 Good morning Hank, it's Tuesday. So on the YouTube channel Health Care Triage, Dr. Aaron Carroll often says that data is not the plural of anecdote. But in a world where there are so many factual anecdotes out there, it can be difficult to see the larger truths that data can tell us. For instance, there are terrible crimes every day in the United States. But that doesn't change the fact that the U.S. homicide rate is lower than it was 10 or 20 or 30 or 40 or 50 years ago. Anyway, to try to understand the world better, I often use maps, and here are seven that I found especially helpful. First, we have this map, which divides the human population into tenths. I like this one because it reminds me that Canada, the United States, Mexico, most of the Caribbean, Chile, Peru, and more only constitute one tenth of the world's population. The world is so much bigger than my world, and the human story is so much bigger than the human stories I usually hear. Also, since I mentioned Peru, Peru is big. As is Somalia. Those are not among the seven maps, by the way. Those are bonus maps. You're welcome. Then there's this map from our world and data, which shows the average years of school people had around the world in 1950. The yellow is between zero and two years, the green between two and six, and then as the colors get darker, people get better educated. Here's 1970, and then here's 1990, and here's what it looked like in 2010. There are still huge gaps between rich and poor countries, and between rich and poor people within many countries, but even so, all around the world, kids are getting more educational opportunities, which is good because it means more potential innovators to solve all of the problems we are leaving those kids with. Speaking of which, here's what Global CO2 emissions looked like in 1950, almost all the emissions coming from the world's wealthiest countries. Here's 1970, and here's 1990, and this is 2016, a few countries starting to get lighter, but only a few. Meanwhile, this map shows average temperature changes between 1965 and 2014, red areas are where the earth has gotten warmer, white areas are where the temperature hasn't changed, and blue areas are where it's gotten colder. There is no blue. Then there's this amazing map of global borders and when they were created. I'll put links in the doobly-doo so you can explore all these maps in detail, but the fascinating thing to me here is just how recent many national borders are. Like we often think of nation states as intractable realities and national borders as fixed, but in fact, most national borders are less than 120 years old. Okay, let's return to our world and data to look at this map of the percentage of births in 1991 that were attended by trained healthcare workers, doctors, nurses, midwives, etc. In Brazil, it was under 70% in India, 34% in Mali, 26%. Now let's flash forward to 2015. In Mali, 60% of births are attended by a healthcare worker. In India, it's over 80%, and in Brazil, it's over 95%. The benefits of this are staggering. 522,000 mothers died in childbirth in 1991. In 2015, 303,000 did. We still have a long way to go, but that is real progress. And lastly, let's look at my favorite map, life expectancy. I know this is a controversial position, but I believe that human lives should be long and healthy. Here's what global life expectancy looked like in 1980, and here's what it looked like 35 years later. All around the world, low and middle income countries from China to India to Peru to Angola have seen life expectancy go up by at least 10 years and in some cases 20. So thank you, map makers, for giving me hope and also when appropriate, fear. Hank, before I go one thing, I enjoy sponsoring AFC Wimbledon so much and it has made me want to sponsor other things. So if you're part of a club or team or organization or whatever that could use modest sponsorship, like think high three digits to low four digits, email me at sparksflyupatgmail.com with the subject line, sponsorship. And when I say sponsorship, I don't mean donation, which is a separate thing. I mean getting some kind of marketing value in exchange for the sponsorship, like our logo on your uniform or something. If it sounds like I said that to make sure I'm cool with the IRS, I did. But right, sparksflyupatgmail.com. I apologize in advance for all the awesome things I won't be able to sponsor, but I'm going to try to sponsor at least a few things. Hank, I'll see you on Friday.