 Dear students, now we are going to talk about online gender-based violence. Before discussing the concept of online gender-based violence, let's see what is gender-based violence. Gender-based violence is a kind of violence committed against women, female or third gender group. And it is referred as an act of discrimination and injustice against women and female. So when we talk about online gender-based violence, online gender-based violence is a kind of violent acts committed online against women or female and against third gender group. And gender-based violence is considered as a criminal offense and online gender-based violence is also considered as a form of violence and crime. So what are the causes of online gender-based violence? The causes of online gender-based violence are similar to the causes of gender-based violence. The main difference between two is that it is happening online. So when we talk about the causes of online gender-based violence, the biggest cause of this is the patriarchal structure. The patriarchal structure of your society enforces masculine behaviors and reinforces feminine behaviors in society. And this is the biggest reason why you commit gender-based violence on online platforms. Along with this, there are social-cultural factors in which any social-cultural context of society is being reinforced and confirmed by patriarchal norms and culture and masculine behaviors. And in this way, it is becoming a cause of gender-based violence. Along with this, there are economic factors as well. In order for women to gain some kind of friendship from them. And psychological factors are also there when we talk about online gender-based violence. Some people are psychologically ill and they feel entertained when they perpetuate such kinds of acts in online platforms. So these are the main causes of online gender-based violence. And the research conducted on it tells us that the issue of online gender-based violence has increased day by day. And it is considered a crime. And cyber-loss has been created on it. And you can report it. As a form of offense in a relative country, and a perpetrator can be punished for this. Thank you.