 Okay, if everyone could please keep eating, keep eating, but please hold that thought until after our keynote speech. Thank you all. I hope everyone had a chance to get some food, and there's still probably a little bit more and more coffee there if you'd like to get a little bit more. But I'm now delighted to introduce our keynote speaker, the man we've been waiting for all day, the president of the Japan International Cooperation Agency, or JICA, about which we've heard a lot, but Dr. Akihiko Tanaka, who is the president since he's been president for about two years. Actually, we're delighted this is the second time he's been to CSAS. He honored us a few months after he joined in April of 2012 by speaking here that summer, and it was a terrific event, and we're delighted that he's honored us again by coming again. Dr. Tanaka was professor of international politics and vice president of the University of Tokyo before he assumed his current role. That puts him in a proud tradition of JICA leaders, his predecessor, Sadako Ogata, was also in the same field, apparently, I didn't know that, before she became famous as head of JICA and then UNHCR, as we all know, and so he has continued this tradition with his background in expertise in international politics and foreign policy, and he also along the way got a PhD at MIT, as well as his undergraduate degree at the University of Tokyo, so he must be a smart guy. I'm figuring. So we are delighted, if we may, to welcome President Tanaka up to the podium to give his thoughts on Japan's ODA strategy and challenges. Thanks so much. Matt, thank you very much for your kind introduction. Ladies and gentlemen, it is my great privilege and honor to be here at CSIS. As Matthew told you, it has been a year and a half since I had the privilege of delivering a talk here entitled Prospects for U.S.-Japan Cooperation in Development. I talked about the necessity of U.S.-Japan cooperation in various areas, including China, Afghanistan, Myanmar, which I think the U.S. government is still called Burma, Asia Pacific as a whole, and the post-MDG agendas. These are all important items of cooperation now, too. Myanmar, for example, may be extremely relevant at CSIS. Our common friend, Derek Mitchell, is a U.S. ambassador to Myanmar, whom I had great conversation when I visited the country last summer for potential areas of cooperation between Japan and the United States. But over the past year and a half, new things happened. The most important change in Japan was the return to power of the LDP with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. With his abenomics, Japan seems back on course for growing again. In addition to domestic economic policy, I believe Prime Minister Abe has really reinvigorated Japan's foreign policy. He has visited, I just counted, he has visited 30 countries since he came back to power in December 2012. He visited all 10 member states of ASEAN in Southeast Asia, seven countries in the Middle East. He visited Turkey twice, four countries in Africa, and he visited the United States twice, Russia twice, the U.K., Ireland, Poland, India, Mongolia, Argentina, and Switzerland. During the same period, I thought as somebody in charge of Japan's development, I should go as many countries as the Prime Minister. But I visited only 26 countries in the same period. The difference I attribute is not obviously my reluctance to go abroad. I love going abroad. It is simply because he has his airplane, the Japanese Air Force One, while I have to rely on commercial flights. In fact, many of the concrete activities of Japan's foreign policy involve Japan's official development assistance. I feel extremely grateful, therefore, to CSIS and to Matthew Goodman to have organized this U.S.-Japan Development Summit, commemorating the 60th anniversary of Japan's ODA. The two panel discussions this morning already covered the history, basic concepts, principles, and future prospects of Japan as development cooperation, as well as the prospect of U.S.-Japan cooperation in development areas. I do not want to repeat many of the same things, but it seems that I may be able to add to the discussion by presenting to you some of the concrete and lasting achievements of Japan's ODA. As Mr. Nakazawa and Mr. Araki emphasized in their presentations, over the past 60 years, Japan has stressed the importance of self-help and ownership by the government and the people of partner countries in international cooperation. Japan has also emphasized the critical role of human resource development. And in this respect, I would like to cite two striking examples of cooperation in Latin America, one in Chile and the other in Brazil, which epitomized this approach. Chile, an example, is, I think, depicted in Jaikas' world. Now, Chile is one of the top salmon-exporting countries in the world, occupying 39% of total global salmon yield. Previously, however, Chile had never been a natural habitat for salmon. In fact, salmon didn't exist in the southern hemisphere until 1970s. The exposure of Chilean aquaculture specialists to Japan's salmon research in Hokkaido in 1969 triggered an amazing change. The Japan-Chile salmon project was launched in the early 1970s and engaged in basic research on salmon pathology, seed production, and feeding up until the early 1990s. The project, sponsored by Jaikas and cooperation with the two countries, resulted in the growth of scientific knowledge in Chile with many brilliant Chilean technicians and proved the feasibility of the salmon industry in Chile. Once the feasibility was proven, the rest has been more or less taken over by the private sector, resulting in the salmon industry miracle in Chile. Part of the reason that we can enjoy salmon onigiri rice bowl in Japan or salmon steak in the United States at an affordable price is because of these technical cooperation projects between Chile and Japan. For example, of country ownership combined with Japanese support is an ambitious agricultural development project in Brazil. Until 40 years ago, the region called the Cerrado had been a vast expanse of tropical savanna in Brazil's interior and thought unsuited to agriculture. Since 1979, Jaikas provided technical cooperation for research and development of new soybean varieties and cultivation methods and established a joint venture to administer the migration of small-scale farmers to the region and supported them with investment finance. By the mid-1990s, the project had demonstrated the feasibility of grain production in the Cerrado region. Again, after the feasibility was proven, Brazilian farmers and international agriculture took over. Last year, Brazil exceeded the United States in its soybean production. Well, this may not be an entirely happy result for soybean producers in this country. But to the world in need of a stable supply of soybean at a reasonable price and to the Japanese, depending very much on the supply of soybean for soy sauce, miso and tofu, the growth of Brazil as a stable supply of soybean is certainly a welcome change. In addition to the emphasis on ownership and human resources development, Japan's development assistance has consistently been pro-growth. Many pioneers of Japan's official development assistance, such as Dr. Saburo Kitar, all emphasized the importance of economic growth for poverty reduction. This, I think, conviction is partly as a result of Japan's experiences working with the World Bank in the 1950s and 1960s. That included financing of the Shinkansen, Tomei Highway, Kurobe Number 4 hydro power station, which are all important infrastructure projects that propped up the rapid economic growth that Japan subsequently followed. It is very much gratifying to have the opportunity to meet with Matthew's father this morning, who was one of the World Bank officials that helped Japan in those efforts. Japan learned a lot from these projects and has similarly promoted infrastructure development as part of our ODA. One typical project in Southeast Asia was the Eastern Seaboard Development Program in Thailand. The program included the construction of industrial estates for heavy chemical industries and for non-polluting export-oriented industry, in addition to the establishment of related infrastructures such as ports, roads, and water supply systems. Japan's support was provided in terms of ODA loans worth 1.8 billion US dollars from 1982 to 1993, other grants and other technical cooperation projects. During the past 25 years, the Eastern Seaboard has gone into a large industrial and export base with 14 industrial complexes, 1,300 factories including more than 600 Japanese factories and 360,000 workers. The main port of the region, the Lem Chavan port, now exceeds Tokyo and Bangkok in terms of the number of containers it handles. The GNI per capita of Thailand tripled during the period of this project. Here again, the involvement of the private sector led to faster growth and more poverty reduction. What the Eastern Seaboard Development Program achieved was the construction of the necessary infrastructure to bring in the private sector and to accelerate development. For this type of pro-growth development strategy, encouraging private sector direct investment is important. In this respect, Japan's ODA has functioned as a catalyst for bringing foreign direct investments and hence contributing to economic developing in many Asian countries. According to an academic paper by Hidemi Kimura and Yasuyuki Todo of the University of Tokyo, who are my colleagues, a statistically significant amount of Japanese ODI in six East Asian countries is attributable to the presence of Japanese official development assistance. There is a statistical tendency that wherever we have ODAs, then there is an attraction of FDI to that. Based on such experiences, we feel extremely gratified that the recent international discussion as the last panel discussion indicates appears to support viewpoints. More and more international development organizations stressed the importance of ownership, human resource development, both focused on sustainable development and increasing role of the private sector. The success of our examples, however, does not allow us to be complacent. We still need to address several development challenges that are becoming more and more relevant as we enter the 21st century. On the one hand, there are the challenges of fragile states that are still having difficulty in achieving many of the MDGs. The circumstances of the week, including women, in such fragile conditions are extremely vulnerable. Involvement of terrorist organizations and criminal networks in such settings make matters worse. Therefore, peace-building, state-building, ethnic reconciliation are critical in many post-conflict societies. On the other hand, we are witnessing an increasing number of countries that register high economic growth. Many are moving from the less developed category to the lower middle-income category, and some are moving further up to the upper middle-income category. These countries with relatively high income standards also face serious challenges. As the recent turmoil in the Middle East shows us, the continuing unemployment and underemployment, particularly among the youth, breed social tensions and disrupt not just political and social development, but also economical, sustainable development. Economists often call such challenges of the countries as middle-income traps. But the challenges may also include social ills created by air pollution, serious urban problems including traffic accidents, inadequate measures to prepare for natural disasters, and the lack of social safety nets including adequate health care. As Mr. Araki mentioned, human security is the concept applicable both to fragile states and to middle-income countries. Securing freedom from want and freedom from fear, as the essence of the concept of human security, should be the goal of the international community in its cooperation with fragile states. Political and diplomatic efforts to bring about peace are essential to start any meaningful activities of peace-building. Humanitarian assistance is critical in alleviating the pressing danger to vulnerable populations. But we must also emphasize the importance of introducing assistance to reconstruct infrastructure and to help develop human resources in post-conflict countries. If people are to have hope for the future of their country, roads, bridges, ports, water supply systems should be repaired to stimulate economic activities. Vocational training for technicians such as plumbers and car mechanics, nurses and medical personnel, SME managers, administrators of local governments also become important to provide basic services and to improve their livelihoods. Human security as a concept to prepare for downside risks is also relevant in many middle-income and in fact even high-income countries. The concept of human security can direct our attention to often neglected aspects of social and economic development. When a country is pursuing its growth policy in earnest, it tends to postpone policies that may not have immediate impact on growth. But once a serious threat to human security strikes, the damage could overwhelm the benefits that growth has brought to the people. A natural disaster can have this type of effect. Unless it happens, we tend to forget how serious the damage could be. But the cost of recovery easily exceeds the initial investment in mitigation measures. Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, and traffic accidents could also easily threaten people's human security in countries where health coverage is not universal. The cost of medical treatment could overwhelm households living expenses unless the sufficient safety net is established. As Mr. Araki emphasized in his presentation, the reason that Japan is now promoting both disaster risk reduction and universal health coverage is based on our understanding of human security. In efforts to ensure human security in fragile conditions and rapidly developing conditions, the United States and Japan, I think, are close partners. It is in the interest of both countries to reduce fragility and to help partner countries provide security and basic services to their populations. We have been working closely in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Iraq, and Pakistan. JICA personnel are temporarily out of South Sudan, but as security conditions improve, we would like to resume our operations there, too. Also, we are restarting our activities in Somalia and Mali. The peace and stability of the Asia-Pacific region is also in the interest of both Japan and the United States. Japan's efforts to continuously support Southeast Asian countries, including our efforts to enhance human security in these countries are in line with the common goals of the U.S. and Japan alliance. Another challenge that was talked about a lot in the last panel was the increasing number of various stakeholders, the business, NGOs, nonprofit organizations, universities, and cities and municipalities. Recently, I see strong interest in Japanese cities and municipalities to participate in international cooperation activities. Our role is to orchestrate the various stakeholders to work closely to find out innovative approaches to tackle various issues to cope with what we call human security challenges, as well as the private sector involvement in the pro-growth approach with infrastructure and human resources development. The six-year history of Japan's ODA has been, I think, a learning process. We receive a lot of comments, criticism. Criticism of Japan's ODA, both from inside Japan and from outside, are all useful. Criticism of Japan's basic philosophy and approaches have also been useful because they caution us not to become too complacent. Criticism against specifics are always our teachers to improve our projects. Dialogues with our critics have strengthened our capacity. We would like to continue such discussion in the future. In addition to our emphasis on self-help and ownership, pro-growth strategy and human resource development, we are now stressing, as I said, the importance of human security. The terminology is relatively new as the concept was coined by the UNDP in its Human Development Report in 1994. But the spirit of securing people's freedom from fear and want is not actually so new. Let me quote one passage from a document, a Japanese document dated in 1947. It said, I quote, we desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace free from fear and want. That was from the preamble of the Japanese constitution. We look forward to working with our international partners to get closer to realizing this vision, particularly with our American friends who actually helped Japan draft this constitution. And it is this spirit that we will continue with our development assistance in the years ahead. Thank you very much. Tanaka-san has agreed to take a couple of questions. So again, I think there are microphones available. If you have a question, please raise your hand. We'll bring the microphone and again identify yourself and ask a question. There's a gentleman up here in the front. Thank you. Thank you very much for that really very interesting speech. Trevor Davis from KPMG. I suppose a question that I would be interested to know. Quite a number of development agencies around the world, if you look at the example of Canada and Australia, have absorbed their development agency back into their Ministry of Foreign Affairs. I'd be interested to hear from your view how the balance between the politics, trade, foreign affairs and development priorities driven by a focus on outcomes, how do those co-exist and how do you see that operating in Japan? Well, JAIKO is an implementing agency of official development assistance that is decided by the government of Japan. And so our role is to implement as effectively and efficiently as possible to the policy line that was decided by the government. That sounds rather passive, but in fact I think our mission is to connect the needs that we find in our partner countries in the developing world to match with the policy priorities of Japan. And there I don't believe that we can artificially divide, this is development assistance, this is a narrow foreign policy, you know, attempt and this is commercial attempts. And I think we cannot divide these things into separate manners. I think what we would do is to try our best to maximize all the interest that our stakeholders have. All satisfied. Here, Dan. I'm Dan Rendian with CSIS. Thank you very much, Mr. Tanaka, for being here. Could you talk about Japan's thinking about the next round of the Millennium Development Goals? In particular, could you talk about how Japan thinks about the issue of governance? I know, for example, the UK government, you were part of a committee that was involved with the shaping of some proposed new goals if I'm not mistaken. But I know, for example, the UK government is particularly focused on having a governance goal in the next round of MDGs. I'd be particularly interested to talk about Japan's name of the MDGs next round, if you will. And second, talk about what is Japan's view about a governance goal in the next round of MDGs. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. The... Well, this is not going to be the official government position. As the... This is my personal viewpoint. I think the setting new goals after 2015 is quite important. And I think in setting new goals, I think we need to succeed the elements of success that we did in MDGs. Which is that... I think one good thing about MDGs was that the goals were quite straightforward and simple. And mostly measurable. And so we... I personally believe it is of the interest of the development. And then also I think as we discussed in the previous panel discussion, what we need to do to emphasize is the results. Not the inputs or something, but the results. And so the new targets should reflect these considerations. But... And so these should be simple and easy to understand and hopefully measurable. And then showing the results. I believe governance is very important. And the factor to improve many of the living conditions of the world. The... Currently I feel a bit uneasy. Can we find out a simple, very easy to understand measurable number that can suggest the level of desirability of governance? If you can find such number, I'm all for it. But then I think that can become rather complex. And then also as we... And realistically speaking, we need to persuade because the goal should be agreed by consensus. And so I think... I personally feel the governance is the position of guiding principles. Again, the Japanese government is insisting that human security should be the guiding principle of setting the new goals. But then again, human security, although I think it's critical, but it cannot be reduced to single numbers. I think the goals should be clear and measurable. But then there are many measurable goals which we didn't have during the MDGs, as Araki-san said. Disaster-related goals are not there. And so I think that we... I think we still have one year or so to go. And so we would like to be as creative possible in such magic numbers that motivate us to describe it. Thank you. Any other questions? There's one more in the back and then we're going to have to wind up we're a little bit late. Thank you. Thank you for a very strong presentation which I enjoyed listening to. My name is John Lam. I work for APT Associates. I'm retired from the World Bank where I was agribusiness team leader. I'd like to focus on your mention of neglected threats and raise one about which I wonder what JICA might be able to do in collaboration with the other donors. I'm talking about a threat that originally was thought to exist at 15 degrees north and south of the equator globally. Now it's spreading to 30 to 35 degrees. It's affected by climate change but I'm not talking about climate change. I'm talking about a naturally occurring organism in the ground from a family of mycotoxins mold, specifically aflatoxin. Aflatoxin is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen in the world and it passes from the mother if the mother's been eating contaminated food, produce or peanuts, but actually 42 different commodities. It passes from the mother directly through the placenta into the unborn child. When the mother starts doing exclusive breastfeeding, even if she's following the essential nutritional actions, she's passing another aflatoxin derivate into the child. When the child goes off the breast and starts to have complementary foods, usually it's based on the same products that contaminated the mother again with. It's now believed to be associated with childhood stunting with problems of gut health, the impede nutritional uptake and is associated with three of the communicable diseases. This is an unknown or unappreciated threat that requires global action and I wonder how Chica might be able to contribute to the evolving campaign to deal with it. Well, at this moment, Jack is doing many, many things. The president is actually to tell the truth. He's not really aware of all the projects. At this moment, I'm not aware of the project which is specifically targeting to the toxin that you mentioned. But then I think the health is a very important consideration of our activities. And particularly maternal and child health, we are conducting various projects all around the world. And so as scientific evidence suggests, we would like to direct our focus to the direction that the danger indicates. Okay, thank you very much. Tanaka-san, you have proven my theory of public speaking, which is that when you're invited to speak once, it's very flattering. And then you start thinking, you wonder if the organizers just invited you because they needed to fill a slot on their schedule. But if you're invited twice, then it usually means that you must be good. And indeed, you're good. So we thank you very much. And we'd like you back a third time if you're willing. Thank you so much everyone for coming, and please come again. Take care.