This is in context of India. The bonds issued by state governments are also called as state development loans, SDL. See, government securities in general are safe instruments. They carry no risk of default since they are issued by the government itself. So investors who want to invest in safe instruments usually go for government securities. Since government securities have no risk of default, they are also called as risk-free, guilt-aged instruments. See, government securities also play an important role in controlling inflation. The RBI periodically purchases government securities from the market through a process called open market operations. Through this process, RBI controls the liquidity in the market. By controlling the liquidity, RBI can control the inflation rate. This is where I come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about government securities, short term government securities, long term government securities, state development loans. And we also saw about government security role in controlling inflation in brief. Now let us move on to practice film's question discussion. First question. Consider the following tiger reserves. One Bandipur, two Valmiki, three Palmao, four Dandelionchi, five Periyar, six Badra. Which of the tiger reserves given above are located in Karnataka? Option A, one to four and six only. Option B, one, three and six only. Option C, one, four and six only. Option D, one, three, four, five and six only. See, the answer is option C. One, four and six only. One Bandipur, four Dandelionchi, six Badra. See, as discussed in the article, tiger reserves in Karnataka are Bandipur, Badra, Dandelionchi, Nagarol and Bilighiri Granada temple. So these are the five tiger reserves in Karnataka. Valmiki tiger reserves in Bihar, Palmao tiger reserves in Jharkhand and Periyar tiger reserves in Kerala. Now let us move on to the second question. Consider the following statements about INS Sandhyak. First statement. It is the first of its class, indigenously designed and built hydrographic survey ship of Indian Navy. Second statement. It was an active participant in operations such as Operation Pawan, Operation Sanam and Operation Rainbow. Which of the statements given above are correct? A, one only. B, two only. C, both one and two. D, neither one nor two. See, based on our article discussion, we can infer that both the statements are correct. Therefore, the right answer is option C, both one and two. Third question. Which of the following central public sector enterprises, CPSC, belongs to the Maharatna category? One, Steel Authority of India Limited. Two, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Three, Coal India Limited. Four, Airports Authority of India. Select the correct answer using the code given below. Option A, one and two only. Option B, one, two and three only. Option C, one and four only. Option D, one and three only. The answer is option D, one and three only. See, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is a Navaratna Central Public Sector Enterprise. And, Airports Authority of India, as discussed in the article, it is a Mini Ratna category one Central Public Sector Enterprise. Only Steel Authority of India Limited and Coal India Limited are Maharatna category companies. The answer is option D, one and three only. The following are the 10 Maharatna Central Public Sector Enterprises. Interested aspirants can go through it. Now, let us move on to the fourth question. With reference to Treasury bills, consider the following statements. Treasury bills are short term securities issued on behalf of the government by the RBI and are used in managing short term liquidity. Second statement. Treasury bills are issued by both central government and state government in India. Which of the statement given above are correct? Option A, one only. Option B, two only. Option C, both one and two. Option D, neither one nor two. See, the first statement is correct. Treasury bills are short term securities issued on behalf of the government by the RBI and it is also used to manage short term liquidity. So, the first statement is correct. Now, let us assess the second statement. The second statement is wrong. See, the state government can issue only bonds or dated securities. We have discussed this topic in the article. Bonds or dated securities issued by the state government are called as state development loans. Only central government can issue both the Treasury bills and bonds. State governments can only issue bonds or dated securities. So, the second statement is wrong. Answer is option A, one only. Only the first statement is correct. Main practice questions are displayed here. You can write your answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of the news analysis. If you like the video, click like, comment and subscribe. Thank you.