 Welcome to NPTEL, the National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning being brought to you by the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. As you are aware our course is entitled English Language and Literature and we have already been through a couple of lectures. This module as you know is introductory in nature, we shall be talking about or we have already talked about say the scope of what this course entails, we have had an introductory lecture also to that effect and in the same vein, today's lecture is entitled the Globalization of English. Now, as always let us do a recap of what we did in our last lecture. The last lecture as you would recall was about the alchemy of English and that lecture was largely based on the work of one person namely, Braj Professor Braj Kachru and I had mentioned in that lecture that the globalization of English or rather the alchemy of English is a topic that has not been dealt with only with Professor Kachru. There are several others who have pointed to the magic of English as we also know there are those who have critiqued the idea of the magic of English. Well, let us do a brief recap of what we saw in our last lecture. Now, let us look at this slide. In the last lecture, we found that wherever we speak of the power of English, there are important markers to that effect. For English it is for instance, it is not said casually that English has tremendous power and we saw that this may be attested to or this may be proven by referring to for instance, let us look at this slide, the demographic distribution of the English language. Then second, the native and non-native users across cultures, the number of people who speak English across different cultures whether native or otherwise. Point number three, we also saw the importance of the increasing importance of English in world forums whether it be important international governmental meetings or whether it be in conferences and seminars as you have seen or will be seeing in future. English is used as the medium of communication, information and exchange of knowledge and views in these important world fora and last but not the least English has a very rich literary tradition. As we saw these in the last lecture, these are some of the markers of the power of English. These are some of the testimonies regarding the power of English. Next we saw, let us look at this slide, there is also of course, apart from the magic of English is also the use of English almost to the point of manipulation. For instance, we saw that English is a medium of power, it is a tool of power which can easily be a tool of manipulation, second it is a tool of control, it is definitely manipulable as far as it is a tool of authority and it is also a tool of cohesion. You may be wondering how is cohesion a matter of manipulation, sometimes it may happen that the cohesion that you see or the sort of togetherness that you see whether in as far as language is concerned or as far as politics is concerned may really be a matter of the working of a dominant ideology. We see these kind of commentary on this kind of work done in disciplines like cultural studies for instance. So, cohesion is also at times a matter of manipulation, at times a matter of coercion or say manufactured consent. So, English is not it is not simply a matter of demographic distribution or a matter of use as a lingua franca in international fora, English is also can also be a tool of manipulation. This is what we saw in the last lecture. Then we also saw an important formulation for which Professor Brachkachary is well known today and we saw the circles of English as far as its globalized spread is concerned and Professor Brachkachary as we saw in the last lecture talks about three circles. The first being the inner circle comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada where English is used as in parts of Canada of course where English is used as you know in a native speaker sense. Then we saw the outer circle. The outer circle is referred to countries like India, Pakistan and the Philippines for instance these are countries where English has had a historical importance. For example, the erstwhile colonies of the British Empire and finally the expanding circle. In the expanding circle we saw is where you know the expanding use and influence of the English language. For instance in countries like China, Russia, Japan, Europe and Egypt. I would like to end with one or two points and as far as this recap is concerned because these are immensely important and it helps us to relook take another look at the point of attitudinal neutrality. Let us look at the slide the point of attitudinal neutrality for instance where we found that English again it is alchemical power is one in which it may you know contribute to several social sociological factors. For instance we saw code mixing in English to neutralize identities as we saw in the last lecture in native languages or dialects, identities, social stratification you know stratificatory measures that may be that there may be divisive in nature that may be even exploitative in nature for caste for instance in India. So there English helps as a neutralizing linguistic strategy. Let us look at the slide here neutralization as a linguistic strategy and its uses and it provides an additional code with or without mixing that has referential meaning with cultural connotations and such use of English results in the developing of new code mix varieties of language. So, this is extremely important the attitudinal neutrality and power of the English language. Then let me end this recap with a reference again to Braj Kachru's words and I am quoting directly from you know the alchemy of English. Kachru says the alchemy of English is this the alchemy of English present and future then does not only provide social status it also gives access to attitudinally and material this is a materially desirable domains of power and knowledge it provides a powerful linguistic tool for manipulation and control. In addition says Kachru again this alchemy of English has left a deep mark on the languages and literature of the non-western world. English has thus caused transmutation of languages equipping them in the process of new societal scientific and technological demands. So this is a brief recap of our last lecture on the alchemy of English and on the power of English and as also the manipulative you know potential of the English language. Well the lecture or the topic of today's lecture is related to the last lecture and our lecture today is entitled the globalization of English and let us see what we have in store today. Well there are definitely so many ways in which you can talk about English as a global language you can talk about how English historically became a globalized language you can talk about the extent of the global spread of English. You can talk about also the politics inherent in the globalization of any language for that matter. So there is definitely so much to be spoken you know about as far as globalization and English are concerned in within the constraints of a single lecture I am well aware that it is not possible for me or for us to discuss several aspects of this. Nevertheless this being our course being an introductory course, I will touch upon a few you know points and as always I shall be referring to work done in this you know in this context by a few scholars both you know both contemporary scholars and scholars who have also in the past contributed a lot in this respect. So the globalization of English is what we talk about and for that I refer to two books right and you as mentioned in one of the earlier lectures as you know David Crystal is one of the most important scholars as far as the English studying the English language is concerned right. So his book English as a global language this is a book which is definitely very important for those of you who are you know who want to work on this aspect of English as a global language or the globalization of English. The second book that I have referred to is by Tom MacArthur and it is entitled the English Languages right published by Cambridge University Press. So these are the two books from which I shall be largely drawing this lecture you are of course free to refer to several other books you know dealing with the same topic with the same area and the first I would like to begin with a quotation and this is by Edmund Weiner and this quotation is you know it is taken from MacArthur's book Tom MacArthur's The English Languages referring to this tendency or the historical fact of the development of English as a global language this is what Edmund Weiner has to say and I am quoting from him the English vocabulary is now federated rather than centralized look at the the the important what is say it is now is drawing this analogy or metaphor from political systems right and he says that rather than specially when you talk about the English vocabulary or English words the English vocabulary is no longer centralized English vocabulary is federated right no one persons English is all English but each English speaker is to some extent multilingual within English. So very early on now in our in our discussion on the globalization of English we have come across a scholar who points to Englishes who points to the fact that the older ideology if you may or the older ways of talking about standard English talking about received pronunciation all these are now revised and it is the spread of you know the English language it is you know the availability the growing vocabulary and the growing acceptability of English vocabulary for which he uses the word federated rather than centralized is something which is a reality that we have to accept today. So there is a definite shift right there is a definite shift from an older ideology of an English which is what may say the Queens English or the English which is British English right speakers all over the world who have anything to do with English really in whatever degree are have appropriate with English and they are as is mentioned by Weiner here the each English speaker let us look at this again each English speaker is to some extent multilingual within English. So we shall be looking we saw part of this in the last lecture and we will also understand this more as we go on to talk about the different aspects of the globalization of English. Well so if we ask this question right let us look at the slide here please what is the scope right what is the scope of talking about the globalization of English in the sense that what are the different ways in which we may talk about English as a global language I am aware of the fact that English as a global language and the globalization of English are not the same thing. But for the purpose of this lecture I am really completing the two we are talking about when we talk about the different aspects to which we can approach or the different ways in which we can speak about the scope of the globalization of English we may zoom in on these for instance these are not the only aspects of the scope of such a study. However, for our elementary level we can talk definitely about the power of English increasing power of English we can refer to the history of the spread of English we can talk about culture and the English language. We can obviously talk about the politics of the globalization of English we can talk about the advantages of the spread of English or the global reach of English we can talk about the risks involved in it as well as the diverse ways in which this global reach of English has taken different shapes. So, power, history, culture, politics, the advantages as well as the risks of the globalization of English is the scope it is part of the scope of studying the global reach of this language. When I refer to David Crystal a while ago and I had said that he is one of the most important scholars as far as the English language is concerned some aspects of the study of the English language are concerned and Crystal in his book about English as a global language he talks about the importance of a particular decade the nineties according to David Crystal are very important as far as the you know this the global reach of English is concerned. So, in his book Crystal says that you know he says why are the 1990s very important as far as globalization or the globalization of English is concerned and he points to among other things four factors one very important factor which is not just a matter of information and communication technologies which is also a sociological, cultural and linguistic matter for us is the fact that the internet has given us new linguistic varieties. You will find we know that the internet is you know by its propundence celebrated as a democratic medium celebrated as one that you know in which one can voice one's you know one's ideologies in which different ethnic cultures you know are showcased different debates are you know given adequate space. In the same way even language wise we find that there are new linguistic varieties even that means there are new Englishes now you know there are new Englishes English in the plural Englishes as far as the internet has concerned is concerned the internet has enabled has enabled these new English varieties to be to be seen and to be used by everyone. Then second the 90s also important for another reason and which is the increasing endangerment of languages the remember we said that the scope of studying English as a globalized language the also entails the risks we talk about risk again a while later also entails the risks involved in such a spread of such a language. So, the second is the growing endangerment of languages and third let us look at the slide here the global position of English right 90s in the 1990s he this is what the statistics tell us the 1990s there was increasing public recognition of the English language and there was you know English seemed to have achieved what is called a global position right the use of English had by the 1990s given a definite you know establishment to its use as a global language as attaining a global position. Then fourth was the redrawing of sociolinguistic frameworks right the revision of theories right the you know on the re-articulation the new areas that came up in the study of sociolinguistics because of the increasing if you will the global march of English. So, what do we have here as far as David crystals formulations are concerned let us quickly look at the slide again he points to on the one hand new linguistic new varieties available in the internet new English is also being available in the internet he talks about the global position in of English being established around the 1990s perhaps without any doubt he also talks about the new sociolinguistic frameworks that were coming up ok the revision of all the theories and finally, on the other hand he says that there was also the recognition perhaps of the fact that many languages were now being endangered. Therefore, when you talk about on the one hand right you know English being a global language English being as we saw in the last lecture in English having a certain English having a certain alchemy a certain magical quality in the sense that not simply in the sense that it you know it is a common medium of communication a lingua franca so to speak. We also saw in the last lecture how English could also help neutralize remember help neutralize certain help neutralize a certain culture specific exploitative system for instance certain words in native you know in vernacular languages in a country for instance ours where there are different words for the same thing to be used by different castes on the other hand scholars have pointed to and I am trying to make this lecture sort of a balanced one not simply this is not a celebration of you know the global purported global march of English we are trying to look at it from two different aspects one is the positive aspects of you know the growth of English as a global language and also you know the fallout or rather you know the disadvantages or risks as we put it of having a language overtaking other languages. So, from the other aspect really let us look at global English as you know these are some of the points given by critics this is a for instance the loss of linguistic diversity obviously it is quite commonsensical it is quite rational for us to assume that the more one language you know one language is being used increasingly by several parts of the world there is and other languages are useless other languages fewer languages are sort of being used in for instance international for instance then there is a loss of linguistic diversity and there are many scholars who also point you know to the analogy between ecological diversity and linguistic diversity many would go on to say that there are as many perceptions of reality as there are languages for instance there we have this theory by two linguists Benjamin Horf and Edward Sapir which is known as Sapir Horf hypothesis let me quickly write this here sorry quickly write down the names so that you are acquainted with it the Sapir Horf hypothesis similar you know similar theories which go on to propose that the language you speak determines your you know the language you speak determines your view of the world the language you speak determines your perceptions. So, some linguists would go on to argue that the loss of a language is not just a loss of words it is not just a loss of particular syntax not just a loss of phonology it is also the loss of perception the loss of you know another so to speak window to the world. So, loss of linguistic diversity is one important point as far as you know the risks of global English are concerned next a similar point put in a different way is there is an acute homogenization homogenization of languages would also lead to homogenization of worldviews homogenization of or an alluring of worlds of perception windows to perception which again is not just a matter of losing a certain way of looking at the world it is a much larger you know aspect of losing ways of thinking losing ways of cognition the point that we shall come to a little later there is also because of the it is not just not just English because of any sort of globalization you can also related to the larger cultures fear the sense of globalization as ways of life why just the language ways of life of economic systems right of beliefs of values of even the emotions that we may have as some cultural critics argue right. So, there is also cultural saturation next there is cognitive loss now the point of cognitive loss is related to our you know the point that we made about perception. So, there is cognitive loss is a different loss of different ways of cognizing the world different different sort of procedures so to speak which may which as some critics say interface in very important ways with language. So, it seems the more the languages in the world the more you know different kinds of cognitive of cognizing the world and the reality so to speak of course, the other point as these let us see here in the slide is of course, the increasing as we discussed the increasing endangerment of languages they are more and more endanger languages are dying at an alarming rate right. And as crystal had mentioned in the 1990s you know this phenomenon was a registered very you know registered very strongly and which was the dying the death of several languages of the world and there are many their books which are going to really tell you know how many languages die per day or per week for instance in our world. And finally, of course the most one of the most important points is that let us look at the slide here of power and politics. Those who have English as their language in many ways also have power also have not just you know political power, but cultural power linguistic power academic power. So, as we say you know as I mentioned the while ago where we are not when we look at you know the English as a global language or the globalization of English we are also to take these other you know factors equally seriously instead of going on a celebration of a language. Now let me bring to your notice another quotation which I find very interesting which is by the scholar Selma Sontag. As you know from time to time we bring in the words of different scholars not just what they have you know not just the ideas or concepts they may give us or the theories they may give us. And I have always believed that one of the great rewards of reading these scholars is not just you know not just knowing otherwise we can simply have bullet points you know to know you know point wise as we do you know in some of our classes. The point is how they articulate how they articulate for instance we saw Edmund Weiner's you know very important interesting was like the federal you know English vocabulary is getting federated and not centralized. So, there are different ways very beautiful ways in which scholars have articulated their points and in that way let us look at Selma Sontag's words. The real world political conflicts about language matter to parents making choices about children's education. Now this relates to the fact that having a language whether it is English or Chinese Mandarin Chinese or you know or what have you right. The fact is the real world as she says conflicts about language they matter to different people for different reasons and they are really important these are real issues to do with language and language choice right. So, I am reading again the real world political conflicts about language matter to parents making choices about their children's education and as you know in our country in India it is really an important you know it is an important decision one takes in one's life you know as regards whether to share to send one's children to you know vernacular medium school with you know vernacular medium of instruction or do we send our children to an English medium school. So, these are important real life matters second it also making choices people making choices about the children's education to voters casting their ballots to people struggling to make a living while maintaining a meaningful and dignified life and to political officials making policies in democratic policies. Why I really I have brought this quotation to you is to show the you know the width you know to show the scope of you know how you know to the to the extent to show the extent to which appropriating a language a language in English in this case impacts so many different areas of our life from our children's education to you know matters to making political choices to making electoral choices to people as she says your people struggling to make to make a living while maintaining a dignified life to political officials making policies and I read on their analysis can contribute to our understanding of politics culture and globalization. So, the analysis again made by you know cultural critics made by linguists as far as language is concerned conflicts about language are concerned is something that can enrich our understanding of both language and of our cultural systems. So, we have seen that there are you know we have come across the word we came across this word somewhere even in our education now just in this course of standard English was especially in our time you know standard English was very important right there are certain standards of vocabulary standards of received pronunciation standards of ways of speaking of intonation etcetera. So, today we talk about not a standard English, but we talk about standard English's for now let us see how this has changed for instance in the 19th century we can safely say that the standard English was the English of the United Kingdom and its colonies and we called it the Kings English or the Queens English in the early 20th century the United States of America US English was gaining importance as US became a world power one of the most important political powers in the world there was you know intense migration of students of people into the United States of America and so much of the benchmarks in engineering and technology and also in the humanities and social sciences were coming from the United States of America. So, the standard English that was there in the 19th century seemed to change and to be the English that was used in the US in the 20th and 20th century's also apart from the United States of America we have you know English's standard English's coming up also from Australia from countries like Canada from New Zealand and South Africa and today we have English the standard you know English in India being another standard you know quote unquote standard so to speak as we shall see later on in one of our lectures on you know English in India and in countries like Nigeria for instance. So, the you see the very idea also of a standard English is no longer say you do not say English really we say English's also for standard English we do not say standard English today we say standard English's also from a historical point of view. Now, this again has happened we said the example of the United States of America for instance why this development of a standard English that was based on the US system came about. For instance, the increasing importance of the US let us look at the slide here the US educational system. The US educational system this includes not just education in the graduate and you know the undergraduate and the graduate levels also includes research done it includes the way the kind of English used in peer reviewed journals what was acceptable and not it refers to as you saw you see here the publishing industry right the kind of dictionaries for instance Webster's dictionaries all of us are familiar with dictionaries and grammars that were being written which were different from the so called 19th century standard English manuals of usage and as far as the media are concerned the broadcasting norms right these helped we are looking here at the example of the United States of America. So, this helped in sort of establishing a different standard English which was the English that was coming from the United States of America which was being consumed by us which was you know quickly which had quickly set itself up as the English that is going to be even today for instance many scholars wonder whether to use American English or British English as you know institutes for instance institutions declare what kind of English they are using are they using the British English or the American English right. So, as we see the global the globalization of English is therefore, not simply a matter of English being and it is very simplistic to say that it is a matter of English being used by that globalization means English being used by different people in different parts of the world increasingly being used it is also a matter of different standards of English growing up. So, this really is a you realize by now hopefully that it is very you know a very interesting way of looking and the you know the scope of this area about the global reach of English is something that is in the different aspects that are being added to it you know over time by scholars. Now, David Crystal in his book on you know on English and its global reach or English as a global language in page 4 he also talks about the official language status for language to be really accepted right and language to have a certain standard certain kind of language to have you know a certain standard would require its you know a certain official language status to be used by government law we saw this in the previous slide media education and also very importantly something that we should be talking about when we talk about international English is foreign language teaching right. There has to be not just a use of a particular language or in this case English as an official language, but to be used by in the wings of government law media etcetera, but also you know in another in a country where English is not the native language is the teaching of English as a foreign language right. This is also a marker so to speak of the reach of English in that particular country ok. The reasons now why should you know a country right choose a foreign language or this is what the question that crystal David crystal raises is why should the country that is not the natives where the natives are not speakers of English why should that global reach we sort of you know we sort of accepted or sort of allowed in a country and he says that there are different reasons for the global reach of English are not the least of which is a look at the slide a historical tradition may be colonization may be trade if not direct colonization. The historical tradition is something that we have to look into no you know we just we do not just look at only the current status of the use of a certain language the current statistics it is important for us to go back to history and to see how historical traditions historical facts events and historical ideologies have enabled you know the spread of the English language and has enabled it to come to a status in which it is today ok. So, first is what the invoking historical tradition and trying to draw the trajectory of the global sort of reach of that language from historical perspective second is also its political feasibility definitely if there is if it is not if a language is not feasible right politically then it is not you know it is not appropriated by a certain region ok. So, historical tradition political feasibility and also of course contact commercial cultural and technological both historically it is not that only historically right that language should have kind of reached us, but also in the current scenario matters technological matters commercial and cultural right these are what keeps a language which is not which was not native to a certain country or region which makes it you know have a tremendous impact on the populace on the people of that region where even as we saw matters of power of prestige of even success in life and also social sociological changes are enabled by that particular language. This may also be put in if you look at this slide we can we can put it in another way the points come from David crystal, but we can have a different map of this for instance crystal says that multilingualism right is a world resource. Now, this is one of the reasons why we do celebrate the global reaches of language and why some scholars say that you know to have one you know say to have one language which has sort of determined for several hundreds of years if you may as the language or the only language of region or a country may lead to a certain narrowness as we saw of perception of perspective of cognition. So, multilingualism is then a world resource the more languages we know the more languages we have in you know in the repertoire of languages of the world this becomes a resource again not just for a particular region or a country becomes a resource also you know for the whole world right. Then multilingualism as a world resource leading to linguistic heritage and also diverse cultures and perspectives see in this slide and we have an we get an understanding of the cognitive functioning of the human mind as far as language interfaces with such cognitive propensities. Now, let us read from crystal and this again is very telling talks about language and power you know the power of a language as a global language right. Why a language says crystal why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it. So, English may not be you know demographically speaking may not be the language that has the maximum number of speakers in this world as we had already referred to this earlier. So, it is it need not be the case that English is not the most spoken or spoken by most language spoken by most people in the world. He says why a language let us read this again why a language becomes a global language has little to do with the number of people who speak it. It is much more to do with who those speakers are it is very important and the global reach of English in that sense you know you may say that why we are talking about the global reach of Mandarin Chinese for instance. Then you crystal would give this answer he says it is not important how many speak how many people are speaking that language you are not going by a head count right. What is important is who are the people right who are the people who are using this language. So, it is much more to do with who those speakers are there is the closest of links between language dominance and economic technological and cultural power. So, I think a very important point here that is raised by crystal is you know not as I said not the number of people who speak English talking about the globalization of English also in relation to the whole phenomenon of globalization. The phenomenon of globalization is a first importantly matter of economics, a matter of finance, a matter of resources, a matter of market right. Second and if not less you know if not more you know important for us is cultural globalization the you know where languages included. It is about ways of life it is about values it is about as I said even emotions it is about arrangements social arrangements it is about the books we read it is about the ideas that we hold and in that sense he is talking about the globalization of language now of English to understand this. So, English as a globalized language is not about the reach of English and the number of people who speak English it is the question is really rephrase as which language is spoken by the most powerful nations or people in the world now whether we like it or not this seems to be a reality. The need for such you know globalized language is also to do with certain you know it is a certain not benefits really it is to do with certain convenience with a certain convenience that has to do with two mainly two kinds of world which is the academic world and the world of commerce. This is also point mentioned not simply by David crystal by several other scholars it is that you know imagine a world in where there are different academic activities going on in several parts of our planet and we are unable to share that academic knowledge we unable especially I would say you know especially scientific knowledge we unable to share that knowledge because our languages are different and on the other hand also that is also the other aspect is of commerce. A commercial transaction commercial relationships are not possible if one does not have a language which is the language used as far as you know commerce is concerned. So, this is another I think the commercial aspect of it is highlighted by many people but really the importance again of having a global you know global language as far as academics is concerned is has not really is not really spoken about at least you know in in in general conversation lot of work has been done on by by linguists in this area. So, academic exchange commercial exchange these are the two broad areas under which you know there are benefits of having you know of having knowledge of language like English right. Then again let us see what crystal has to say here right and he in fact we can use a term here is not his was really the for you know this the global imperative it almost seems like when he talk about this is all we are talking about a global imperative so to speak then that there has to be there is an imperative for a global language and there crystal says here there has never been a time when so many nations were needing to talk to each other so much. And remember he talk for the 1990s onwards when this seems to become almost an imperative there has never been a time let us read again when so so many sorry here so I am very sorry. So, many people wish to travel to so many places there has never been such a strain place on the conventional resources of translating and interpreting never has the need for more by spread bilingual bilingualism been greater to ease the burden place on the professional view and never has been there has there has there been a more urgent need says here quite categorically there never has there been a more urgent need for a global language. So, they almost as I said this seems to be an imperative to have a global language particularly we look at the speed at which the intensity at which you know all these different things whether its translation or whether its you know you know nations conversing with one another whether its tourism they understand it is bilingualism so many things factors come together in fact to propel so to speak a language as a language with a global reach. So, the risk then finally, we will end with risk and the risk again are pointed to by crystal the risk here again among those you know over above those we saw here are monolingual elitism whenever there is one language is always for instance Sanskrit in India could have led to a sort of you know a sort of very dangerous sort of you know Brahminical elitism here where others are excluded because they cannot speak so called pure language then there is a cognitive edge for native users compared to other users a new class is formed then there is manipulation and triumphalism language death there is some other languages apart from other than English or extension and reduce opportunities for those who do not know English. So, there is again I said there are risks involved right mere triumphalism is not going to work here. So, there is a balance should be a balance in looking at English as a global language. So, we now come to the questions and just a couple of questions really with which we shall end this discussion on the globalization of English and if you ask the question like delineate the scope of studying English as a global language I just want how many different ways can you study English as a global language and we know that the answer is this that we can study you know English as a global language from the point of view of power history culture politics the advantages of having a global language and the risks there in also and also regard to the diversity of English that is English is the different English is including as we saw different standard English is then why were the 1990s are this comes from David crystal crucial for the consolidation of English as a global language and he says the answer is that there was in the 1990s realization of you know the importance of English as and you know as a global language. Surprisingly with the new varieties linguistic varieties coming up in the internet the global position of English it is public recognition the redrawing of social linguistic frameworks in academics and the you know the importance of understanding endangered languages this also gives us you know two different aspects right of one is you know the aspect of understanding the advantages of English and the other of understanding the disadvantages of having English or any other language again for that matter as a global language. Then what are the minimum requirements for a language to be a global one the minimum requirements given by crystal is that it has to as official status there has to be used by different wings of government law media and definitely education also importantly there has to be foreign language teaching of that language right. Then finally, we end with this what are the risks of having language and as I said for the matter any other language as a world language as a global language is that it may lead to elitism where need those who speak English form an elit as you say here a new class right then there is a cognitive edge for native users of English. There is also a triumphalist the danger of a simplistic triumphalism of manipulation is definitely the danger of language deaf and extinction of languages and reduce opportunities right for those who do not you know who do not have access to the global language. So, as I said in the beginning there are so many ways of you know you can even have a whole course on English as a global language or the globalization of English. I said in the beginning that I am conflating the two the globalization of English or the English language and English as a global language we can have obviously these two do not mean exactly the same things, but for the purpose of this lecture I may have sometimes use one for the other, but essentially this talks about you know the spread of English and you know the two things is the consequences one which is which talks about the good aspects of it and the other is the risks of having a language of in this case English as a globalized language. Thank you very much we shall meet in the next class.