 This is a demonstration of the superficial structures in the thigh. Because after this we are going to remove all these structures and we'll go deeper so therefore they will not be visible. So we have disconnected out the structures on the anterior, medial and lateral aspect of the right thigh. This is the supine cadabra. The camera person is on the left side. Let's start off with this structure that we see in front of us. This is the long saphenous vein. The long saphenous vein is a very important superficial vein. It starts right from the foot. But here we can talk only about its portion in the thigh. It runs on the medial side of the thigh in the superficial fascia and we have removed it. It receives many tributaries and we can see some of the tributaries here. A medial cutaneous vein of the thigh and a few other tributaries. And as it goes up, when it comes to the thigh, in this region, it opens into the femoral vein. We see many tributaries opening into the long saphenous vein. There are principally three tributaries. These are the superficial external potential. Then we have the superficial circumflex iliac vein. And what we cannot see is the superficial epigastric vein. These three important tributaries open into the long saphenous vein near its termination. Sometimes, rarely, they even open into the femoral vein. At the place where it pierces through the deep fascia of the thigh, which is called the fascia lateral, that opening, a little bit of that we can see here, is referred to as the saphenous opening. That has got a very sharp lateral margin. And it is covered by a thin membrane which has been removed. That's called the cribriform fascia. So these are the points about the termination of the long saphenous vein. We have some important clinical correlations at this juncture here. Long saphenous vein is prone to varicose disease. When it's in the leg, it's called varicose veins. But there can be localized varicosity of the long saphenous vein in the thigh. And that has got severe varics. One of the surgeries which is done is what is known as trend and bulk operation, where we do flush ligation of these tributaries. The key word is flush ligation. We should not leave any segment behind. We should be flush with the vein because if we leave any segment behind, then it can cause a recurrence. So that is about the long saphenous vein. The next structure which I wanted to show you are these lymphatics, lymph nodes. Because I've been told to show lymph nodes, so therefore I have retained a few of these. The lymph nodes in the inguinal region are divided into two broad groups. A superficial group which has superficial to the fascial eta and a deep group which has deep to the fascial eta. So this is a part of the superficial group. The superficial group are again divided into vertical chain which are in relation to the long saphenous vein and a horizontal chain which are in relation just under the inguinal ligament. The deep group, we can see a few of them here. This is one deep lymph node here and we can see another deep lymph node here. These are the ones which are deep to the fascial eta. They are in relation to the femoral vein. Lymphatics drain from the superficial to the deep. There are many causes of lymphaticitis of the inguinal region. In the earlier days we used to get what is known as lymphograntholoma veneerium, grantholoma inguinal which mercifully are not very common nowadays. Those are all sexually transmitted diseases. However, they can be literally hundreds if not thousands of causes of inguinal lymphaticitis. The point to be remembered is that these inguinal lymph nodes are non-specifically enlarged almost everybody, especially those who walk around barefoot. So therefore, if we have to take a lymph node for biopsy, inguinal lymph nodes are not the lymph nodes to take for biopsy because almost invariably the report will come as non-specifically lymphaticitis. So that is about the inguinal lymph nodes. The third superficial structure which I wanted to show you were the cutaneous nerves. There are many cutaneous nerves in the thigh. We can see two of them. So let's take a look at this one here. This is the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve at its branches. Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is a branch of glumbar plexus and it comes under the inguinal ligament, just under the origin of the sartorius muscle. And then it comes and supplies the anterior lateral aspect of the thigh. This nerve can get compressed. As it comes out from under the inguinal ligament, near the anterior circulated spine, especially when a person gains pain. And it produces pain, tingling, numbness and peristusia in this region. And that is called miragia peristitica. So that is about the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. This is a branch from the femoral nerve. There are many branches and this is an anterior femoral cutaneous nerve. The femoral nerve, apart from supplying the muscles of the anterior compartment, supplies a large portion of the anterior portion skin of the thigh. And this is one such branch. That is the anterior femoral cutaneous nerve. This structure, which I picked up here, this is the fascial lateral thigh or the deep fascia of the thigh. This deep fascia of the thigh is very important clinically and anatomically. It forms a complete investing layer all around the thigh, especially in the anterior and lateral aspect. And this continues laterally. And here we can see it forms an especially thick band. And that thick band is known as the iliotibial tract, which provides attachment to muscles of the gluteal region. So this is the fascial lateral. And once we remove the fascial lateral, then we will be able to see the muscles in the anterior and the medial compartment. This fascial lateral is deficient in the femoral triangle. And that deficiency is the place which we mentioned as the syphilis opening through which the long syphilis vein enters into the femoral vein. So that is about the fascial lateral. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments, please put them in the comment section below. Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out. Have a nice day.