 Dear students, in this module we are going to talk about the industrial and post-industrial societies. We have already talked about the hunter and gathering societies as well as horticultural and pastoral societies. So humanity, human beings evolved from those simple societies to very complex societies. When we talk about the industrial societies, we can see that we can see around us that due to the advancement of technology, we are living now in much more complex societies as compared to the previous societies. Our social organizations have been changed, our institutionalization have been changed, and our way of living and as well as the dependency on different needs have entirely been changed. These bases can be in today's society, can be economic as well as the social organization. So in industrial societies, we can see that our economy is not only dependent on the food or the collection of food as well as on the security and shelter, but much more than that. Now we can see that our economy can be dependent on different social organizations like education system, like media, like political system, as well as we have specialized economic institutions which are producing a lot more complex system of generating economy or this economic system for us as compared to previous societies. So the development of industrialization definitely began in Europe where the complex technology emerged to produce much more than what we could consume. The availability of resources and the conversion of those resources into commodities allowed us the human beings to convert them into the exchange value. And for that exchange value, we also developed a complex system of money economy and that money economy allowed us to have accumulation of wealth in a much larger way that we could have been, we were not able to do that in our previous historical eras. Why? Because we were unable to convert those values into the monetary values because the surplus food and the surplus commodities are available which can be sold in the open or free market to convert it into the economic values. The social organizations also became highly distinguished and differentiated because we have now much more complex deviant of labor based on specialized tasks and those specialized people are being trained in our educational institutions to produce or to have their specialty on their distinguished or distinctive tasks. For example, we can see that in today's societies each factory can contain, can have a lot more specialist people to finish their product. By the time the product comes to the market, it passes through a lot of hands which can manage the production process or the production system at each distinguished stage by finely tuned processes or tasks. Like examples can be included the urban or suburban societies which are having a lot of factory areas in Pakistan. When we talk about the post industrial societies, these societies are based highly on information technology which is now available globally and we can see that in post industrial societies a lot of dependence is on communication, on information and on media or social media technology. So, these societies can play or are playing a vital role to produce creativity, innovation and invention in almost on daily basis which is taking to our societies to a maximum level of specialization as well as deviant of labor. So, education is increasingly becoming much more important in these societies because every specialist of information technology need to be trained in highly specialized skills and tasks. The examples can include people working in information technology industry like Bill Gates as well as people who are also working in Pakistan based media industries.