 The first question, the questions actually some questions few questions you know by looking at the question would understood that they are asked from the economic survey by if read the economic survey definitely questions like minimum wage you will feel easier, but if not read the economic survey definitely you will not get any idea about how to write the question itself. And for the example the question number one is from economic survey before telling the answer just let us not discuss and the second one is the reason current affair and then cashless economy so it is a common topic. Then fourth one very often this segment is asked in the EPSC so same from the current affairs or economic or from static portion. Then next one is the 11th one, 11th one you know now it is a current topic yesterday almost the C.A. Finance Minister has come with announcement and 12th one it is almost since that our economy getting recession in the near future so this kind of question may be asked. So you should have some idea about how to address the recession or before our economic dips in recession what should be done from the fiscal and the monetary fronts that is the reason. Then 13th one may feel tougher for the people those who are not read the economic survey, but this is a separate chapter in the economic survey for example you might be familiar with the words like data of the people for the people by the people that is a chapter in economic survey and then in that survey exactly given how the government is doing because that is a important statement given by the government of Indian economic survey. The statement is in India the marginal cost of the expenditure for the data is reducing but the marginal utility for the data is raising day by day for example societal benefits governance benefits multiple angle in that angle the question has been asked that is the reason for the 13th one and then 14th one is the very common M.D.P.I. And then the thing is not to be all know about M.D.P.I. but the question is about what is the merit of M.D.P.I. over the normal poverty we will look at the answer for all the questions so the expected time is 45 minutes maybe for the my session then followed by internal security then agriculture then science and tech you will not be having discussion for the environment the answer key will be sent to you. So I will tell the answers detail I will prepare the detail answer key for all the question so it will send to you but the thing is here you take the pins for the points you not waste your time just you get the concept how to structure the question what should be done what should not be done what is the key areas all the thing is the statement form clearly just say formatted the key so it will be sent to you okay again the first one the minimum wage system in India is complex examines so the question is about the about the complex nature of the minimum wage it's not about it's not right about what is the minimum wage and all so the complex nature that's the thing it's a 10 mark question maximum it's almost four or five points or six points it's clearly given an economic survey okay now I will tell the content for the question the point number one before writing the point you give the intro what is the intro is in the economic survey itself the word is used by the government of India the minimum wage acts as the lighthouse for the for the governance for example you keep this lighthouse so how to how the what kind of the wage should be given so the people are able to set some benchmarks based on the minimum wage set by the government of India and India is one of the first country among the developing nations to pass the minimum wages act on 1948 okay now you take this intro first point you write the word lighthouse effect the minimum wage concept it says it act as a lighthouse effect to the for framing the for not framing for giving the or fixing the minimum wages or the maximum wages in a society lighthouse effect the next one India is the first among the developing country the minimum wages act was passed on 1948 the minimum wage is a some some factual support the first point okay now let's let's do the analysis of the question the question is about the examination okay we have to examine the components the first one first thing let you understand then you can convert them into the point okay first thing is in India there is a term called not in India commonly there is a term called as a scheduled employment which means the in the minimum wages act what are the employments which are listed in the schedule are called as the scheduled employment but when you look at the scheduled employment nature of the minimum wages in one state the number of scheduled employment nature is almost 300 employments they were categorized as the scheduled employment but in another state okay they have got some different categories of scheduled employment which means that in some it starts from the level of 4 429 employment to the 1,100 employment it differs from one state to state so based on the scheduled employment nature the level of minimum wages also varies from one state to state so the entire scenario is it's a complexity in the in the in the employment nature of the complexity in the coverage of the employment okay that's the point number one so just understand the point in some states the scheduled employment number is some number in another states the number is large or lower than that so we don't have the exact clear-cut idea what is the schedule what is what is the meaning for the words scheduled employment is the point number one okay at the word complexity in the coverage scheduled employment is not exactly defined it differs from the state to state and then the minimum wages at the same point the minimum wages are prescribed based on the nature of job nature of skill set everything and all this definition also varies from the state to state that's a point number one complexity in including the scheduled employment and complexity in defining the job nature or skills whatever maybe okay it's a point number one so entire thing you write the word as completion coverage detailed statement will be sent in the answer key okay second one for example how do we fix the minimum wages that's a question number two to fix the minimum wages certain states what they are doing is linking the minimum wages with the cost of living okay or the inflation and then they are coming to the terms called as the variable dearness allowance but this variable dearness allowance percentage is not uniform across the states it differs from the one state to another state which means that complexity in the in the criteria okay what criteria you fix the minimum wages it is not uniform across the state that's a point number two at the point number two complexity in the criteria of wage fixation complexity in in fixing the criteria for wage complexity in the criteria you just like the hints alone okay the same whatever I'm saying everything will be at the same time it'll be sent in the answer key complexity in the criteria third thing for example what is the range for the minimum we are here we are using the word that's a minimum wage so there must be some minimum wage but when you look at the Northland okay the minimum wage in the state is a 115 rupees that's a minimum wage but you go to Delhi the minimum wage as per the act is a 538 which means that the minimum wage range itself varies from the 115 slab to the 538 from state to state which means that there's a quite huge difference in the range of the minimum wages it's a point number three complexity in the range complexity in the range that's a third point okay complexity in the range next one is the fourth point what is the fourth point is here we are going to pitch about the word as a inclusion what is inclusion is here we got the act based on that we got the certain categories of jobs which are called as a schedule employment okay but in in some states domestic workers are included as the under the minimum wage category in some states for example in 18 states they are they have included as the under the schedule employment but the remaining states are not included under the minimum wages which means that there is no proper uniformity in including all the sectors under the category in some states some jobs are included some states not included which means that you can come to the point is a complexity in the inclusion okay it's not properly including all the segments of the people or the all employment categories that's a point number four complexity in the inclusion okay so this is the thing okay when you elaborate this point we'll get the almost about 10 points then then last what you can decide to remove all these things what the government should do should do is we should have the uniform code across the states which will ensure and then everything must be inclusive when bringing up all the points when you make a conclusion it becomes the answer for the question okay so for the better reading you go to the economic survey so the detailed answers will be sent to the key okay it's the answer for the question number one okay now let's go to the question number two second one second one recently RB has made a decade high surplus transfer to the government of India discuss the move actually the question may appear very simple because it's a very common news we all made already in the paper but when you try to write the answer I think you do struggle to get the point okay I may because yes I know about the content what they are doing but discuss the move means so we may be a struggle because certain things are very common but when you try to draft them in the answer we may struggle to avoid that because this question is asked now we'll discuss the answer for the for this question okay because it was some factual things so let me pitch it in the board so now a thing is a first of all you should give you give some intro for the statement recently RB has done a decade high surplus so you should give the intro what is the decade high surplus done by the RBA then we have to go for discussing the move okay point number one recently RB has transferred 1.76 lakh rupees you can say you can give a intro as the 1.76 lakh crores were transferred by the RBA to the government that's a reason to which is never in the past government has done this kind of RBA has done in this kind of transfer by the government so this seems to be a huge amount on the part of the RBA that's a point number one now so this is a intro now you can say okay now many people are arguing against this against this but have some conceptual understanding don't write in the paper the thing is even the Urjit Padda resignation okay the previous issues most of the things were based on the this kind of the tussle between the RV and the government but don't bring them in the paper for idea okay this is the thing okay the now after all the tussle now a new governor is appointed now this governor has transferred this kind of amount to the government of India now we are going to discuss what this move is going to have the impact on the RV as well as on the government as well as on the complete economy okay now we're going to discuss the move that's a question what is the move is point number one let's start with the basics what's the point is this money is a huge money is going to be transferred by the RV to the government so it is going to address the fiscal issues on the part of the government okay the fiscal demands of the government can be addressed by this kind of transfer we are starting with the basic point let's go into the more conceptual point okay at the point number one point number one is this helps to helps the government to address the fiscal worries of the government point number one fiscal because we know about the fiscal deficit fiscal demands so fiscal worries point number one second point we know that there is a rule called as FRBM government has stick on to the 3.3 percentage of the FRBM target but this money will definitely help the government to stick on to the 3.3 because it is the non taxable revenue received for the government of India okay right include the same common terms in the statement okay so helps the government to stick on to the FRBM target of 3.3 percentage okay this is the additional revenue to the government of India okay then the you can write the third point third point is the most current point but you should try to convert them into the point example now we all understand that there is a scenario or expectation that economic recession may happen in the economy so based on the line this amount when it gets transferred to the government of India the government may utilize the money for the expansionary fiscal policies which may help the economy to avoid the recession in the near future okay there's a third point to avoid the economic slowdown because now the need of the hour is the expansionary policy for expansionary policy government needs the money this money comes at the right time by the RBA okay this is the very basic points until now we dealt about the basic points now let's get into the most conceptual points of the of the move okay point number one now you know that when the tussles started between the RBA governor and the future between the past RBA governor and the government the government appointed a committee which we all know is called a Bimal Jalan committee okay now the Bimal Jalan committee has given the some three points recommendation to the government of India okay so the Bimal Jalan previous RBA governor okay based on the committee has appointed he has given some three recommendations point number one point number two point number three okay now we're going to analyze whether the move done by the by the RBA is sticking on to the basic parameters suggested by the Bimal Jalan okay now the point number one Bimal Jalan stated that whatever money the RBA transfers to the government of India must be done only from the income or from the profits made by RBA not from the reserves of RBA able to understand okay so when you're transferring some income it must be only from the profit not from the extra reserve what you have so that's a point number one okay whatever the money you're transferring every year must be transferred only from the income or profits not from the existing reserve what you should have okay so that's a point number one should only from the income or the profits not from the basics reserve okay so understand it is not about the reserve okay the you have to seek out a certain reserve apart from that you should not touch the minimum reserve what should maintain so apart from the minimum reserve when you have the excess money you can transfer okay because the point what I'm saying should not be wrongly understood because second and third point I'm going to talk only about the reserve what is the second point is that is a concept called the contingency reserve contingency reserve is the money which must be maintained by the RBA to meet the operational and other the other issues or credit risk okay market risk happens to the RBA further what is the amount suggested prescribed by the Vimal Janan is the 5.5 to 6.5 percentage of what means of total balance sheet okay RBA's balance sheet what is the total value from the balance sheet 5.5 to 6.5 percentage must be the always kept as the contingency reserve okay because there was a previous issue is the the RBA was saying I should have this much amount of the contingency amount but government saying why you are having this much amount okay hereafter there won't be any confusion because the thing is the we can easily check whether we are sticking on to this level or not so 5.5 to 5.6.5 is the contingency buffer which must be maintained apart from this contingency buffer when you have the retained earnings which can be sent from the which means that this level money should not be transferred to the government of India to understand this point you connect this with the second point okay now comes a third point third point is the economic capital which means that from the total balance sheet there must be a like the base alarms okay the RBA should also have some certain capital to support the RBA what that's called as economic capital framework okay so or simply it can be understood as the economic capital so this says that this general committee says that there must be 20 to 24.5 percentage of the total balance sheet which must be maintained by the RBA as the total economic capital to support the RBA okay so this money should never be touched or this money should never be transferred to the government of India these are the three recommendation 20 to 24.5 percentage of the total balance sheet of the RBA okay the three core points understand okay so understand this point you should have the idea of the three points okay now you'll understand this point in a better manner okay after having this much level after having this much level then whatever money you own you can transfer to the government of India so you need not confuse in the future there won't be any tussle between the government of India and the RBA okay this is the point number three okay now we are going to discuss the move based on the three parameters okay now this money government of India transferred sorry RBA stands for 1.76 lakhs from the 1.76 lakhs it's actually given the two formats 1.23 and then 52,600 something say 637 or something crores okay so totally combined 1.76 this 1.23 lakhs goes to this zone which means that it is considered as a extra income transferred by the RBA to the government after having the minimum surplus so which means that RBA has not violated the recommendation of the Vimal Jalan committee so we are saying yes we are going by the rules okay so it's a point number one you can take down the point okay first underwrite this then you connect the point with the move done by the RBA so actually 1.23 and 52 totally combined comes 1.76 this 1.23 lakh crore transferred by the RBA actually is the portion comes from the income okay here you're not being more factual you can say 1.23 lakhs is transferred as the income component by the RBA to the government which does not violate the Vimal Jalan committee recommendation point number one second here now they have given us some width okay range 5.56.5 here the RBA has made RBA RBA would have chosen this level also okay but RBA has chosen the 5.5 range of contingency and after having this contingency now the RBA is able to have the extra money of 52,000 crore this amount has been transferred with the RBA to the government of India even here also imagine when the RBA is retained only 5.3 percentage okay or if they retained only 4.9 percentage we can say that this transfer is not justified because they are not seeking on to the Vimal Jalan committee recommendation but here we are complying with the norms or the recommendation given to the committee so we cannot say this is the violation of the mood and with RBA point number two okay so it's the technical points all the points again point right it's almost 5.5 now the RBA is having the reserve after having that money only they are transferring the balance amount okay now comes a third point what is the third point so you are saying that there should be economic capital to support RBA that capital is the 20 to 24.5 crore okay but here the after transferring this much amount now what is the capital retained by the RBA is the 23.3 percentage okay here they are recommending for 24.5 but here the RBA chosen the level of the 23.3 percentage so here also we are seeking on to the recommendation done by the Vimal Jalan okay so in no way actually it hurts the recommendations of the done by the Vimal Jalan in this angle discuss all the pros of the thing okay but also there should be some concerns associated you know what is the concerns okay so here you should not write this should not set some bad precedence and all you cannot say because it's not a precedence and all okay they are functioning as per the recommendation so it's not a bad precedence whenever they have some extra my excess money automatically will be transferred whoever is RBA governor there won't be tussle okay so in what way you can say is now you are transferred this 1.2323 okay so is the yearnings what are done by the RBA okay and here you have done the 52,000 crore is done but here this 52,000 is done by the RBA because now when the RBA is estimated to retain the contingency buffer of the level of 5.5 they are able to have extra 52,000 so they're able to transfer this much money to the government of India okay next year they imagine that now they retain the 5.5 next year only when they able to cross the 5.5 then only they could be able to transfer the money so this cannot be expected by the government year after year this may be considered only as a one time same amount when the RBA is not able to transfer we cannot say that RBA is not able to make the RBA is not done that much profit like that we cannot criticize RBA okay so it's the two components one is the income second component is the capital so this is the main because RBA is able to transfer because RBA has maintained the 5.5 percentage the excess money the RBA is transferred okay so in the in the next year when the RBA is wants to transfer means only above this level RBA has got the able to build the contingency buffer then only they can transfer so year after year this could not be done by the RBA to the government of India and then next point okay 23.3 is the level okay which means that so next year they may go to the level of 22 or 21-20 so lower the level means so always the RBA should try to stick on to the maximum level so the RBA should not when the economy is showing some downtrend at that time they can keep go to the level example in the basin norm should about the counter cyclical buffer and all so in this angle they can go in the normal scenario they should try to stick on to the upper limits prescribed by the above okay in this angle right the move okay so all the points it only for technical purpose explain from this point we make them simpler and then right in the GS angle you can write the point okay so this is a discussion of the move which means that is not a violation okay it's transferred and they're going to help the economy in this angle apart from that it seems to be one time excess this amount but next year government may also have the regular so in the future we won't be having any tussle between RBA and the government there will be clarity of recommendation based on the clarity whoever is the governor they will do the transfer so we won't be criticizing the government or either the RBA in this angle this move has made some clear clear for a clarity about the future of future transaction by the RBA in this angle you can conclude the answer okay so this is the content for the second one almost this question is the most technical the many things are I think the most will be very easy okay now comes the next one is the third one one by one definitely definitely what points you know basin norms what he's saying is for the banks basal norms you are bringing over the thing whatever you can write but how you are connecting the point this economics is about the connecting the points you can write whatever but when you are able to link the point different manner just justify but the thing is that it should be along with RBA and the government only see not bring the banks and all here and all you not bring often there without bringing the banks when you able to make some connect you tell me the point I'll try whether I can write or not you are able to about so on according to the okay no the basal three norms is the norms set only for the banks even for the basal now what is the level we are saying it's a 8% age is a global level for India we recommend for the 9% age but here think about the level it's more far beyond okay it is the because that bank is involved in the lending activities is not the lending bank the central bank central bank stability does not have even the normal banks when they have the stability so there is no there won't be any meaning associated with the instability of the RBA okay because it's more crucial than the normal banks yeah yeah this is the past case the government is a governor okay no actually the thing is the thing is the thing is what you are trying to say is in this angle you're trying to critically examine and then you're trying to some criticize but the question is only able to discuss move so the question cannot be in the negative angle don't pitch moreover the question is about the tussle between the government and the RBA so you try to take a neutral stand so the point what you're trying to convey is so this is a committee appointed by the government of India so that the committee will recommend the things what the government expects that's the point we're trying to pitch okay but here don't bring the points uh what i'm saying is because you try to be a more uh like you try to give the unbiased answer because he's supposed to recommend a government of India so because uh your paper is going to be evaluated and then okay so our objective we're going to write the examination so in this angle okay don't uh don't yeah it's it's not right to bring that uh points and all in this answer that's why you need to discuss the move otherwise you have to give an answer critically examine or criticize the move so that's why i'm not given the word critically examine i've given only the word discuss so because i want because you know the levels now discuss this level okay examine critically examine you go the level i'm i want you to go to only stick out to this level more even the examination if it is asked they won't ask you to criticize the move only criticize the move means the point what i'm saying you can write but here the question is only about discuss the move that's also an economic angle you discuss don't bring any the political things and all in this paper so moreover whatever paper you try to be neutral as much even though there's some flaws are there so in this angle you try to be uh frame the frame the point in neutral angle okay it can be can be can be can be revised okay new committee okay in future possibilities or as per the okay as per as per the law things may happen but here it now whatever rule we have based on the rule you try to justify your answer imagine is borrowing the money or rb receives the or not rb government receives the money rb receives the money what is the impact so whatever point you think you can write here but the thing is a try to bring the most technical points or the question 15 more question you can add more points you can write it's nothing wrong the point what i think you can write other other ns will be not saying here only here there is a point okay the jalan committee has told that the money must be transferred only from the income not from the revaluation revaluation means when they got some assets so what i'll do means i'll revalue the assets so the notional amount of the assets keep on increasing which is not the realized amount which means that in the book of accounts i'll say that my 10 rupee asset has went to a level of 20 rupees okay so 20 rupees when you bring the notional amount based on the notional amount the profit should not be transferred only when the profit is realized by the rba only that amount it must be given so the that point you can connect here but don't write a separate point okay that's a word called as a revaluation reserves of rba revaluation reserves must not be considered okay when i told i to use only about the buffer it's only over the buffer revaluation reserves must not be considered only the real profit must be considered okay okay now shall we move on to the third one okay okay okay no no actually uh bimal jalan is appointed by the rba but actually it was uh accepted by the government also in that angle you can you want to be more specific you can write the word rba so i didn't find that much uh there i didn't give the importance so i would have used the word government but if you want to be more technical regarding the committee is not about the question when you want to bring the point you can change the word you can write as rba so it's only because when the government is not appointed they would not have went on because even the rba governor is now supporting the government there is no tussle based on the current scenario so that's why i told you can just mention only about the core point those thing is not required but if one is correct that you can correct so when they are not doing then the government will implement the section 47 or whatever maybe okay why is it on that they will exercise the thing okay so what made the discuss the move means uh okay discuss the move alone it's on so what necessitated the rba in that angle we can go but it's not required for the 10 mark question so when you don't have round away points you can go for the move but here you've got some adequate points i think more than okay two pages we've got the points when you don't have the points at the time you can try to fill the paper you can say what made the rba to go so this committee is up and around all you can try to so now the third one uh define cashless economy explain the benefits and hurdles in implementing the cashless economy in a very simple what is cashless economy means uh it's the economic sector where you don't use any physical cash everything you will be digital or online electronic only the debit card credit cards is called as a cashless economy okay that's the basic definition okay so all structures will be uh digital nothing will be the paper currency will not be used in the economy itself that's the called as a 100 percentage uh digital economy okay next point explain the benefits and hurdles in implementing these uh implementing the cashless economy first you tell me the benefits of cashless economy very simple first you can write uh these results in the cost reduction when you are doing everything in cash form okay the printing of money uh storing of money disseminating the money or transporting the money everything requires huge amount government can save huge money in the going digital that's a point number one cost reduction for the government of india point number one second thing it is very convenient okay for example when everything is in a cash form okay when you are to withdraw the money everything okay uh everything in cash form means uh you cannot uh do the transaction after a certain time for example when all the shops gets closed by 9 o'clock after 9 o'clock 10 o'clock you cannot do the transaction but anytime okay even at 10 o'clock 11 o'clock 12 o'clock midnight we can do the transaction so anytime it's more convenient you can stay at home it can do the transaction so it's very convenient form that's the benefits of the implementing the the question is about the implementation okay not about the thing so implement the benefits of implementing point number two third point you can track all the transit you are not not in the uh economy angle you can track all your spends tracking the uh spending what you are doing everything can be spent okay tracking the spendings so that's the point number three okay in the online transaction goes means the money goes to the system so you can track the spendings and based on the point you can say this will make the economy more formal or you can write as the next point because question is only able to explain the benefits so it's not discussed so the same thing can be uh can lead to the next point okay they may make the economy more formalized okay it's the next point then apart from that you can write the fourth point risk reduction what is the meaning of the risk reduction in the uh in the point risk exactly okay when i carrying the money in the cash form the money may get stolen okay money may be lost in the midway okay but when doing the online transaction the money is the risk is very less okay the people because there is a common saying uh during the earlier days and all when you did the transaction in a physical form the physical strength was required to carry the money for example when i carry the two lakhs i should be strong enough or two or three people should accompany me okay but now you want to have the 10 lakh or 10 crore it may account who knows okay because only my card knows the okay because no one knows that i have that much money because in the early days you should carry the form money in the bags so which means that complete risk reduction okay anyone can carry the money okay it's a more safer form risk gets reduced there is no chance of that but here also you can argue me sir uh the money may get stolen the cyber threat and all that we'll see in the hurdles okay next angle okay here one telling about the uh benefits apart from the fifth one so now the current scenario it helps the government to improve the tax base tax base because the money comes to the system you can track all the things so the government can bring a tax bring under the tax bracket so the tax base on the fifth one six to one it makes the economy more inclusive okay so all the people for example targeting avoid the corruption example dbt you can bring okay it makes the economy more inclusive or corruption free imagine the imagine okay after tomorrow government makes announcement okay here after india no money should uh no transaction take place in the cash throttle up and imagine even for the ten rupees even for hundred rupees you cannot spend the cash means what will happen is that the issue is people don't have the kind of literacy and the other things but when the economy and the people in the society has got that kind of setup government makes announcement everything should be made only in the digital format okay so what the people will do with the money what they uh year on the through the illegal means okay they cannot bring them the money system itself okay so only the legal money will be the valid money system so so in this angle this makes the economy more inclusive or less corruption okay so more economic development everything can happen six point okay then i can write okay the thing is the based on this point you can write this eliminates the parallel economy in the parallel economy so parallel economy all the illegal transaction cannot happen because nothing is uh nothing is cash so money should come to the system or the bank so this makes the economy more uh more legal so avoid the parallel economy now the hurdles in india when we are trying to implement this cashless economy question is about implementation so what are the drawbacks is point number one in india we don't have the proper literacy among all the people okay many people are quite enough you would understand but it's not just not the case with the all the people okay we got the digital divide among the people okay digital illiterate and digital illiterate so digital divide and second one you can write digital divide is one angle based on literacy second angle you can write in the rural divide because the people not having the proper connectivity issues okay so second point is a rural divide so regarding the connectivity we are bringing the point it's a rural divide then third point in india even now 90 percent of the transactions are cash based transaction okay from 90 percentage okay which means that only 10 is cashless from 10 when you want to make them as 100 percentage okay to take some years for the government in india even now based on the data 90 percent of transaction are the cashless transaction it's a very hard okay fourth one apart from that most of the employment nature or informal in india even agriculture or in the msme sector all the transactions are done only in the uh cash form so converting everything into the digital form okay it will take some time okay so you think is the most of the jobs are informal in nature and then comes a very important point most important point cyber threads cyber threads or cyber awareness okay people does not have the proper awareness okay so how we should secure for example even if we we all know that we should not give the password nothing to the people okay but even now we got the regular cases okay someone made a call okay gave all me for even now he said it's a quite common phenomena which means that the cyber threads okay apart from the fishing everything okay even the small easily are able to trap the people okay so these are the benefits and hurdles it's a very simple question very direct question okay now let's go to the next one uh here you need to hear the thing is you need not write about the schemes what is the digital schemes we have in india nothing is required question is very simple define cashless economy explain the benefits here i just written about the things okay you can explain them in one or two lines okay only about explain not about the schemes and policies what we have that's not asked in the question only seek on to the benefits and seek on to the hurdles in implementation okay you will try to implement apart from the point what i told you think that some other points are regarding we have as a hurdles in economy you can write bring them also also in the points okay these are the these are contents okay someone asked something so are you talking about the money multiplier or money or money multiplier even in the bank transfer same money multiplier how it will go to beneficiary because the it is a money charged by the concerned service provider imagine you are a person who is running a company not cannot be called as a middleman middleman is different service providers different because middlemen we eliminate system a function but the service provider when you eliminate system will collapse okay imagine you are you are willing to start some some digital platform which will enable the digital transaction okay even imagine take the payment banks now the very often it's coming payment banks are not able to make huge profits why because how what may be the business model for the payment banks or take any digital service provider okay is enabling you to do all the transaction the online format but it's not charging you okay you are benefited everything is going fine for you you are getting the offers cash reward everything okay but what may be the economic benefit for the concerned service provider okay he got the office institutional structure he got digital structures he got the he has to pay the salary to the people okay but they'll get the money imagine then for example when they are charging more you can ask okay but when they're charging for 2 rupees 3 rupees that's the money what we are liable to pay for the people those are giving the service that's the rule of that's a basic rule no you go to a shop when you're asking for a shampoo or a soap okay we'll give money and get shampoo okay same angle when you're getting digital services so we have to pay money but what the government will is trying to do is so all the merchandise people even after that they are giving many merchandise discount many offers they are giving so I think your point does not that much does not have that much issue because the thing is when you imagine that okay you know in the digital world everyone we are aware of that when they are not paying money okay some people are giving offers everything okay because we know about the mechanism behind the offer okay so what they are getting in turn is the nothing but they are getting our data nothing but okay because you know that data is the money what we are paying but we are not concerned about giving our data but they are very highly highly concerned about giving 10 rupees okay our data is much more costlier than the 10 rupees okay see in that angle all the apps or all of our service providers are giving something free definitely thing is that they are getting something in return nothing is free in this in this in this commercial world okay so that's the logic now we are we all know about it so we cannot blame the people when they are charging some nominal amount that's the thing that should be that should be done in the economy okay that we cannot stop we can stop means then government should be involved government should provide all the service then once again we go to we have to go back to the 1991 the era of the everything by the government everything okay of the government for the government you have to go okay that's it's difficult okay next one the fourth one how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate in India give reasons and explain the consequences okay now the question let's decode the question how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate in India give reasons and explain the consequences okay here the what error you may commit in the paper is how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate in India it seems to be a simple question but there is a small trick in the question what is the thing is the how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate imagine okay the question is a ended with the word how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate means you can say balance of trade is the balance it will end up in the neutral balance of trade is a positive it may lead up the appreciation balance of trade is a negative it may go to the depreciation okay but the question is about the how does the balance of trade affect the exchange rate in India so you would write what is the Indian scenario you should not write in general okay because able to understand question when you take the word in India the question may be different answer okay but the question is about in India so what is India's balance of trade how does it affect the foreign exchange rate okay so first you do the first you understand the general picture balance of trade it includes only export and import of goods and alone goods alone so there is a two scenario it may be balance which means that no impact impact no impact means inflow outflow will be equal so there is no appreciation no depreciation but balance of trade when goods go surplus will get more money than the outflows automatically currents will appreciate okay third thing is the balance of trade is the is the goes negative means automatically currency will depreciate that's not okay but here you should not confine your answer with the balance of trade because balance of trade is not a separate component it is the integral part of the concept current account of the current account of India so what you should do is balance of trade you have to connect it with the current account so in what way current account gets affected because of balance of trade because of the current account damage and what way the foreign exchange rate gets affected okay very simple we all know that balance of trade in India so and then balance of trade plus invisible makes the account called as the current account of India okay we all know that in India the current account deficit is almost 2.2.4 percentage okay so current account deficit previous year it was around 1.8 percentage before it was around 0.6 or 0.8 okay in this angle India's current account deficit is rising every year why means because India's balance of trade is going in the deficit zone every year for example even the last year the balance of trade level was 4.926 percentage of India's GDP okay so because of this right because of the increase balance of trade is making the impact on the current account this is the understanding what it should have okay now how you should write the answer for the question is the question is about the how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate okay so the balance of trade how it is affecting the foreign exchange rate means balance of trade is negative because of negative more money is going out of India because of that current account current account is resulting in deficit zone okay because of deficit India's actually what is happening is India has to pay more dollars than the dollars what we receive because of the paying more dollars India's India India's facing the buying pressure on dollar India's having the selling pressure on rupee because of the buying pressure on dollar so what is happening is dollar is raising and Indian rupee is coming down okay that's the foreign exchange rate okay so what connect is so you have to understand with the current account deficit and the because of the balance of trade India's current account deficit is coming down so now the value is 2.6 because of that more money is going out of India because of the more money goes out of India automatically what will happen is the the currency will depreciate okay this is the reason so the thing is first you write how does the balance of trade affect the foreign exchange rate means balance of trade in India is always in deficit because of that current is affecting the making the currency to go to the depreciation it is depreciating the currency that's a point number one second thing is you reasons why the currencies depreciating means reasons you can say the point what I told okay for example balance of trade leading to the current account deficit because of current account deficit more money is going out of India so the buying pressure on dollar and selling pressure on rupee this makes the currency to go down India that's a reason now let's write the answer consequences of the depreciation what are the consequences of depreciation usually we say very simple point okay what's the point number one when the currency depreciates automatically the point number one what we have all know is the it promotes the exports in the country point number one okay here first you write the points first you write the exchange rate the first answer for the first line is depreciation okay first line second is the reasons what is the reason is the balance of trade deficit current account deficit more dollar outflow and then depreciation that's the reason why the dollar depreciates means more dollar is going out of India okay next one is the consequences explain the consequences point number one its depreciation favors the exports so based on the first point automatically comes second point what may say second point it makes the imports costlier second point imports costlier then third point it reduces the foreign exchange reserves of our country forex reserves third point fourth point okay now when the currency depreciates what will happen to the money value of the country imagine India's currency going to 60 70 80 90 what will happen it affects the money value of rupee so it affects the so next point is the money value of rupee gets money value of the particular currency currency gets affected or in Indian currency okay you can write money value of rupee gets affected fourth point when the money value of rupee Indian rupee gets affected what will happen so I am saying the point to connect to the next point what inflationary pressures will emerge in the economy this may lead to inflationary pressures when the inflation happens in economic what may what you'll be done by the rba consequences, when the Indian rupee is going 60, 70, 80, 90, what will happen? We will be having inflation economy. So what will happen? They will raise the interest rate in the economy. So interest rate will be raised in the economy. So this makes the borrowing or the investment costlier in the economy. So the borrowing will become more costlier because interest rates are raised by the banks. So the borrowings or the investments will become costlier in the economy. So this affects the economic growth of the country also. So this is within the country. Apart from the country, outside the country, what will happen? Whether the foreign investors will come to India or they leave India doing depreciation? They will leave India. That's called, what's the term we can call it? Flight of capital, okay? The money outflow. You can write the word, flight of capital. The money goes out of India, flight of capital. Then one more point, you write the outside the country, okay? When currency depreciates, what will be the stent on our side? The two things you understand. Now based on the question, we are talking about depreciation. So because of depreciation, what is happening, okay? But when the currency appreciates, what will happen? I think in the previous test, we discussed the answer, okay? When the currency appreciates, what will happen is, our government will have good rating on the external market. Because of good rating, we could be able to issue the sovereign bonds, okay? But during depreciation, we what we able to do, okay? We could be able to issue masala bonds in the foreign country, okay? So the consequence is India may be forced to issue masala bonds in the foreign country. Appreciation, sovereign bonds. You just understand the connection, okay? Sovereign bonds, depreciation is a masala bonds. Based on the point, based on the same masala bond, you can write one more point also. What is the point? India's credit rating will get decreased in the overseas market because of Indian rupee depreciation, okay? Not a stable currency. So our rating will get downgraded, okay? Based on the rating downgrade, what point you can write, okay? When the rating gets downgraded, India may be forced to issue the securities at the higher interest rates in the foreign country. These all are the consequences, okay? From the point, you can write four or five points is more than enough. But have all the points in a kitty, you make the connection based on that you can sketch your answer, okay? So this is the thing. So how does the balance of trade affect the exchange rate? Then reasons for the exchange rate depreciation, then consequence, okay? Only these things must be in the paper, okay? The three segments. Now let us move on to the next one. 11 to 1. 11 to 1 is a very simple. I think we will be having bundle of points. Everyone will be having 11 to 1. Very simple. NPA issues has made the bank merger inevitable to the government of India. You write some NPA issues in India, most of the public sector banks very often they got more NPS than the private sector banks. So it is becoming innovative. It has become inevitable to the government of India to get merger and then you can write some examples. State Bank of India merger and Dana Bank merger, Vijaya Bank merger. And now you got the current affair is the bank. India all the 27 banks will become the 12 banks in this angle. You can write the points, okay? These are the examples for the merger. Then the question is, what is the rational? What is the benefits? What is the challenges? First you tell me what is the rational behind the merger? Are you heading as a rational? What is the logic based on which they merge the banks? Point number one. Well, first one, okay? What is the logic behind the thing is the easy to monitor, okay? When you have less number of banks, easily you can monitor the banks. That's the rational, not the benefits. Easy to monitor, okay? That's the logic. Easy to monitor. Second point, easy to provide the capital support, capital support, that's the rational. Easy for the government to provide the capital support to the government, to the banks, the recapitalization, everything and all. It may be easy in the future. Third one, because of the monitoring, NPA may get addressed. That's the main reason, okay? NPA, okay? The NPA issues may get addressed in the near term. This is the rational. Now let's look at the benefits. What are the benefits for the NPA issues? Benefits for the bank merger? Write the benefits. Point number one, India will get the largest banks, okay? For example, it is large banks. For example, the global level banks may emerge in India. The largest banks or larger banks may emerge. Second point, increase in the customer base may create large banks. That's the point number one. Second point, increase the customer base of the banks. Imagine that the banks are merged in such a way, North Indian banks, South Indian banks in that angle they are merging. So customer base may increase. Based on the same point again, third point, North Indian Bank merges, South Indian Bank, what is the thing is the Pan India presence, okay? Pan India identity. Pan India presence. Example, you can take many banks. Punjab National Bank is quite dominant in the North India, okay? And the Vijaya Bank in the South India, okay? When these banks and all merge, automatically, okay, we'll be having the Pan India identity. Fourth point, it improves the operational efficiency of the banks. It improves the operational efficiency of the banks. It improves the operational efficiency of the banks. It enables the banks to provide the multiple products and services to the customers. It enables the banks to provide the multiple products and services to the customers. And easy for the government to provide a capital support the same point. Once again, the point gets repeated. Easy for the government to provide the capital support. Easy for the government to provide the capital support. These are the benefits. Now you write the next one is the challenges, what are the challenges? We have to comply with all the pre-merger formalities that is the point number one, comply with all the formalities that is the point number one. So, complying with the pre-merger formalities, second point integration of different culture, two different cultures, the personals and the working culture or the business culture, lending culture whatever may be, two different bank, two different thing, integration of culture and management of personal. Then third point, third point to sustain the future of, to sustain the future of the bank as well as the employees. Example, to prevent from downsizing, these things should not happen, sustain the future of the banks and the banks profit also should not come down after the merger, sustain the future of the bank as well as the employees. Fourth point, it is a very common point, we all always know that. So, the thing is the in mathematics alone minus, multiply the minus, this will become a plus, but normally only plus, multiply the plus only the answer will be minus, but here what strategy we are following? Here weak bank, government is merging with a strong bank. So, even in the mathematics the concept is a minus into plus, what will happen is the multiply this will become minus, but government thinks that negative bank, weak bank with a strong bank will be positive for India, this is the controversy which means that a strong bank is a bank merged with a weak bank, when it erodes the profitability or the commercial viability of the strong bank means that is the question what we have in the future. So, which means that merging a bank is not a bad idea, but a bank with the NPA issue gets merged with a strong bank, it may shake the financial fundamentals of a strong bank, that is the biggest hurdles, this should not happen, we must be very cautious, that is the important hurdle what we have. So, write the point as a merging a strong bank with a weak bank may affect the financial fundamentals, fundamentals and then apart from that next point is the maybe simple point for I imagine that, I have account in the in the Vijayabang, now next my brother is having an account in the Denabang, now the two banks gets merged. So, what now you imagine my account will be having different IAPC number and then my account number will be different, now my account number should be changed, everything should be changed, how we are trying to communicate to all the customers because it is not and then sometimes people some people are even now using the checkbooks. So, checkbooks from the UCO bank or checkbooks from the Vijayabang must get changed to the Punjab National Bank means all the people must submit the old checkbook, the address must be verified by the bank, the new address issue all the things, it is not a easy process, it is a very lengthy process, this will take very long time for the banks to complete all the things. So, it is the post merger formalities, firstly told about the free merger formalities, then is the post merger formalities, example the communication and all the things, this may take more time for the banks, so that is the last point. So, these are the issues associated with the merger of the banks in the benefits and then hurdles. Now, the next question very simple, what is meant by economic recession, explain how effectively monetary and fiscal policies can be used to address it, question is about how effectively, so which means all the point because it is a very simple question, but the scoring lies in how you are connecting the point with the addressing the recession. Take for example, monetary policy, a simple strategy, how it will affect the recession, in this angle all the connectivity must be in your answer. Now, let us look at the points, what is many recession, what should you tell me, what is many recession, we all know about downturn, but when we call an economy as economy is falling into recession, what is the, there are many indicators, among the main indicators is the GDP growth of the country, okay, and what is your stage we will call the country has got into recession, when we will call growth slowdown, we all know growth slowdown, what is the exact technical slowdown, what is the slowdown when, but imagine that my economy is last year it was around seven, last month it was seven percentage, okay, last quarter, this quarter is around 6.5, shall I call it as a recession, no, okay, now next quarter is around 4.5, can I call it a recession, no, next quarter is around 1.5, can I call it a recession, no, then when we will call recession, so it go to the negative level, okay, should go to negative level, for example, below zero, okay, minus one or the minus 0.5, minus two, that should also happen for the two consecutive quarters, okay, which means that minimum two consecutive quarters it must go, then when we call, yes, economy has got into recession, minimum consecutive not months, minimum consecutive quarters, which means a minimum half fully, okay, minimum half fully there must be downturn, along with that all the other data must also support, there must be a collapse in the market, foreign money should go out to India or economy, inflation will rise, why the inflation means value for the money is going down and then job data will be negative, all the things will be combined, then only we will come to conclusion, yes, economy has got into recession, but the foremost point is that this point, okay, so the minus economic growth for the consecutive two quarters, you provide the basics, what is meant by economic recession, because we are, you know, we are very often the news is that after eight months or ten months that global economy, even Indian economy may get into recession, okay, we got recession worries, so all the governments trying to address recession, okay, so from their maximum possible to addressing, so we should have understanding what could be done in this scenario. Now the next segment is, explain how effectively monetary and fiscal policies can be used to address it, first is the monetary policy, how, what way we can use, very simple, the policies which are used by the monetary authority to avoid the recession are called as the EC money policy, the policies used by the fiscal authority to avoid the recession is called as the expansionary policy, so the question is about the, they asked you to explain about the EC money policy and then about the expansionary fiscal policy, only so is the context, okay, so I will tell you the point, this point you just explain in the paper, okay, first what is the EC money policy done by the Reserve Bank of India, very simple one, point number one, we all know the most important tool is the report aid, bank rate, everything, you convert them as a point, what is a point? They will lower the interest rate in the economy, definitely, that's the thing done by the government of India, what they will do, they will bring down to a 3 percentage, 2 percentage, 1 percentage, 1.5, so whoever wants the loan, you try to borrow and then invest so their country will not fall down, okay, the point is the lower interest rate, so how we can write them is the lower interest rate which will enable the people to borrow and then to make the investment in the economy, you can, the question is about the explain, okay, in that angle you make a one or two line, okay, you not go much in lengthier explanation and all, second point, so lower interest rate, one is the interest rate, when you go to the money class, monetary policy, what you understood, okay, for example the reserve requirement, what is the reserve requirement, CRR, SLR, what they will say, you need not maintain 4 percentage, maintain 3.5 percentage, maintain 3 percentage, maintain 1.5 percentage, so whether it's called as a lowering the reserve requirements, point number two, lowering the reserve requirements, lowering the reserve requirements, actually enable the increase of cash flow into the economy or injection of money supply to the economy, that's a point number two and then before that, okay, now we all know that, okay, these two points will end up in, where they'll end up, will end up in the increasing money supply but make them a separate point because it's a separate board, okay, or we try to increase the money supply in the economy or we will try to increase the money supply and then money multiplier in the economy, in that angle you can bring, okay, money multiplier because you know that when the reserve goes down, what will happen, money multiplier, keep on increasing, okay, higher reserve, low multiplier, lower reserve, higher multiplier, in that angle you can explain, okay, increase the money supply in the economy, then why the RB is doing all the things, because you know that the monetary policy is based on the based on the particular center, that's the central focus of the monetary policy, what is the point is there, RB will try to increase the demand or bring down the demand, that's the reason, okay, when you increase the demand, automatically what will happen, or the inflation will happen in the economy, when you bring down the demand, automatically everything goes down, okay, so here what will be objective of the economy because economy is going down, we should make the economy to function, okay, what will happen, revive, revive is the engine is the demand, demand is the fuel, okay, so what they'll try, they'll try to increase the aggregate demand in the economy, increase the aggregate demand in the economy, because demand is the essence, because demand is a driver of an economy, so they'll try to increase aggregate demand, then okay the very simple point, what is the point is there, so securities which are sold with RB will be brought back, will be okay, they'll buy back, okay, so that the money supply will be increased by the RBA, in this angle you can write, that's a very simple point, anyway the money supply you can connect, but when you don't have the points, you can write them a separate point, securities, and then comes the last point, what is the last point is there, you know that RB monetary policy made up of those two segments, one is the quantitative policy, one is a qualitative, okay, quantitative is all about the numbers, interest rates, CRR, securities, everything, okay, qualitative what we are doing, direct action, okay, everything, there what we are doing is the, RB is giving some moral instructions to the banks, okay, which means that regulatory norms RB make, they make them rigid or make them flexible, which means that they won't take out the rules, okay, the rules will be flexible to enable, facilitate, so you can now bringing down the regulatory requirements, okay, they'll slow down regulatory, okay, for example the PCA framework, whatever rules, okay, they'll try to stick on to the framework, but they try to make them flexible, they can write the point, bringing down the regulatory requirements to trigger the economy, so these are the monetary points, okay, now we write the fiscal points, so not the same points, but opposite angle we're going to write the point, what is the fiscal angle, very simple, point number one, what the government will do when the economy goes down, first thing is the government will actually, will reduce the tax rates in the economy, okay, that's an already session, so the tax rates, reducing the tax rates, reducing the tax rates in the economy, so the people will have some money, the money will get invested by the people, okay, then the economic growth, next one, what the government will do, subsidies, government will provide all forms subsidy to the primary sector, second sector, all sectors, they'll try to induce the money supply and economy subsidies, then third point, government will increase the spending, or government may get involved in the printing of money, okay, money or deficit financing, okay, for productive expenditure, capital expenditure, not for revenue expenditures, okay, so government spending, government will increase, next point, what the government will do, government will conduct a meeting, they'll discuss all the people, I mean, commerce minister, finance minister, prime minister will discuss what they'll do, okay, now we have got some singent rules, economy, let's liberalize the rules, so that the more people come with the money into the economy, they'll invest in the economy, so which will trigger the growth, which means that they'll, they'll, they'll make the flexible policies, why flexible policy means next point, to attract more investments to the economy, this should be done, okay, so now all the measures, what we are doing is, is trying to avoid the recession, okay, the point is that to, to, to make, to make economy friendly policies, okay, so our economy friendly policies, and fifth point, government will try to attract more investments, attract more investments, government will try to attract more investments, okay, these are the fiscal side, okay, printing money, okay, our government may do for the capital expenditures, or you can write, government will increase, increase the capital investments in the country, government will increase the capital or productive investments from their side, not from the private side, government will try to increase, okay, so in this angle, and then even the government now the sovereign bonds move itself because government does not want to cloud out the privates that is why we are trying to borrow the money from the other country in this angle we will do all the things ok. They frame the points automatically you will get the 15 mark content for this question ok. Increase in depreciation, depreciation what you are trying to convey or ask, depreciation currency you are asking or assets you are asking. That is ok that is a point but actually that is a statistical measure imagine that when I say that here this TV has got the position of the one percentage what I will do means I try to have the same TV for the 100 years but I said TV has got the position of the 20 percentage what I will do in tried in 5 years I will feel the TV has got worn out I will try to replace the TV with the new TV which will enable the purchase activities ok. But actually that is a statistical measure ok that is it cannot be maybe a minor point but it is not going to be known by the people in that angle. Stagflation is a kind of the tricky disguise what the government is doing it would not be that much followed by the government ok you know you need not bring that point and look no stagflation is what I is saying but stagflation we would not call them as a recession, stagflation ok. So actually in the recession period we would not be having that much inflation, recession period we will be having the deflation because there is a lack of demand, deflation coupled with the slow down economic growth when the when the inflation coupled with the slow down economic growth we call them as a stagflation. So normally in the recession period we will be having deflation when we have the inflation that is not the real recession. So we have the terms deflation, disinflation, stagflation, recession we would not be having inflation worries, inflation will be having inflation worries will come at the end why means economy will all the areas economy will lose the hope. So the value of the money will come down at the time there will be production possibilities all the industries will get shut ok. So there will be lack of supply because of supply at the end it will be having the inflation initially they will not be having inflationary pressures. So there is the in that angle it will be having some gradual phase will get built up in the it will lead us to a recession. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . But the automobile sector is not the recession concept, it is leading to us to the recession. We got many at the bar of the stage 6 norms, electric vehicles that is the other reason. But when the economic things makes the economy to go follow the downtrend, then we call them as a recession. Next question is the 13th one. I think people those are the economics who have attended, other people who would not have attended the question. What is meant by data infrastructure? You tell me what is the data infrastructure, what is the meaning for the word infrastructure, what you interpreted? Data infrastructure, very simple, you know about infrastructure, for example imagine I got a system or I got a mobile, in mobile I am writing all my activities or my data, I am writing in the mobile. So that is the infrastructure where I am keeping my data. In this angle, imagine that I got some accounts ledger in a notebook, manual notebook, in the manual notebook I am writing all my data, what is the credit, what is the receipt, what is the admission procedures, all the details, that is the manual ledger will become my data. Or else when I will uploading everything in the electronic format in a system, my computers will become the data infrastructure, which means that the structural arrangements where my data which is collected gets stored which is used for dissemination, we call them as a data infrastructure. That is the exact definition for the word data infrastructure, where you are storing your data, through which you are analyzing your data, through which you are giving your data to other people, these structural arrangements what you got in place to do this activity is called as a data infrastructure, where the country is collecting, now we are going to try to be more digital, but the thing is the question is about, mention the ways to transform the data infrastructure in the economy, this is a exactly the same words, transforming data infrastructure is given in economic survey, when you go to the economic survey you can go look at the content. So now I look at the, we will see the answer for the question. So first write the definition for the word data infrastructure, then the thing is the explain the ways to transform the data infrastructure in India, what are the ways to transform data infrastructure means, for data infrastructure there are the four process, what are the four process means, one is the how we are gathering the data, that is the first point number one, second one how we are storing the data and third point is the how we are processing the data, third one is the how we are disseminating the data, these are the four things, how we are disseminating, how we are processing, how we are storing, these are the four things. your answer must be based on the four points. This is a data infrastructure. Now, for example, this may appear as a simple points, but now let's see in this angle. So you'll give a new dimension to you. So gathering data. Imagine that I'm a data collector. I'm taking some survey. What is happening in India? I'm going to the field. I'm asking to ma'am. I'm telling me what is the name, everything. I'm collecting data in the paper. Then what I'm doing, I'm coming to my office. And then what I'm doing, I'm trying to do the data entry process. I'm converting them. Or else what I'm doing, I'm just having data. I'm scanning the data and then uploading the document, which means that the data, when it gets scanned, when it's stored in the repository, it may appear as a digital data. But scanned document, I cannot analyze it because I cannot aggregate the multiple scanned documents. To aggregate the data, what I should do is data must not be scanned and uploaded. Data must be digitally entered in the thing. For that, what should be done, explain the ways, what should be done is instead of collecting the data and then doing data entry, what should be done is, while collecting the data itself, gathering can be done automatically, electronic. So we'll gathering itself, we do the data entry process. In that angle, all the data of the India will become more digital. That's a point number one. This is given as a detailed paragraph and economic survey. You get the GIST alone. What's the one is there? For example, from the paper to the digital, what we can do, automatically, first stage, it's a digital. That's a point number one. Question is about explain the ways to transform. So what is a ways? So instead of paper to digital, instead of paper to digital, what we can do is the going directly digital. Going digital directly. That's the first one. So whatever data you're collecting, you do that automatically. That's the first infrastructure. Going digital directly. And then this point and all, you have an understanding purpose because we know that scanning the documents, all the documents and having them is not a digital data. It is a digital format you're storing, but it's also a manual data in the digital format. But exactly when you're giving, then only using the programs, you can just analyze the data. That we'll see in this segment in the processing. Next one is the storing the data. What is the thing of the storing the data? For example, imagine, now I'm a person. I'm going to a school. In the school, I'm asking the students, how many days the teachers are coming to your school? How many toilets you have? Cleaning the toilets daily basis. Like that, I'm collecting the data. But what I'm doing is the data I kept in the manual form. But here, what I'm doing after three months and after six months, what I'm doing, I'm trying to store the data in the electronic format by doing data entry. So what will happen? After six months only, the people, those who are the concerned officials, those who are staying at district level, they'll come to know in this village, in my district, they don't have the proper attendance of the teachers, don't have the proper toilets. They'll come to know after six months, after six months when they go and take the action, almost six months of valuable time of schooling would have got lost. Which means that why this thing is taking place because the concerned officials are not able to have the data at the right time. Because why means the data did not go to digital mode or did not get stored in digital format instantly because the thing is the, it is stored in the manual format for a long time. So what, immediately after collecting, you try to convert them into the electronic formats or else. During collecting itself, when you've done this, then this will become the most real-time data storing. But what you're doing, today you are collecting, you are storing after six months. You are doing after one month, after three months. So the word is the real-time storing of data. So when this is done, automatically this will happen. But when this is not done, at least after two days, after three days, you collect the document, after three days, after a week itself, you upload. So concerned district officials, they'll come and inspect, they'll take action. So everything, imagine, I'm going to your field. I'm asking the farmer, what is the problem in your field? They're saying I'm not able to understand what, whether the complication is going to come on my field. So we understood what is the problem at the farmer level. This thing, we are uploading after two months or three months. In the meantime, the very example, the season would have crossed. After three months, the people are coming to know, this people wants to have the information about a particular disaster or any weather changes or at the right time. This is the thing what they want to convey. But we are storing data after three months. Means what would happen? They finish the cultivation process. After the data, you just try to convey the information. There is no use. So the thing is the school example or the farmer example, the example is the, try to feed the data or store them in the real-time. Is a way to transform the data in first in India. Then comes the third thing, processing. Now then, I gather data, I then after, on the spot I enter the data or after two days, I upload the data in the digital format. But what is happening? Data is staying as a data. Then what is the thing? There is no utility. When data stays data, what should be done? The people, I'm official. What I should do? I should take the documents. Oh, this is the thing. What is the problem? How many areas I have the problem? Because you know that there is a very important statement in economics. Because why the total world is going behind data means because, now imagine a common example we all know. Imagine we have a particular number. A student has got some 50 marks in examination. If we ask you, how do you rate the marks? What do you say? 50 marks average mark. But what I'm saying, next time I'm saying, this is not a 50, it's a 50 out of 50. Then what do you say? So you say, excellent. Which means that this data gives some information. But data when compared to the denominator, it gives better information. Now next thing what I'm saying is not 50 out of 50. All the 10 students in the class got 50 out of 50. Then what do you say? First you told average. Then you told excellent. Now you will say, all the students 50 out of 50 means we will say it's a average performance. It means that data, when it's exactly assessed, data becomes messengers of the economy, messengers of all the things happening. So to do that, what we should do is we should analyze the data. But are we capable? All the officials are capable to assess the data. Means they don't have the technical qualification. They don't have the expertise. Which means that we should train them so that they do the dissection of data, analyze the data at the right time. Then only you involve in the right action. In this angle, you can write the point. Crossing data. The officials must be capable. So in that angle to analyze the data, then only data will lead them, will show them some pathways that they can take action. Then comes the last one. Crossing data you can write. So analysis. Real-time analysis are as quick as possible. So as soon as possible, analysis must be done. So which may help us to take the actions on time. That's a thing. So imagine a particular area within three months, the problem must be addressed. What is happening? The people are taking on data, but uploading data after six months. Then what is the use? The essence of data would have is the last because within three months action would have been taken. But the people are coming to know about the problem only after six months because data is not properly uploaded. In this angle, the processing must be done for that the first two things must support. Then comes the last one. What is the last one? Now we got many data. Imagine that we have the Swach Bharat mission or we got the many programs. Now I'm asking you, can you tell me about the performance of Swach Bharat mission? What do you do? We may go to some websites or the government data will try to understand. But what is the MG Narega? What is the exact, how many days they are given? What is the thing? We are not able to have the proper data because government is not transferring the data to the public. Who is the exact beneficiary? What works are carried out? We are not disseminating data to the proper people. What should be done? For that there is a term called as dashboards. Dashboards are the information, the information, the arrangements. So what you can do in every office, every program, village level, block level, state level, they can create the dashboards where you have a particular program in your locality. What is happening in the particular program? So you collect the data, you upload them and then you assess them and then you give to the people itself. People what they'll do, they'll social audit, they'll understand what is happening. In this angle, all the things will take place at the right time because when you are able to disseminate data, in India what is taking place, data is not getting disseminated point number one. Even if it is getting disseminated what is happening for some program? For switchboard admission, I think comparatively government has given us to mention that we got some good dissemination. But other programs and all we are not having the proper dissemination. And what is happening is even we have dashboards, these dashboards are not properly working in many areas and other areas, people are not able to exactly understand what is the data. In this angle, these are the problems what we have. These are the ways what we can transform the data infrastructure. It's clearly given economic survey. Just we have some understanding about data infrastructure. So this is the question number 13. Now the question last one is the 14. The last one is very simple. We all know about the multidimensional poverty index. Now let's look at the question. Bring out the merits of multidimensional poverty measure over and above the monetary poverty, which means the question is not asking you to write about the MDPA, about the education, about health, about the standard of living and all you should not write. Because question is not about the right about MDPA, right about the monetary poverty. Question is about the bring about the merits of MDPA. But anyway, it's a 15 mark question. So we can start with a decent intro. What is the MDPA? What is the monetary poverty? MDPA we all know, it's a measurement, measures the people where they're deprived of the basic facilities or the basic access to the education and all, education, health and all, and standard of living. It gives some intro about the MDPA, who releases UNDP and the Oxford. And then like that, you can give some intro. And below that, just to start the heading, merits of MDPA over the monetary poverty. First of all, MDPA we all know, monetary poverty also we know. Monetary poverty also gives some small intro. So calculating poverty based on the monetary income. That's a normal poverty. So when you are earning $1.90 per day, then you are not called as a poor. That's called as a monetary poverty. Here, not concerned of whether I go for schools and all 1.90, whoever earning 1.90 will be caught as APL, below 1.90 will be caught as BPL. That is a monetary poverty. Monetary means based on monetary terms, not about access to education, not about quality of life. That's called as a monetary, that is a MDPA. Based on this, now we have to write about the merits of MDPA alone, okay? We should not expand. So what is the merits? Pie number one. So as we all know, MDPA is the multi-dimensional poverty index, which means that one dimension alone is not considered. Here, it's only monetary dimension, but all the dimension is considered. Which gives us a complete idea. For example, one example given by the UNDP is, so based on the normal monetary poverty, when the data is compared to the MDPA, the total number of people living across the world is 50% higher in MDPA than the total count coming in the monetary poverty. It means that when you measure in monetary poverty, people's percentage is 50% lower, which means that we are able to understand the exact picture of poverty. Based on this, you can convert them as a point, how you can convert this. So this measurement is a comprehensive measurement of poverty because not only one measure, many measures are considered. So this gives a complete idea of the poverty. That's the point number one, okay? So the detailed thing will be sent to the key, okay, first write the point. It's a comprehensive coverage of all areas. First one, merit is that it covers all areas, okay? All facilities, comprehensive coverage. Second point. What is second point is? Second point. For example, imagine that, okay? Now in the monetary, not monetary poverty, for example, in the multi-dimensional poverty, what we are doing is we are measuring the people's access to the education, health, and then basic infrastructure, what they got, everything we are considering, okay? These things and all, having the schools, having the hospitals, having the basic infrastructure, does not lie in the hands of the people, okay? But monetary poverty, the prosperity lies in the hands of the people. But for the people to come out of the multi-dimensional poverty, so the role of the government is also very crucial, so how the government is taking care of the essentials can also be assessed, which means that how the, for example, the role of the public expenditure, or role of the government can also be understood in the MDPA, which cannot be exactly understood in the monetary poverty, okay? So when you have proper schools, okay, which means, yes, the government is also doing the role, okay? But monetary poverty measures only the income. Everybody here, for example, you can go to some other place, migrated, okay? There you can even, but here your locality should have the proper schools, should have the hospitals, so the impact of the public expenditures, government's role can also be understood by the MDPA, which cannot be understood by the monetary poverty, point number two. Then comes the point number three, point number two, you finish, gives idea about the public expenditure, or the government's role on the poverty alleviation, okay? So that's point number two. Then third point, for example, in the monetary poverty, okay, the people, those who are living in the monetary poverty, when the people are compared with the, compared with the, for example, imagine, monetary poverty, one area, people are 1.90, okay? The same value you are applying across the world, okay? When you compare the people, those who are earning above the monetary poverty in one country, when you compare this with another country, okay? For example, now take, for example, in the people, those who are coming above the monetary poverty, 1.90, people, those who are coming above this line, okay? Which means, APL zone in the Latin America are Caribbean countries, okay? When they are compared with the sub Saharan, African countries, okay? So the people here also, since sub Saharan area, APL people, sub Saharan in the Latin American countries of APL people, okay? When these people are compared, these APL people are leading a better life than these countries, okay? So which means that, okay, within the monetary poverty, APL category, we are not able to have the exact understanding, but the MDPA, okay, we are able to have the better understanding, which means that, so this indicates the regional differences is exactly understood by the MDPA, which is not exactly understood by the normal monetary poverty. So right the point. Regional differences is exactly understood by the MDPA, because what we say is in some area, even the 1.90 is a basic income. So in those countries, they'll get the money, but some countries, 1.90 is not the basic income, they'll not get the money. But here, what happens in this concept? People, even though they earn above 1.90, they may not have the proper access, which is not getting reflected in the monetary poverty, but the MDPA exactly captures whether you got all the facilities, okay? It is not only about the money, it's a holistic coverage, so we're able to understand the regional differences. That's the point number three, okay? Then comes the next one, okay? Next one is the fourth point. What do you can write this? Next one is, okay? For example, in our Asian country, we got certain monetary poverty count, okay? But when you compare the Asian countries, monetary poverty count with the African country, okay, for example, lower than the African countries. But when you compare the facilities, what the Asian countries have with the sub-Saharan African countries, which means that the facilities are more in the Asian countries, but in the sub-Saharan African countries, we have the people who don't have the basic facility, okay? Here, what we are trying to infer is, in the Asian countries, within the country, the urban people, they are not MDPA deprived. But the rural people, they are MDPA deprived, which means that the polarization of the society can also be understood by the MDPA, but the monetary poverty is not exactly pitching the polarization within the society, okay? So double poles or tripoles maybe exist within society. This is not exactly pitched by the MDPA, but this is able to give the better picture because the exact count is measured, okay? And then apart from that, okay, these are the things what you can write, okay? About the merits of the thing, okay? First point, okay? Three or four points, right? Then next question is, elucidate the status of poverty level of India according to the above two methods. These are the very factual things, elucidate the poverty level of India. What is the poverty level, right? The data, factual things I'll give you. The global level is, first you understand the global level. 1.3 billion people are the MDPA poor. 1.3 billion people are MDPA poor. That's the data given by UNDP, 1.3 billion. And apart from that, what is the total count? Is that in India, in the 2005-6, the total MDPA poor, 2005-6, it was around 640 million, 640 million, 2005-6. But in the MDPA index, it was for the year 2015-16. In India, the total count was 369 million. This was India's poverty population based on data. 369 million from 3640, India got reduced, okay? This is the data for the year 2015-16, released on last year, October 2018, okay? Then this percentage is around 27.9 percentage. And this 1.9 percentage is the poverty data of India. This percentage, but in 2005, India's percentage was 55.1 percentage based on MDPA. Not based on the monetary poverty, based on the MDPA. It was around 55.1 percentage. It is around 27.9 percentage. So, 369 million is our level. But when you compare with Nigeria, Nigeria is the next in line. Okay, the level is the, almost the data is the 96 million what they have. Then the Pakistan, other countries, they're coming and coming, some data, okay? You not go that much data. You write the India's level 1.3, India's level 369 million. And then some 270 million people went out of poverty in the 10 years. That's a very phenomenal achievement of India. So that's the India's achievement. Next one is the monetary poverty. Monetary poverty, India does not have any valid data. The last data was the data by whom? Okay, which committee is given? Suresh Srinagar committee data was the last data. Based on that, you can write 27 rupees, write the height as Suresh Srinagar committee. Two methods, monetary poverty. Suresh Srinagar, because you know that the Angarajan committee and Suresh Srinagar, government accepted the Suresh Srinagar. So, based on that, India's poverty was 21.9 percentage, 21.9. What is the poverty line? 21.9. What is the poverty line based on the 21.9? Is the India's 1000 rupees per day, per month. And then 816 rupees per month. That's the data. That's the, poverty line is not required. Just write the status of poverty level in India, according to the above two methods. This is the answer. First you frame the first segment of the question. Then next one you write the points for second one. This is the answer for the question. Detailed answer key, the same thing. What I told, the same thing. I'll convert them to statements. I'll send the answer key. Thank you, thank you. Next will be internal security. What happens, how was the paper? Internal security questions. So, we had three questions, right? Three questions in internal security. Number, question number eight is about apps, but question number nine is about cybersecurity. Question number 19 is about space defense, all right? So, that's more on science and technology, all right? So, these are three questions we had. So, all three questions of different dimensions with respect to space. The question I asked, it's about your own interpretation, innovation, strategies, all right? So, the question is expected, like the answer, all right? So, the answer is expected from you, like kind of innovation from you, whatever it is, the kind of strategy. So, this is a kind of more open-ended question, all right? With respect to cybersecurity, again, you have to know about the government schemes, all right? So, unless you know the schemes, you cannot answer this question. It's a very straightforward question, all right? And with respect to apps, but this needs a lot of discussion, all right? So, this one, you need to, this question centered around the Supreme Court judgment, all right? So, these are the questions, like you have to know what kind of questions this is asked, all right? So, this is more open-ended. So, this is more open-ended. This is more, you have to find out the, you have to tell about the government schemes, and this is where you need a lot of discussion, all right? So, we'll discuss one by one, what exactly, all right? So, I'll give you the kind of detailed, possible notes also, but in the meantime, like I'll make it short, all right? What are you supposed to write in this one? How you have to introduce, and how you have to include the body part, and how you have to conclude it, all right? The first question, the armed forces special powers act of 1950 does not provide the armed forces and absolute immunity from trial or criminal proceedings by the courts discuss, all right? So, here the question is about apps part, all right? So, this is basically a statement taken from the 2016 Supreme Court judgment, all right? So, the case name is extrajudicial execution victim family association case, extrajudicial execution victim families association versus the union of India, all right? So, this is a observation made by the Supreme Court that apps part doesn't have any absolute immunity, all right? So, the answer should center around this one. But before that, you can't straight away write this one. So, before that, how you got to introduce? So, since it's about apps part, all right? So, you have to mention something, some recent things, maybe you can mention about how many states, the recent extension for Nagaland, or how it has brought on in Arunachal Pradesh, maybe something like that, all right? So, mention about those things, maybe two lines, not more than two to three lines, all right? So, thereafter, start saying that why it is contentious because so it's speaking about absolute immunity, right? So, next, you speak about some of the provisions related to apps part. So, what are the contentious provisions related to apps part? After has only six sections, right? All right? So, the contentious provisions are section four, five, six. Section four powers, four gives the armed forces the special powers. So, section four of apps part speaks about special powers given to the armed forces. Like for instance, if at all, if the armed forces suspect any person who is acting in contravention of any law, they can seize the property, they can enter his house, they can even cause the death of the person also, provided if he has any arms or something like that, all right? So, that is the special powers with respect to apps part. Section five speaks about the person who is suspected to be that, the terrorist or insurgent for all those people who is acting in contravention of the law, that person should be produced before the police. All right? So, the arrested person should be produced before the police immediately. So, this is what's said about section five. Section six speaks about the immunity given. It speaks about the immunity given. What is the immunity given to these armed forces? That is no suit or no criminal proceeding. No criminal proceeding or prosecution. These three things cannot happen without the previous sanction of central government. That is the most contentious part, all right? So, without this understanding, you cannot answer this question, got it? So, it is not about the special powers you have. It is about the immunity which is given. Everyone has self-defense. Even you mean, normally everyone has self-defense. But this self-defense, you know what happened for you and me? I know the cases file like we have to defend ourselves like it is done with our self-defense. I have killed that person with the self-defense. But these armed forces, they cannot be filed a case. They cannot be prosecuted. They cannot be initiated legal proceeding without the previous sanction of the central government. That is the contentious one, all right? So, you have to mention about these things. And so, these powers are misused. So, rarely they used to produce them. So, in some cases, they used to produce the persons after five years, all right? So, they take the kind of powers of the police also. So, by mentioning those things, then you have to go ahead like, okay. So, the contentious provision is section six. Now, what is the contention here? Armed forces say section six gives absolute immunity. They interpret section six of ASPA, that gives absolute immunity to them. But on the other hand, the court says there is no absolute immunity. So, this is where you have to focus on. So, what court has said, so maybe you can mention about what Supreme Court has said in the year 1998. In 1998, for the first time, ASPA's constitutional validity was discussed, which said ASPA is constitutionally valid, all right? So, they said like, that is a case of Naga people's movement. I'll give you the case law and all, don't worry about that. So, in which the court said ASPA is constitutionally valid, but ensure that you follow certain dos and don'ts. And if you don't give prosecution, if you don't give sanction for prosecution, the government has to record the reasons. If the government fails to give reasons. So, according to section six of ASPA, no armed forces can be prosecuted without the sanction of government. So, if the central government takes a delay, or if it doesn't give any sanctions, they have to give the reasons. That is what they said. So, maybe you can incorporate that element also if you want to. And then you have to focus on the 2016 case. You know what they said in 2016 case? 2016 case, the Supreme Court was looking after the extrajudicial killings in the state of Manipur. Extrajudicial execution, victim family association of Manipur. All right? So, what they said, the Supreme Court said in this case, if at all armed forces is involved in any of the encounters, they are not immune. They are not immune. In that case, they can be prosecuted normally by the criminal courts. Meaning what? They need not wait for the martial courts. All right? Normally, except for murder, rape and other things, any offenses related to army people, that will be handled by martial courts. Court martial is the use. All right? But if the armed forces have done any murder, rape, if it is a fake encounter, they can be prosecuted under a normal criminal court. That is what they said. Got it? Understood? Fine. So, this is how you have to say, fine. So, the court said that if at all the armed forces have involved in these things, they are not under the court marshals. They will be facing the normal criminal courts. That is the key point. But unfortunately, what happened? Even now, there is a kind of ambiguity in that. Like, so the court is not clear about, like, the officer should be there, whether that section 6 should be scrapped or whether they can face the kind of trials and all. So, court is not clear about it. Like, the court leaves the ball in the court of the government. So, when the government wanted to debate, court said that, no, no, no, whatever it is, you decide it. We are not going to decide and debate it. And that is how you have to end it. So, the discussion, you have to end it that. So, there is a kind of cloud of ambiguity in the AFSPOS judgment also. Why I have taken this question? Because recently in the year 2018, what happened? In the year 2018, in the year 2018 December, some 300 people, 300 people, armed forces commissioned as well as non-commissioned officers, they went to the court to quash the FIR, filed by CBI. But court said, you go and face the music. I can't give that. Like, if you are really innocent, go and prove yourself. That is the reason why I have taken this question also. So, please find out the 2018, what Supreme Court observed on that, and the 2016 judgment on this one, and 1998 judgment also. All right. So, you have to start with the introduction, and your focus has to be on the sections 6, and then you have to end with this part. Got it? Any doubts on this one? Any doubts? Fine. Next question. In the last few decades, military campaigns have demonstrated the significance of space technology for military purposes. In this context, suggest a suitable approach to the idea of formulating a space security policy and a space doctrine for India. All right. So, here it is. The first statement you have to say, how far space is used for military campaigns. Can you give me some examples? ASAR. Okay. That is the R thing, right? So, apart from ASAR from India, what were the recent other things? Reconnaissance. Missile defense systems. Missile defense systems. How it is used? Okay. Good. So, USA also, they are also planning for a space agency, like space command actually. Space force. All right. So, maybe the recent examples. For instance, in 2019 February, USA said like, we are going to have a six force called space force. We are going to have a space command. All right. Similarly, France also announced a kind of space command also. Fine. So, these are the examples you have to mention and how space is used. Like ASAR. China has made it in 2007. So, how a neighboring countries does it? All right. So, how space is used, not just for communication, not just for remote sensing, beyond that, like how it is used as a military thing you have to mention about it. Like, I have given a lot of options in the, in the notes, a lot of options. You may not write the entire thing. Maybe out of which, you can incorporate some of the elements. I will give a detail, almost two, three paragraphs. Any of those points you can include. All right. The major point is that, so the connecting bridges, so once you have said, like how military campaign is used in the space, in the fourth domain, then you have to mention the need. What is the need? Because other countries, they have made it. Now it is our thing, like we have to have a policy. Already we don't have. Like, this is, you can connect it with the kind of, like recently, there is a discussion going about no first use policy doctrine also, right? Maybe. All right. So, clubbing the no first use policy, as well as the ASR, I have taken this question. Got it? So, now you can say, like, okay, what is the need to have a space policy, as well as a doctrine? So, I have asked, like, such is the suitable approach. So, I have just asked the approach. What are the components of this policy? What are the components of this doctrine should be? Tell me, how the components of this one should be? Okay, deterrence. So, first, like, we will speak about the policy, then we will speak about the doctrine. So, normally policy means what? So, what is the policy? Recently, national education policy, most of it have gone through that. In the case of national education policy, so, what are the components of that? Guidelines. What sort of guidelines? How should we have a law? What sort of institutions we should have it? Is it not? What sort of reforms we should go for it? Is it not? So, policy just gives a kind of broader picture about all those things, institutions, legislations, whatever kind of regional, national cooperation, everything, right? So, that is what, like, your policy, it can be, it should have these mechanisms, like, institutional mechanisms. So, how you're kind of planning to have institutions in this one? What about the legislations or legal mechanisms? What are the proposed legal legislations? Because we don't have a space related act, right? In India. So, how to have it? How to react with the international treaties? All right. Apart from that, since we are speaking specifically about space defense, you have to mention about the kind of structural thing. And the operational ones. For instance, okay, when I speak about institutional mechanisms, like, we are planning to have a kind of defense, cyber, as well as defense space agency, right? So, defense space agency, you can write it in structural, more than that. What are the structural reforms? What is the structure? Structural reforms means what? All right. Within that body, so, we are planning to have, well, we are planning to have a defense space agency, a tri-command defense space agency also. Maybe, examples like this. For instance, the case of legal mechanism, you have to mention about the need for a new comprehensive legislation for space. All right. And the case of institutional mechanisms, like, so, right, recently, whatever, with respect to space, it is governed by ISRO, right? It is mostly governed by ISRO. We don't have a dedicated one for space security. Maybe, you should have a kind of, you can name some agency. For instance, something like this national authority for space security, national authority for space security. So, something like that. So, this is the structure. This is what is majorly important. And definitely, you can speak about the cooperation also. The need for bilateral cooperation, regional cooperation also. All right. So, without, like, without having the cooperation, international regional cooperation, you can't succeed because space belongs to everyone. Is it not? Fine. So, this is what the structure, the skeleton has to be. All right. So, while you are writing this you can, you should incorporate these words. For instance, like to create, to develop, to upgrade, to enhance, to promote, to collaborate, to cooperate, to build. Is it not? So, try to use different words for this. These are the words that will help you in answer writing. Will search vocabularies. All right. To upgrade. And anything else you want to say? Create, to develop, to enhance, to facilitate. All right. So, these are the words, try to use it. I'll include those components also. In case of policies, whenever they're asking about the policies. So, please try to say, to create this one, to enhance, to upgrade, to collaborate, to cooperate. All right. There is a lot of words you can use it. Like, so use this in policy. All right. So, now the coming to the other part, cyber, sorry, space doctrine. What about the space doctrine? What about the space doctrine? So, while maintaining doctrine, like, you know, do we have a nuclear doctrine? No first use policy, but no, it's not like, it's not pretty well documented. So, even the military documented is kind of very confidential nature. All right. So, nuclear is also like, no, we are using, we are saying that we don't have a first use policy. All right. So, that is with respect to anything, not just military, but with respect to the security measures. We never go aggressively, and we don't go offensively attack anybody. Right. So, that component has to be included. So, where in a space doctrine, where in a first use first use first use first use maybe whatever it is, you can, you have to see, it's not about, like, whether you have to include, like, but you have to justify that. The approach, why we should go for first use policy, you should justify that. It matters. You see, no first use policy, I can say, India is always having this one. That is the reason why, despite being, we are not members of other, regimes like NSG, we are getting the nuclear material surprise or not. So, same way, I can go ahead, but if you are saying that, like, you should go for first use policy, you have to give a justification. Okay. Fine. Oh, that's what, like, you have to give such examples. Good. Fine. Next is, I can mention about the doctrine as, for instance, like, whenever we have a specific doctrine, you have to keep in mind about the compliance with the space law. All right. So, we should not make any doctrines, which is kind of like, no, see, till today, no country speaks about any specific doctrine, outer space doctrine, how it should be used for military purposes. They are using for civilian as well as military purposes, but no country has explicitly mentioned that space, we are using space for military. All right. So, we should also respect the outer space treaty. So, in such a way that we should not contraven, contraven with the provisions of outer space, we have to formulate the doctrine, number two. And, we have to think about, like, when you are speaking about space doctrine, we have to speak about the space debris also, right? It should not result in debris also. We should have that thing in mind. Fine. And, you can speak about international cooperation also, this component. So, having these components, all the list. All right. So, having these things in mind. All right. So, the compliance with space law, addressing the inadequacies in the national law, no first use policy for military purposes, mitigation of space debris, all these points are given. All right. So, these points, you should keep in mind while formulating or a frame a doctrine. Got it? Any doubts in this one? Any doubts in this one? This is the kind of open-ended. See, you need not stop with that. You can include more points also, but these are the points definitely you have to include. I've given, as a general studies only, I don't go technical. I've never gone technical. I said like, that is the reason why, look here. See, these points I've given, this will fit into any of the policies. These two specifically, I spoke about structural and operational because of defense. Got it? Fine. Okay. Next, last question. With the proliferation of information technology and related services, cyber attacks have become a global phenomena. With India's epicenter, briefly outline the initiatives of government of India. All right? So the first one, you have to mention about the statement, right? So what is the statement? Like, proliferation of information technology and related services, cyber attacks have become a global phenomena with India's epicenter. You have to mention how far India has affected. So go for statistics. All right? So UPC, like, you know, if you give a valid, reliable statistics, you have the kind of possibility of getting more marks. All right? So have some statistics with respect to cyber security always. So here I have some of this security. For instance, CERTIN, you know what is CERTIN, right? What is CERTIN? Computer emergency response team, India. So CERTIN has said, like, they have given the data, for instance, in the year 2016, it was 199, it was 2017, it was 172. These sort of data have given. All right? So just listen, like, I'll give you the note. Don't worry about that. All right? So they have given the data, try to give data by CERTIN, because CERTIN has India's most, you can see the kind of nodal agency related to cyber security, right? So whatever the information given by CERTIN, anything, it carries more validity than any agency. All right? So give some examples like that. Data is like, for certain as given, report in 2018, most of the attacks come from China. Most of our, if you take 100 attacks on Indian government websites, 35 of those attacks comes from China. All right? So we got to be concerned. So mention about those things, and then like, you can go ahead with the initiatives straight away. The major focus on the initiatives. So what sort of initiatives government has? Please tell me now. What sort of solutions? Preventive and cyber security? Okay. We have a cyber security policy. Good. Okay. Policy level one thing. Good. Good. Next one. So definitely, you have to first of all speak about policy. We have a policy, just in 2013. Good. Next. What about the laws? Next, legislations. Okay. What sort of legislations we have? What are the legislative mechanisms? IT Act. Good. IT Act as amended on 2008. Good. Okay. First, headings will be structured for the answers of the community. Policy, legislation after awareness on law. Institutional mechanisms. What sort of institutions? Good. N, C, I, P, C, what is it? National, critical, infrastructure, project protection center, right? So now, so since you have a lot of institutions, maybe if you can, MHA, what are the institutions under MHA? What are the institutions under PMO? What are the institutions under Ministry of Defense? For instance, Ministry of Defense, we have a proposed defense, cyber agency. And in the case of PMO, this is the one. In case of MHA, you have a cyber police. All right. So those are things I have given. For instance, institution mechanism, another case of MHA, you have a cyber warrior police force, National Cyber Coordination Center, NCCC. All right. And PMO, you have NCEWPC, Ministry of Defense, you have a defense cyber agency or a tri-service cyber command. And you have to mention about METI. What is METI? Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. So under METI only, you have CERTIN. All right. And cyber switch the Kendra, botnet cleaning, botnet cleaning and malware analysis center. Like, all right. So all these things I have given. So please go through that. And what about other, apart from institution mechanisms, there are a lot of schemes also available. Schemes, schemes like Cyber Surakshat Bharat Initiative. Cyber Surakshat Bharat Initiative of METI. Surakshat Bharat Initiative of METI. M-I-T-E-Y. And under MHA, you have a cyber crime reporting portal. You have Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Center. All right. These sort of schemes also you can mention it. And you can speak about the recent international mechanisms also. Like how we have kind of gone for good harvest convention in, anything recently. Paris Call for Action Good. Christchurch Call also you can include as a part of internal, I mean social media, cyber security good. So these elements you can include it. How India being part of these actions. Got it? Fine. This is how you have to at least try to give these, see whatever I have provided is the minimal thing. All right. So as far as the interaction, whatever I have given the note, include any of those interactions. You need not incorporate every element. All right. Fine. Anything else? Any doubts? Any doubts? Fine. Thank you so much. All the very best for you. Good. So an announcement regarding your mock test. Last, next week you have this mock test. GS12348. The venue will be decided. It will be a simulation mock test. So the venue will be on as school. When we, it will be updated, but as of now it will be not edited here. It will be in a school. Inform as soon as possible. We can go to inform when you come up. Don't come here. It will be updated, but again, so coming to question number six, I think you know what is the difference between organic forming and sustainable forming. Right? What is the difference between organic forming and sustainable forming? So organic forming is complete usage of organic. So when you use organic, word organic, don't use organic chemicals. No. It is organic manures. Okay? Or organic fertilizers. Don't use like that. It is organic manures. Okay? Inorganic, or inorganic maybe chemical or organic can be a fertilizers. Okay? Sustainable forming is a judicious mix of course. That is a simple difference. Coming to principles of sustainable forming and organic forming. For organic forming, there are four principles. Fairness, ecology. Everything is lucky. Don't worry. Don't have to write. Felt. So what is fairness? The organic forming should be such a way that it is fair enough for the entire stakeholders. Not only for the farmers, even for the person who are integrated in the entire supply chain. Not only for the supply chain, fairness for the resources. Effective usage of resources. That is what is fairness. Ecology, as you know, it is nothing but causing no harm to the ecology. Then care. Care, what it talks about? It talks about sustaining the generation of now as well as sustaining the generation of future. And health, it talks about overall health. Health of the ecosystem, health of the people. That is very important. Coming to sustainable forming. See, organic forming or organic agriculture are one and the same. Sustainable forming or sustainable agriculture, one and the same. Coming to principles of sustainable forming, first is sustainable forming focuses on efficiency. Resource efficiency is the first principle. Second is resilience. Because the beauty of the sustainable agriculture is it is resilient forming. So only we are promoting more sustainable agriculture because we are facing a problem of climate change, right? So whenever we talk about climate change, we can talk about this as the remedy, right? Second is resilience. And third is direct action. This is very important. Sustainable forming talks about direct action. That is bottom up approach. And fourth is the sustainable forming must ensure a balance between economic ecosystem and society. So coming to the next question, seventh question, any doubts? Coming to the second question, problem soils. What is a problem soil? So when a soil loses its fertility, when the soil loses its fertility, we call it as problem soils. What are the problem soils you know? So three of our soils, very important. So far this is soil based question not crop up. Small margin of error is possible here. Please ensure you do not make that mistake. Suppose these are the major classification. There are many other problem soils. So we have to focus only on these three because this is prevalent in pan India level, okay? Coming to acid soil, what is the first? What is the pH of this? This is very important. If anything is asked on problem soils, this classification is very important. This is electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity. Just a discuss question, what are the reasons, tell me one or two reasons why problem soils happens? It may be of two types, anthropogenic or natural. Natural is how? Rainfall. First is rainfall, very important. Wherever there are heavy rainfall acid soil is the outcome because of heavy leaching. And second is parent material. Then anthropogenic, no everything. You can write anything. Overuse of fertilizers, proper agriculture practices, conversion of farmland into whatever you feel like. What is the reclamation, very important? What is the reclamation for acid soil? So it is acid, we have to add salt, right? What type of salt? Lime. Then proper drainage practices, drainage, slag, rock, right? These, sorry my handwriting is very poor. Tell all to get developed in Tengla. Presidency, Jacob Algarode, third center in other, means gathering all around, all are appearing for means. So by maintaining proper drainage, we can eliminate. Sorry, sorry, sorry. So please, this is not for this. This is for, sorry, drainage coming to saline soils. See it is full of salt, right? Basis. We have to make it more neutral. So we can add acids. What is the source of acids for this? This is nothing but organic manures, palm yard manure. Rather all organic sources you can write. Because organic manures, when it decomposes gets converted as humic acid. So that acid utilizes the salt. Common for both is drainage. For this drainage and proper irrigation practices, very important. Because the problem of saline soils is more prevalent in where, wherever we have this problem of poor or faulty irrigation practices. Excess irrigation, proper, not following proper drainage. If you go for a map, where can you locate these places? Sanjabharyana. This is the place where this canal irrigation very for this same for this alkali except you can go for iron pyrites and gypsum. See do not write gypsum here very wrong. Only for alkali soil gypsum and iron pyrate. Coming to 17th question seems very easy question. So you would just discuss question. See what all points we can discuss in this open ended question. I know everyone would have written. Just tell me more of the points so we can go to next question. See horticulture? What are the vegetables then? Environmental flowers. Environmental flowers, ok. So many people may miss this. Solea asked. Pisces and condiments. I do not know how many of you miss this. Pisces and condiments, flowers, floriculture, gardening and landscaping, medicinal and aromatic crops. See this question was purposely put just to make you aware of what are the components of the horticulture very important. I know many would have written fruits and vegetables may be flowers but definitely would have missed this plantation crops, medicinal crops, pisces, condiments, gardening and landscaping also is a part of horticulture. So when you talk about horticulture as such you can look at a map and show wherever the possibility of fruits, vegetables. For example, Neal Grease or North East India we can talk about tea, coffee, plantation crops, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc., these vegetables. So you can talk about those things. So what is the advantage of horticulture? Because only in horticulture the scope of value addition is more. Food processing industry can thrive only because of horticulture. So that is the main issue if you have to touch horticulture and the income definitely food processing is the main point they would be expecting. Value addition food processing because only 2 percentage to 3 percentage of our perishable products are getting a value added. When compared to western countries where 40 to 50 percentage are getting value added. At the same time post harvest losses in India is around 30 to 40 percentage of the perishables are lost during post harvest. So this is the problem with India but at the same time developed countries have reduced the post harvest losses as well as they have more value addition. So this is the point you should connect with this question. The main thing you want to add definitely you should have gone for a diagram for this. Even for the problem soils you should have gone for a diagram. I don't know how many do at Varanjingala even draw a map of India, good. Again when you draw a map also use the map effectively. Just for location of one or two spaces don't use map. If you just draw a map and locate it, what are the reasons you are writing? For example, if you are talking about Panjavaryana due to canal irrigation, if you are talking about southern regions because of fault irrigation practices, if you are talking about some west bank because of river in problems. So make more value addition to your diagrams also. Just to just to over put one or two points whether you don't draw. Make most out of each diagrams. Coming to the other question sure short we can say 18 5 trillion dollar question may be an essay also. We can expect essay or at least in paper 2, paper 3 we can expect a question definitely on 5 trillion dollar economy. So connect all the aspects of GS1234 including essay to this 5 trillion dollar economy most awaited questions. When smart cities were on the news they asked two questions, three questions from smart cities paper 2, 3 and 4 I think so. So very important. So there is something on 5 trillion economy. So how can you say how to connect agriculture with 5 trillion economy. See one point is I don't know how many of you touched this occupation which is Pan India is agriculture. So when agriculture is touched agriculture is the only profession which can reduce the income inequality. So this point must be there because this is critical discussion. So for manufacturing it will get skills. So if you touch manufacturing income inequality it is not possible but when you touch agriculture it is 50 percentage of farmers or people are dependent on that. So we can reduce the income inequality poverty except only by touching agriculture. What is the size of agriculture in our GDP 17 percent. What is the size of Indian GDP 2.6 trillion how much agriculture contributes to GDP 16 percent or 17 percent of 2.6 trillion around maybe 360, 370 billion dollars. This data must be there. Because for increasing farmers income we talk about what the income of farmers must be known right. We are we concluded like around 25 to 30 thousand is the nominal income of the farmers. That is the case even for such questions trillion dollar you should know what is the contribution of each sector and it comes to GDP. Then only you can talk about at least 1 trillion must come from agriculture. So we are only 400 billion now. See you can argue right this is critically discussed only now. We are just a 400 to 350 to 400 billion agriculture at least 1 trillion is expected 1 trillion dollar is expected these are the contribution which can make or lift our economy to a 5 trillion dollar economy. So just even for this you can use a map right. Just go for map is there in every question just you have to just so what are the components you can talk here. I don't know how many of you touch you should touch agriculture here horticulture food processing allied industries like fisheries, dairy agroforestry. I don't know how many of you touch all this you won't touch all this good. So the LR touch phenomenon this answer is complete. If you touch at least all the allied activities including agriculture any doubts. What are you thinking about the mains how many of you are writing for the first time ok. See suppose how many of you will encounter this suppose if you encounter if you are starting right if you have started to write maybe an option will face this because option you should write pipe answers right. Suppose you started to A and after writing 4 lines you want to cancel this question and you have to write only 3 third question here it will be just a way to cancel this how to cancel this see you should strike it like this right cancelled this is the proper way of canceling just by striking out it is not finished to write it is cancelled I don't know how many of you know this anyone know this very important all the blank sheets must be scored out ok only with pen and do not use red pen how many of you have the habit of using red pen I know many people you use to draw etc with a lot of colors or red color because examiner will be using only red to evaluate so don't contradict your with your examiner right and again one more important this is the question you will be given the space to write here right do not write anything on this question how many of you write have the habit of structuring here underline don't do anything whatever you want to do do it in the question paper you have it is allowed or not in UPSC we do not know actually it is not allowed even UPSC said it explicitly but in UPSC has not given any instructions but there is a possibility that UPSC how to solve it because suppose there is a question number 10 right here what is the question in the what if you are circling what will happen this is the indicator to the examiner that this particular paper belongs to me right malpractices is possible everywhere that is why UPSC says do not write anything else other than the answer script point puricheda you get my point so avoid underline no problem but don't do lot of scribbling works here ok whatever you want to do do it in the loose sheets here ok in the margin in the margin maybe 1 or 2 roman letters or star whatever you feel like you can put ok and again very important I don't know how many of you practice this 15 10 this is the pattern of questions we are following anything may come 12.5 hour lamp 10 hour lamp 20 question 30 mark question can also come we don't know every 2 to 3 years UPSC changes the pattern so be prepared for the change also don't go with the mindset that it will be 10 marks only it is a 50 marks only just change the if when you saw question paper based on the marks just adjust accordingly ok that's it all the best you will have science will take science question so first Nithya Yoke with respect to the e vehicles so Nithya Yoke with respect to the e vehicles what is the question which is given in sense to evaluate critically evaluate the need to have the presence of electrical vehicles in India so first when it come for critical evaluation we need to speak with context what is given over there so Nithya Yoke is planning something what is planning in sense anyway by the year of 2030 they aim to have a 100% replacement that's the word Nithya Yoke aims to have 100% replacement of existing petroleum and diesel vehicles with the help of electrical vehicles so we need to have a cross check whether this 100% replacement is possible or not that's the reason we went for critical evaluation and once you are started to move towards electronic vehicle electrical vehicles in sense on the other hand we can able to have a reduction with respect to oil import so like that you can able to speak something about the recent recommendations given with the Nithya Yoke initial and after that for speaking about some 2 to 3 lines directly you can jump for the critical evaluation part critical evaluation the first thing is that in order to combat the environmental problems as well as to meet the target given by INDC so what is the thing given over here in sense transportation is one among the major important sector in India which consumes more amount of oil resources now in that case it has been estimated that once the whole country is going to have the presence of electrical vehicles by 2030 now what you can able to minimize in sense 67% is the report is saying that 67% of fuels can be saved along with that 37% of carbon dioxide emissions can be minimized so this is the promise what we have under the INDC so in order to meet the promise what we have under the INDC along with respect to the minimization of the fuel we need to go for the electrical vehicles that is the need positive what is the negative in sense the negative arises in the form of batteries because electrical vehicles purely they depend upon the batteries for their operation when come for a battery plenty of sizes is being available so lithium ion battery, lead acid batteries and cadmium batteries plenty of batteries available which is comfortable they can able to prefer for it but lithium ion is the most preferable one but you have other options also so now there comes a challenging task with the batteries what is the challenging task with the battery in sense with respect to the batteries recyclable huge question mark arises in the form of recycling huge question mark arises in the form of recycling without having the recycling simply if you are promoting with the electrical vehicle in sense it creates environmental problem e wastage so now since wide range of batteries is available all the batteries is not 100% recyclable natural lithium ion battery is 100% recyclable except lithium ion battery the other batteries lead acid and other things can't be have 100% recyclable so in that case the question mark arises in the form of recyclable negative what is the evolution is being done the evolution where the recycling and here you need to speak with respect to the steps what the government had taken in the aspect of missions or programs or the schemes so what is the step government had taken in sense under the mission innovation government is planning to establish recyclable centers government is planning to establish a recyclable centers in the major cities first they are going to establish the recyclable centers so once you are facing with respect to the non usage of the battery so in that case government itself taking a step to go for recycle already we have plenty of recyclable centers to be there but what is the problem with the recyclable centers in sense the recyclable centers is ready to go for recycling for the lead acid batteries and other batteries but where comes the problem in sense they are not ready to go for lithium ion batteries the reason is that the amount what they need to spend to recycle the lithium ion batteries will be 5 times more cost layer when compared to the purchasing of lithium in the form of a raw material itself raw material of lithium is cheaper rather than comparing with respect to recycle lithium and that is the reason the recycle centers is not ready to go for a recycling of lithium even though lithium ion batteries are 100% recyclable the amount what they need to venture for recycling is extreme so they cannot be able to go for the recycling with lithium they are preferring to utilize the raw material of lithium itself so now instead of defining the private players if government is taking a step to establish some recyclable centers in sense that could be the solution positive negative along with the solution here we are spoken and aspect of environment second what you can say in sense with respect to the make in India program make in India program so here as a part of make in India program what you can able to say in sense we are opening the doors for the new kind of automobile sectors new type of automobile sectors positive where comes a negative in sense already the existing automobile companies is being in the stressful condition so what is the stressful condition in sense they need to switch over to the bar stage 6 by 2020 that's the fastest they need to convert into the bar stage 6 by 2020 already the government had given the target now all the fund what they have in the hand had been invested to have a proper manufacturing of the stage 6 vehicle they had invested a lot now on the other hand if you are suggesting that the whole country need to have the presence of electrical vehicles by 2030 in sense all the companies will be in a condition not to lose their scope in the market anyhow they want to retain their name in the market so now they need to invest something in the R&D to manufacture the electrical vehicles when come for investment they don't have the fund now where they will be depending they will be depending upon the bank loans whether bank loans will be ready to provide them because already we have huge hike with respect to the NPA issues so even though the government is giving an opportunity to open the new kind of sector in the automobile sector they need to have setting up a capital amount to invest their R&D because the government is stressing them in two aspects one in the aspect of bar stage 6 on the other hand they need to go for the electrical vehicles too much amount of stress will be there in the case of the financial sector for the automobile companies what can be the critical evaluation sense setting kind of international banks like soft bank located in Japan this is a classic example soft bank which is located in Japan is providing the loan to the automobile companies who work for the eco friendly technology so now government of India need to channelize the fund from the soft bank and other multinational banks in order to promote the electrical vehicle technology in our country they are ready to offer the loan only to the eco friendly technology so now the government of India need to channelize this kind of a fund so now rather than depending with the Indian bank they can depend with respect to foreign banks also in this entire second point we are spoken in the aspect of economics first point we are spoken in the aspect of environment second point we are spoken in the aspect of economics with respect to the e-vehicles variety of batteries is being available among the different varieties of battery lithium ion battery the most preferrable one the reason is that volumetric capacity gravitational capacity volumetric capacity is more gravitational capacity is more discharge in time most important factors in this charging time this charging time is least so based upon this even though we are blessed with plenty of batteries lithium ion battery is the most preferrable one positive but where comes a negative insence The scope for producing lithium-ion battery in a domestic manner is a challenging task. The scope for producing the lithium-ion batteries in the domestic sector is a challenging task. So, if you cannot be able to produce this battery, the reason is that the entire vehicle, the entire vehicle 40 to 45 percentage of the vehicle cost will be bear by the battery. 40 to 45 percentage of the vehicle cost will be bear to the battery. In that case, rather than having a domestic production, simply if you are going to import this battery in sense, vehicle cost will be too high, it will not be an affordable price. So, that is a negative. What can be an evaluation? Go with respect to the recent budget, 2019 budget, what are they are given? Investment eco-friendly business, investment linked eco-friendly business will have a tax exception. So, complete tax exception is given if you are going to promote eco-friendly technology. So, positive, negative along with an evolution is there. So, now the companies and the startups who is planning to promote the eco-friendly technology can be focused with respect to the government initiative. So, complete tax exception is being given, the positive, negative along with an evolution. Third point we have spoken in the aspect of science. The Bloomberg finance report says that if the domestic production is getting increased, then the cost of electrical vehicles would be cheaper in Indian market when compared to the other countries in the world. This is the report is saying. So, whenever you are quoting setting up a thing, the production is getting less or the other things is getting cheaper, you need to quote from where you have been taking these kind of inferences. So, now electrical vehicles, what is the meaning conveyed over here in this, electrical vehicles would be cheaper in India when compared to the other companies, other countries in the world. The reason is that increase with the domestic production. So, now what happened in sense, vehicles is cheaper whether to be in an affordable condition in sense with respect to India, the affordable cap with respect to India if you are looking with respect to the per capita income, the per capita income is very less so that the electrical vehicles would not be in affordable portion for the public to purchase it. They can able to ready to purchase with respect to the other vehicles, but at the same time what happens in the per capita income is less. So, now at the rate of the per capita income, they would not be in a condition of affordable range. The affordability need to be compared with respect to the per capita income. By comparing you can able to say that what is that in the negative. What is an evaluation given over here, what is the GST for the electrical vehicles, 12 percentage, 12 percentage is the GST, on the other hand if you are moving for the luxurious vehicles for the petroleum and diesel vehicles, what is the GST, 43 percentage and you do not have a sales charge. Suppose if you are purchasing an electrical vehicle and you are going to involve in a commercial business, as a matter of promoting the commercial business, you need to move towards multiple states in the country. So, here government had offered in order to promote commercial business via electrical vehicles, national permit will be given and free of cost. The fourth point we are addressing the form of socio-economic condition, political condition. Let us go with the respect of political. In the aspect of a political condition, in order to meet the, we can able to have a synergize, national solar mission. We can synergize with the national solar mission. What is the target we have as per the national solar mission by 2022, 100 gigawatt. In order to meet this condition, what can be recommended in sense, electric vehicles batteries can be used for trapping the solar energy. So, rather than depending with the commercial power, they can able to depend with respect to the solar energy for the recharging, positive. So, what is the negative over here in sense, the negative is there in the form of infrastructure, lack of infrastructure. So, what is that infrastructure is required, integration of power obtained from the renewable energy resources to the national grid is the infrastructure required. So, you can have the plenty of renewable energy resources. Those kind of a power obtained from the renewable energy resources need to be interconnected with respect to the national grid. Do we have any such a kind of an infrastructure, right now, we are lacking with the infrastructure. What is the scope, what is an evolution? In order to fasten the green energy corridor project. We are fastening the green energy corridor project. Already we have kickstarted this project. It is happening, but not yet completed. We are estimated to complete with respect to this project by 2018. But unfortunately, it takes about some three more years. So, this project aims to interconnect the renewable energy resources with respect to the renewable power obtained from renewable energy resources with the national grid. So, this fifth point is addressed in the aspect of political. So, almost in the question you can able to find the diversification. Social point is there, technical point is there, political point is there, socio-economic is there. Further, if you want to speak in the aspect of commercialization marker, commerce point also you can able to take as a matter of addressing with the same India scheme, which aims to provide employment opportunities. There you can able to connect with the support of the green transport urban scheme. Even I can present it, but space won't be there. Sixth, the aspect of commerce you can able to speak with respect to the same India scheme, as well as with respect to the national automobile policy, 2026, which aims to provide 65 million job opportunities only in the EV sectors, positive is there. A negative as well as with respect to the evolution can be touched with respect to the transport scheme. One among the desired objective mentioned under this green urban transport scheme is that, it comes under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, which aims to concept E-highways, E-highways. And recently, Ministry of Road Transport announced India is going to have the first E-highways, which will be running from Mumbai to Delhi. Still, if you have some amount of space to be left out, even you can able to extend your answer in the next dimension in the form of commerce. The next question with respect to the cyber-physical systems, cyber-physical systems. So, what is the cyber-physical system? Any idea? Interconnecting of three technologies, interlinking of three famous technologies known as cyber-physical system. What are those three technologies? Interconnection of IoT with big data, yes, AI is also there, big data along with AI. In general, CPS is claimed to be called as 3C technology. What are those three C stands for? Computational, communication, cognition. Computational will be related to big data, communication will be related to IoT, cognition will be related to AI. So, for this question, what they ask in sense, what is cyber-physical system? This explanation is more than enough. Suppose, if the question is being something different, explain cyber-physical system in sense, here need not to go for an explanation, this information is more than enough. Suppose, if the question is an explanation in sense, you need to speak about the file levels. Not recommend for this question, but in future try to know that, file levels is there with respect to the cyber-physical system. What are the file levels in sense? Smart connectivity level, data to information, conversion level, cyber level, cognitive level, self-configuration level, file levels. So, you can use these levels, if the question seems to be in the form of explain. The question seems to be explain the cyber-physical system in sense, you cannot able to give it, you need to go with the file levels. So, here we do not have this word explain, simply what cyber-physical system? Okay. Further, we need to speak about the national mission of interdisciplinary cyber-physical system. So, what is the first thing said under the national mission on interdisciplinary cyber-physical system? It aims to establish 15 technological innovation hub. It aims to establish 6 application innovation hub and 4 technology translation research and scope is given in the aspect of technological development, skill development, business development, international collaborations. So, these are the four scopes what we have under the national mission on interdisciplinary cyber-physical system. So, first we are saying about what is cyber-physical system? Two lines is more than half. And slightly we need to touch up about the national mission on interdisciplinary cyber-physical system. Simply if you are speaking about these four, four to five point is more than half. So, hardly half of the page will be getting over. Still we have the presence of some amount of pages. So, one of pages will be there. In that case where we can able to use in sense, we can able to speak about the challenges and opportunities which is kept in front of this cyber-physical system in Indian society. So, what is opportunity? When you come for opportunity, you can able to go with the sector based opportunities. The agriculture sector, you can use CPS where you can able to have the presence of CPS. First of all, then only we can able to go for the opportunities. Wherever you have the condition to meet with the feedback loop mechanism, wherever you have setting up an application. The application need to have a feedback loop based operation. So, wherever you are expecting with the feedback loop based mechanism, there you can able to go with the application of CPS. Even with respect to the filling of our overhead tank, it is a kind of a feedback loop mechanism. So, once the tank is getting empty, what are need to be getting turned on? Once the tank is getting completely filled, what are need to be getting turned off? Like that wherever you have a scope for implementing the feedback loop mechanism, there you can able to suggest for the CPS. The thing is getting clear? So, now in case of an agriculture, you can able to go for the precision farming. So, plenty of technique is there with the precision farming. Whichever is comfortable, you can able to go for it. Second, with respect to the transportation, automatic traffic control system going to be there in India by 2025. Source, Ministry of Road Transport. Third, with respect to energy sector, smart meters, whether it came into life. Even in Chennai, Tinagar, we have the presence of smart meters. Already the test trail is happening. Go for the implementing CPS for the energy sector, health sector, precision diagnostics and treatment. You can have a regular monitoring condition of the passion. The passion might be present in some remote location, doctor might be there in the urban area. Without having a physical contact with the doctor and the patient, now the doctor can able to monitor the condition of the patient on a timely basis. So, precision diagnosis and treatment will be there. Like that we have plenty of scope. So, you can able to go with the sector based approach. And next thing what we have done this question is that challenges. What will be the primary challenge? Since all the three technologies is getting interconnected, definitely one challenge you can able to contribute. Data leakage, data leakage is happening. It gives a question mark for privacy. Further, the second thing is that computational arbitrations. So, what is computational arbitration instance? Before having the connectivity of three technology, first of all the technology need to observe what is happening in the physical condition. If you want to develop a setting of CPS in order to regulate the operation of AC in this room in sense, first it need to sense what is this temperature, what is the current temperature that we have in India. Because the temperature what we have in India won't be similar to the other countries. So, it need to sense with respect to global parameters, it need to sense with respect to other countries rather focusing with the global parameters. So now, computational arbitration is the next challenge. We don't have a uniform range of distribution of temperature throughout our whole country. That comes as second task. Third, technological barrier. So, what is required for CPS instance? We need to have an ad hoc networking system. We need to have an exclusive ad hoc networking system for the CPS. Fourth, it comes in the form of consistency. So, what you can able to address for the consistency instance, the data speed, power source, fifth problem arises in the form of human interaction. The inside of whom where you won't have second of abnormality with the human being interaction. But if you are opening for a, if you are opening the doors for a large scale areas application of CPS in the roadside for automatic traffic control system, application of CPS in the field of, in the battlefield there will be having more amount of human intervention. So, if you are applying this kind of technology in the battlefield, first you need to identify whether the person who is standing in front of the system is a kind of an enemy or is a kind of a friend. Otherwise, what will happen and since automatic firing will be happening. There comes a huge question mark for the military ethics. So, like that, these are the challenges. Like plenty of challenges there, nearly about some 10 challenges there. You have to go for all the 10. Five is more than a half. Proton therapy versus what is the current treatment we are having, conversion therapy x-ray. So, you have to go for comparative analysis. Just explain your concept in a correlated manner. So, proton therapy, what is happening in sense, we send only the proton beams. But over here we send pulses of x-rays. Proton therapy, why we need to speak about this therapy first of all, any kind of feature is there? Do you understand? That is immunotherapy in noble price. Proton therapy in noble price. Exactly. India's first proton therapy center came into life in Chennai Akula hospital. Only 16 countries in the world is having this proton therapy. India's one among the 16 countries to have this technology. And the inauguration was given by our vice president. So, we cannot be able to consider as a simple news. It should be a kind of personal news. Since we are one among the country to have this technology. And along with the inauguration was done by the vice president. It is a special news. So, proton beams will be used. That we will be using with the x-rays. So, since the proton beams is used, how the approach will be there in sense, approach will be there in the form of targeted approach. Here we will be having the generalized approach, generalized approach. In case of a targeted approach, which cells alone will be getting targeted in sense, only the cancer cells alone will be getting targeted. But over there, cancer cells along with the healthier cells, both will be getting targeted. And next, in case of a proton therapy, what won't be witnessed, what won't be witnessed in sense, in case of proton therapy, apart from the cancer cell, it won't attack the other healthier cells. You need to contribute the reasons. The reason is that it follows a technique which is called as a Bragg's Curve Technique. Means that if you have a cancer cell, the proton beam will be projected towards a cancer cell. It will be targeting the particular site which is present, the tumor site. And even after penetrating into the cell, it won't come outside. So since it is not coming outside, along with the Bragg's Curve Technique, one more point also you can generate. What is generated in sense? No exit direct condition. So it will penetrate into the cancer cell. Even after having penetration into the cancer cell, it won't come outside. But over here, in case of an X-ray technique, we don't have this technique. No curve-based techniques as well as exit radiation will be more. In case of proton therapy, you won't have the possibility to develop the secondary cancers. So when we'll be supposed to have the secondary cancer? After the treatment. After the treatment, under the proton therapy, possibility to have a secondary cancer is not there. But in case of an X-ray treatment, possibility is there to have the development of secondary cancers. So almost this will be consuming about some own pages. The rest of the page you can be able to deal with is for the another treatment which is mentioned in the question. The name is immunotherapy. The reason to have this immunotherapy is that noble place was Abarak. The same X-ray therapy. You can use with respect to the previous point what we have spoken. But I can able to substantiate some points for the immunotherapy. X-ray therapy need not repeat one second. So what is happening in the immunotherapy incident? Under the immunotherapy, it aims to boost our own immune system. It boosts our own immune system. How our own immune system is getting boosted in sense as a matter of activating the T cells. So once this T cells is getting activated, what will happen is T cells is capable to bind the unwanted antigens. Now when you come for a treatment from the particular patient's body itself, you can able to take the antigens from his cancer cells. Antigen will be taken from cancer cells. And this antigen will be having a co-stimulation. We will have a co-stimulation with the T cells. So once it is going to have a co-stimulation with the T cells, now what happen? All the cancer cells which is present in your body will be getting destroyed by our own immune system. So once it is going to have a co-stimulation with the T cells, what will happen? We will have a co-stimulation with our own immune system. What is an estimative value instead? Single T cell will be in a position to destroy 10 lakh cancer cells. Single T cell will be in a position to destroy 10 lakh cancer cells. The T cells is a kind of immune cell what we have from the lymphatic nodes. Further, on the other hand if cancer cell is trying to attack the T cells, we need to have the precautionary step also. So during the type of treatment, during the time of treatment itself, the doctor will be advising the patient to intake immune inhibitors. These immune inhibitors will protect the T cells from the attacking of the cancer cells. So now who is possible to have a destruction sense? Only our T cells is capable to destroy the cancer cells. In return, cancer cells won't be in a position to attack and destroy our T cells. The reason is that protection is given in the form of immune inhibitors. Some protein drug will be given. That protein drug will act as an inhibitors. So what is the major advantage over here? Radiation is not required. Radiation is not required. Even with the proton technique also, we can't be able to expert for 100% curing. But here 100% curing will be there. The reason is that treatment is given simply by boosting our own immune system. 100% curing is there. And third, no artificial drugs. Even the protein inhibitor is taken from his own body. And the treatment won't be a kind of a prolonged period of treatment. Treatment will be there for about 10 to 15 days. Hospitalization is required only for about 10 to 15 days. Instead of if you are going for a radiation technique and for a regular time period, you need to administer further radiation. But here 10 to 15 days is more than enough. Initial investment cost, since the technology is new, initial investment will be more. But once it is getting flurries, the rate of cost will be much cheaper when compared to other techniques.