 Hello, I welcome you all once again for my channel Explore Education. I am Dr. Rajmish Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls' Ruby College, University of Allahabad. And today I am going to discuss a very common yet important topic in sociological and psychological research that is survey research. And the lecture will be useful for various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your regular research work and professional and general courses. So let's start. First of all, survey research. Survey is a subject that people use a lot. They use it every day. Sometimes their minds know it, sometimes they don't. So survey is a proper way of understanding survey. Survey research is a research method involving the use of standardized questionnaires or interviews. Look, each word has its own meaning and each word is not used in the same way. We should know that. It is said that survey research is a way of research in which you use standardized questionnaires or interviews. That is, the questionnaires and interviews that you use are your primary criteria. The questionnaires mean the questionnaires and interviews. To collect data about people and their preferences, thoughts and behaviors in a systematic manner. It is said that this is a method of collecting data. In which you use standardized questionnaires and interviews. Data is collected from people. What are their preferences? What are their thoughts? What are their behaviors? In a systematic manner. And since this is research, it will be systematic. It cannot be preserved. Although, census surveys were conducted as early as ancient zip. Survey as a formal research method was pioneered in the 1930s to 40s by sociologist Paul Lagerfeld to examine the effects of the radio on political opinion formation of the United States. He is saying that census surveys were conducted as early as ancient. But a formal research method survey was conducted in the 1930s to 40s by sociologist Paul Lagerfeld. He wanted to know the effects of radio. What is the effect of radio? Political opinion formation of the United States. What is the effect of the radio in people's political opinion in the 1930s to 40s? Paul Lagerfeld, sociologist, used the survey as a research method. Sorry. This method had since become a very popular method for quantitative research in the social sciences. From that time on, in social sciences, this method of quantitative research is a popular method. You know that quantitative research is not only about qualitative research. And what is the definition of survey research? It is defined as a collection of information. From a sample of individuals through their response to patients. That is, we will ask questions from the people who will have a sample. And we will collect information based on their concerns. This survey research can be refined. This type of research allows for a variety of methods to recruit. So this research method can be a very different method. How will we recruit people? How will we collect data? How will we use instruments? Survey research can use quantitative research strategies. Like quantitative research strategies. We can ask them open-ended questions. We can ask closed-ended questions. Now you will say open-ended or closed-ended. What does that mean? Many people will know. Open-ended questions means we will not ask them questions. We will not ask them questions. We will ask them where their names are, where they live, how old they are, how much they have studied. There is a question where they can tell something. We will not limit it to dealing with it. We will not let them speak. This is open-ended. And closed-ended questions like this are answered by people with a yes or no answer. And open-ended questions like this explain why they are like this. There will be no answer to that. Or both strategies. When open-ended can be used, closed-ended can be used, qualitative-based strategies, then mixed method will be used. That means, in quantitative research strategies or mixed method research, survey research can be used. Mixed method means quantitative and qualitative. As it is often used to describe and explore human behavior, surveys are therefore frequently used in social and psychological research. It is said that in social and scientific research, survey research is frequently used. What is survey research? Survey research has historically included large population-based data collection. When we collect data from large populations, then we generally use survey research. The primary purpose of this type of survey research was to obtain information describing characteristics of a large sample of individuals of interest relatively quickly. That means, when we have a sample, now we see that there are many things that are being used in research, in research methodology, people will be able to understand population and sample. We have already talked about this somewhere, but let us again tell you that population means the whole population through which we need data. But this is not possible. Technically, due to the lack of time, due to many other reasons, we are able to research the whole population and collect the data. So what do we do? We take out a representative sample of it. We take out a sample from it. We take out a sample from it that is going to represent it, which keeps all its characteristics of its population. So this is called a sample. And this is called sampling through which you take out a sample from the population. So these words will be used again and again for the sampling. So the survey research is saying that when collecting data from a large population quickly when collecting data from many people, the survey research is generally used. More recently, survey research has developed into a rigorous approach to research with scientifically tested strategies detailing who to include. This has now become a rigorous approach for research, in which we use strategies to include who to include. The representative sample is saying what and how to distribute. How we will distribute and how we will distribute them. We will ask them questions, we will interview them, we will ask them from the mail, we will ask them from the telephone and we will ask them from the house. And when to initiate the survey and follow up with non-responders. Many times it happens that we don't fill it up, we don't have money, we don't have a routine, we don't have time to waste. So in which category we will come? Non-responders. Those who didn't give any response. So, what do we do to reduce the non-response error? In order to ensure a high quality research process and outcome. That is, you can make it a very good research process, when you test it more scientifically we will distribute it. When to distribute it, when to distribute it, when to start it, how to treat it with non-responders. This can be a very high quality research concept. The term survey can reflect a range of research aims, sampling and recruitment strategies, data collection instruments and methods of survey administration. They are saying that the survey used today means that for many types of research for sampling and recruitment strategies, for data collection instruments and for many types of survey administration these words are used today. Okay. Then we came to sampling. How will you do sampling in survey research? The goal of sampling strategies in survey research is to obtain a sufficient sample that is representative of the population of interest. That is, the population of our interest which we have to collect data what we have to do is to get a representative sample. This is the goal of our sampling strategy. It is often not feasible to collect data from an entire population of interest. This is not possible. No one will respond, no one will meet, no one will face any problem, no one will be able to reach you. That is why, what happens is the subset of the population and sample is used to stimulate the population response. That is why we always have to get samples out of the population. Sorry. Large census surveys require extremely large samples to adequately represent the characteristics of the population because they are intended to represent the entire population. They are saying that this is a survey in which you have to take out the census. You have to prepare for your birth. These kind of surveys we have to take a huge sample because in that sample all the characteristics should come because we will take out the results and apply them to the entire population. You will get the basic knowledge of the research. When you will be able to understand the generalization, the population, the sampling and the sample. We need a large sample because we have to generalize the outcome on the entire population. We have taken out a large sample and the goal of the sampling is that we are a very large population and cannot study the entire population. We can choose a sample which will be fully representative of the entire population. Okay. Then the data collection method. How will you collect data from your samples? It can be mainly in two ways either through questionnaires or through interviews. There can be three types of questionnaires. There can be more, but there are only three. You can mail them. Then there can be group administered questionnaires. Many of you have found them in the group. You can do a household drop-off survey by sending them to your home. There can be an interview. You have taken a structured interview which means that we have decided that these are the 10 questions and you can ask them. Unstructured interview means that we have only taken them in our mind that we will ask them and then they will come out. We have not made them a structure here. There are issues in our mind but our question is ready and we will not be reacting to it. But in unstructured, we have the flexibility that we can be there. In accordance to what you are answering. There can be a telephonic interview that we can interview on the telephone. There can be many other ways through which we collect data in the survey method. Then how to conduct? How will we do the survey? First of all, we have to define your objectives. We have to define our objectives and change them so that we are going to do the survey. We are going to do the survey. What will be the population? What will be the sampling? Who will be the sample? Everything will be in it. Then create your survey questions. Then we will have to decide whether we will make a questionnaire or we will do a mail or telephone or we will drop-off. Or we will take an interview. It is the same. Choose your question types. We will take the interview whether it will be structured or semi-structured or unstructured. They say that it gets complicated. So how to make survey questions? How to choose whether it is structured or semi-structured or open-ended or closed-ended? Then you can ask them some questions. Define a face validity from the expert. What is the face validity? You will have to go to the video of the validity. The most common type and simplest is the face validity. What does the validity mean? That your instrument is the same construct for which it has been created. So the test of your questions means that we have made the question. So who have we made it for? We are making preferences. We are making liking. We want to know the thoughts. We want to know the behaviour. So we will show the expert to see from the face whether the questions are correct or not. According to that we will remove the wrong questions. Then choose your target or survey. Then we will send the survey to the population and sample. Now you have to decide how the survey will be sent. Finally analyze the results and draw conclusions. We will analyze the results and send them to the Nishkarsh. And last but not the least we will disseminate the findings. Research is always that the outcome will reach the entire population. We will have to disseminate. Third types. If we see how much research can be done then there can be two types of research. Your frequency survey. You will see many other types. But you will find many other types. Longitudinal survey research or cross-sectional survey research. Longitudinal means that you survey for a long period of time. That means that there is more time. Cross-sectional means that there is more time. It does not mean that you study in different populations. Longitudinal survey research involves conducting survey research over a continuum of time and spread across years and decades. We want to measure the attitude of the student. So we will measure it in class second, fourth, sixth, tenth. Then we will measure it in graduation and post-graduation research. We will see how it is being done and where it is being done. There is a continuum of time. There is a long span. There is a lot of time. It can be a period of 10 years. Longitudinal survey research involves three types of research. Trend studies, cohort studies and panel studies. What are trend studies? When the researcher needs to analyze the trend of a phenomenon in a population they conduct trend studies. What is the trend of eating and drinking? Cohert studies. The focus of this type of longitudinal studies is also on a particular population which is sampled in studies more than once within a time gap. What will happen in this? They will do research on a particular population i.e. they will make a sample and they will study more than once. They will study more than once within a time gap. What is the trend of panel studies? The researcher in a panel study uses the same sample of people every time. That sample is called as a panel. They say that we have chosen one individual sample and we do studies on it because the sample is the same and we have named it as a panel. Such a study is used in order to investigate the changes. In order to investigate we want to know changes in attitudes i.e. in the attitude behaviour, practices the same panel is changing within a time gap we want to investigate the same panel we are studying it again and again so is there any change in their attitude, behaviour and practices to find out what they study? Okay. In the professional survey research researchers conduct a cross sectional survey to collect insights from a target audience at a particular time interval. We do not have a long internal we have taken several samples and we want to know about the target audience and the information we want to know we will collect the insight. Okay. What type of error can be in the survey research? i.e. we are unable to cover the unknown and zero chance of the population being included in the sample. Source of error is that we did not know or know that we have to take them. So strategies to reduce error are multi-mode design i.e. we will make a lot of designs for sampling so that no one fails. Then sampling error. Individuals included in the sample do not represent the characteristics of the population. We were unable to cover the coverage and we chose them in our sample. But they are not representing the population they are not representing they do not have the characteristics of the population so what we will do is how to remove the error clearly identify the population of interest. For this the population that we want to collect data from should be fully identified. Diverse participant recruitment strategies large random samples we will do sampling and generally we will take a large sample so we can remove the error. Measurement error. i.e. we did not cover the coverage or the sampling properly how can we cover the measurement questions or instruments do not accurately reflect the topic of interest i.e. what we were talking about in the questionnaire we have made questions that we are not taking out the things that we want do not evoke truthful answers or in the questionnaire people are not giving the right answer the strategy is that it is valid and reliable make a pre-test question use user-friendly graphics visual characteristics and non-response i.e. we do not have a lack of response from all individuals in the sample whatever you chose in the sample we are not giving the response so we have made a follow up procedure for non-responders what is the purpose of the sample the upper part the upper part the upper part the upper part the upper part user friendly survey design and follow up procedures for non-responders sorry for the interruption in between so they are saying that follow up procedures for non-responders i.e. those who do not have a response they want again that please respond to this or why you did not do it so they are saying that these are the ways of error that can be done in your survey research coverage error, sampling error, measurement error and non-response error source of error and strategy is to reduce error which are the ways from which this error is not okay then advantages there are a lot of benefits minimum investment you earn a lot of money you have done a mobile survey online survey mail survey if you get a response your data will be collected versatile sources for response collection there are a lot of sources of response collection you can conduct surveys via various mediums like online mobile surveys you can further classify them into qualitative mediums they are saying that first do quantitatively then do qualitatively then it will become a missed method then do focus, interviews means it is very easy that you have a questionnaire ready you will get your intended audience you can talk to them reliable for respondents it is also said for respondents it is a part of our research so they are also secure and give their responses they do not have to have any information leak convenient method is easy it is a convenient method of data collection for the researcher and the respondents collect quantitative and qualitative data what is in this that you can collect quantitative data qualitative data there are a lot of advantages in this way but it is easy you can get more information in less time but there are a lot of problems it is expensive and time consuming especially when you have to interview large numbers of people suppose you have chosen that you will not give questions you will interview and your sample is also very big so you will take time time will be expensive you will have to interview a lot of people it is subject to researcher bias which can affect the qualitative data gathered at the end of the process so the researcher bias comes what we want we interpret the things which we get information the researcher bias comes the validity of the research data can be affected by survey response bias high survey dropout rates can also affect the number of responses received in your survey a lot of people dropped out it is also a problem in some cases unbearingness and inability of respondents to provide information we will not give we will come we will show ourselves we will not be able to give you the response we will not be able to give you the answer so the response error, measurement error sampling error your non-responders error all the problems create that we do not get the right data and differences in understanding many times it happens that we go to one to one to take the answer and people are giving the answer so who will give the answer what is the meaning of the answer differences in understanding it is not necessary that universally we will understand it is difficult to formulate questions in such a way that it will give me exactly same thing to each respondent it is very difficult to ask such questions especially when you are making an open-ended that every respondent understands the same thing this is also a problem so in this way the crux of survey research came out that this is a very common method used in sociology and psychology you can generate very large sample quickly data it is convenient for you generally you collect data through questionnaires and interviews but there are many problems like measurement error coverage error you have chosen the representation of the population measurement error people are not able to tell the correct thing or your question is not correct and non-responsible people are not going to respond or are doing wrong so these types of problems are created and the outcome that comes out the result that comes out is not correct research itself is useless if the correct thing does not come out there is no meaning of this experience if we can reduce these errors this is a very good method thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore Education then from my set